This study aimed to examine the quality and sensory properties of yackwa using baking soda (BS), baking powder (BP), and yeast (YE) instead of alcohol in order to make a Halal standard product. The moisture content of yackwa was the highest when BP was used, while the fat content of yackwa was the lowest at 1.5% BP, and the highest at 1.5% YE. The chromaticity values (L, a, b) were the most similar to those of the control when BP was used. The L and b values increased when BP was used, and decreased when YE was used. The swelling ratio was the highest at 257.3±2.7% in comparison with the control when 0.9% YE was used. The leavening ratio was similar regardless of the type and content of leavening agents. Hardness was 1,179.16±184.45 kg at 0.3% BP, generally decreasing as leavening agent content increased. The resilience was 0.19±0.01% at 1.2% BP and lowest in the control, but its difference by leavening agents was not significant. The taste and preference were at 6.07±2.22 and 5.96±2.07, respectively, when 1.2% BP was used.

The silkworm (Bombyx mori), as an industrial insect, possesses a high economic value. Casual discrimination and accumulated genetic information of silkworm varieties are essential ground for the practical utilization and long-term conservation. In this study, nine available microsatellite loci were successfully genotyped from ~50 silkworm strains preserved in Korea. According to genotyping analysis, we obtained 3 ~ 16 alleles per locus, with an average of 7.4, the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.04 to 0.98, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.06 to 0.88, revealing that some loci are highly variable. Among 54 strains 13 strains were casually identified by the presence of 17 strain-specific apomorphic alleles. Furthermore, 30 among remaining strains contained strain-specific allele combinations that are also apomorphic to each strain, allowing us to discriminate each of these from other strains by genotyping of multiple loci. These results collectively suggest that the silkworm microsatellite DNA is actually and potentially important molecular marker for the discrimination of the silkworm strains that are preserved as hundreds in Korea, as more loci are genotyped.

In the past 20 years, passenger and cargo transportation performance at the international passenger ports in Korea have increased by 8.6% on the compound annual growth rate, respectively. The Korean government had expected to continue expanding the market of car ferries and the government included plans for the development of additional routes and lanes with neighboring countries such as China, Japan, and Russia as a part of the Plan of the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries in 2019. However, compared to the development of routes, the management and operation of passenger terminals are inefficient. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the overall improvement of the passenger terminal operating system that reflects the recent changes in the supply and demand of international passenger vessels and the needs of the government and private sector passengers. To this end, a basic survey was conducted on the status of operations and facilities at the Busan International Passenger Terminal and a questionnaire survey was administered on the subject of use. The results of the survey were analyzed using the IPA model. As a result of the analysis, three items in the operation sector, three items in the facility sector, and four items in the system sector of the Busan International Passenger Terminal were identified as in need of improvement. Based on the results, the need for investment to improve the international passenger terminal operating system is suggested.

Mesoporous silica was prepared from hydrothermal synthesis using gel mixture of tetraethylorthosilcate (TEOS) as silica source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr) as a surfactant. In the optimum synthesis cause, molar ratio of template and silica changed. The surface and structure properties of mesoporous silica were determined by XRD, SEM, TEM and BET. Also, surface potential of mesoporous silica was measured using zeta potential. N2 adsorption isotherm characteristics, including the specific surface area (SBET), total pore volume (VT), and average pore diameter (DBJH), were determined by BET. As a result, SBET of 100 m² /g～1500 m² /g was determined from the N2 adsorption isotherm. Also, the average pore diameter was 2 nm∼4 nm. Mesoporous silica's surface potential of minus charge was determined from zeta potential.

Mesoporous silicas for heavy metals adsorption were prepared by co-condensation of surfactant as a template and Ludox HS-40 as a silica precursor. Various mesoporous silicas with the introduction of chelating ligands (mercaptopropyl and aminopropyl groups) were synthesized to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The surface modification was conducted with a co-condensation process using the sequential or simultaneous addition of mesoporous silica and high concentration of the organosilane(3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane). These materials have been characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, SEM and TEM analysis. Adsorbents synthesized with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane shows a high loading capacity for Hg(II), Pb(II) , Cd(II) and anion Cr(VI). Especially the one synthesized with a mercaptopropyl function has the highest adsorption capacity for Hg(II) and Cd(II).

In this study, N doped TiO2 (TiO-N) thin film was prepared by DC magnetron sputtering method to show the photocatalytic activity in a visible range. Various gases (Ar, O2 and N2) were used and Ti target was impressed by 1.2 kW-5.8 kW power range. The hysteresis of TiO-N thin film as a function of discharge voltage wasn't observed in 1.2 and 2.9kW of applied power. Cross sections and surfaces of thin films by FE-SEM were tiny and dense particle sizes of both films with normal cylindrical structures. XRD pattern of TiO2 and TiO-N thin films was appeared by only anatase peak. Red shift in UV-Vis adsorption spectra was investigated TiO-N thin film. Photoactivity was evaluated by removal rate measurement of suncion yellow among reactive dyes. The photodegradation rate of TiO2 thin film on visible radiation was shown little efficiency but TiO-N was about 18%.

Adsorption characteristics of benzene by zeolite were investigated using irradiating microwave. Experimental apparatus was applied to a U-type fix-bed column equipped with microwave system. Zeolite, itself, seems to be inappropriated to remove benzene because of a hygroscopic property. Microwave irradiation to zeolite, however, brings about decreasing H2O adsorption and increasing benzene adsorption. This causes that the dipole material such as H2O was vibrated and heated by irradiation of microwave and desorbed from zeolite. And then, benzene starts to be absorbed by zeolite. In this study, the results showed that the selective adsorption of benzene was occurred by the microwave irradiation and the adsorption capacity of benzene was increased by increasing microwave energy. As a results, it was found that the zeolite could be used to adsorb benzene with microwave and this method make it feasible simultaneously to adsorb and desorb benzene.

Dye wastewater was treated by using an electrochemical oxidation process. Various combinations of electrodes such as carbon, Al and Fe were investigated. In this study, electrode material, electrolyte concentration, electrode distance, current density, and pH value were found to have significant effect on both pollutant removal efficiency and current efficiency in electrochemical oxidation process. After electrolysis for 40min with carbon/Al, it was observed that COD, T-N, NH4+ -N and color of treated wastewater were reduced from 580㎎/ℓ to 145㎎/ℓ, 67.2㎎/ℓ to 26.8㎎/ℓ, 46.8㎎/ℓ to 1.4㎎/ℓ, and 4200 Pt-Co units to 336 Pt-Co units, respectively. The optimal conditions of the electrooxidation process to treat the wastewater for this study were found to be such as : current density ; 16.67mA/㎠, electrode distance ; 2.5cm, pH value ; 5.0 and carbon/Al electrode.

The interfacial chemical behavior, lattice exchange and dissolution, of FeS(s) as one of the important sulfide minerals was studied. Emphases were made on the surface characterization of hydrous FeS(s), the lattice exchange of Cu(Ⅱ) and FeS(s), and its effect on the dissolution of FeS(s), and also affect some organic ligands on that of both Cu(Ⅱ) and FeS(s), Cu(Ⅱ) which has lower sulfide solubility in water than FeS(s) undergoes the lattice exchange reaction when Cu(Ⅱ) ion contacts FeS(s) in the aqueous phase. For heavy metals which have higher sulfide solubilities in water than FeS(s), these metal ions were adsorbed on the surface of FeS(s) Such a reaction was interpreted by the solid solution formation theory. Phthalic acid(a weak chelate agent) and EDTA(a strong chelate agent) were used to demonstrate the effect of organic ligands on the lattice exchange reaction between Cu(Ⅱ) and FeS(s). The pHzpc of FeS(s) is 7 and the effect of ionic strength is not showed. It can be expected that phthalic acid has little effect on the lattice exchange reaction between Cu(Ⅱ) and FeS(s), whereas EDTA has very decreased the removal of Cu(Ⅱ) and FeS(s). This study shows that stability of sulfide sediments was predicted by its solubility. The pH control of the alkaline-neutralization process to treat heavy metal in wastewater treatment process did not needed. Thereby, it was regarded as an optimal process which could apply to examine a long term stability of marshland closely in the treatment of heavy metal in wastewater released from a disused mine.

Among various reactions which metal sulfides can undergo in the reducing environment, the lattice exchange reaction was examined in a attempt to selectively remove heavy metal ions contained in the Fe-Coagulants acid solution. We have examined Zeta potential along with pHs to investigate surface characteristics of FeS(s). As a result of this experiment, zero point charge(ZPC) of FeS is pH 7 and zeta potential which resulted from solid solution reaction between Pb(Ⅱ) and FeS(s) is similar to that of PbS(s). Solubility characteristics of FeS(s) is appeared to that dissolved Fe(Ⅱ) concentration increased in less than pH 4, and also increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. Various heavy metal ions(Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ)) contained in Fe-coagulants acid solution were removed selectively more than ninety-five percent in the rang of pH 2.5∼10 by FeS(s). From the above experiments, therefore, We could know that the products of reaction between heavy metal ions and FeS(s) are mental sulfide such as PbS(s), CuS(s) and ZnS(s).

This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between theoretical parameters affecting the coagulation process and the real coagulation phenomenon applied to the dye wastewater. Emphasis was placed on the effective removal of the suspend particulates. Parameters studied in this study are pH, coagulant concentration and surface potential. Optimal dosages of coagulants by the measurement of the zeta potential at lower then 25℃ are 5×10-3 M of FeCl3 and 1.4×10-6 M of Fe2(SO4)3. The results were well agreeded with the separate jar-test results. Emphasis was also placed on the relationship between water quality and the content of SS. It was found that the wastewater quality is greatly dependent on the amount of SS. At the condition with the best removal of SS, COD and DOC were reduced to 65 % and 85 %, respectively The turbidity at the above condition was reduced from 300 NTU to 0∼1 NTU. Efforts were made to clarify the behavior of the suspend solid as affecting the water quality. 12,000∼13,000 particles/l0mL in 1∼50㎛ size range particulates in the raw wastewater were reduced to 300 particle/l0mL in the same range after treatment. This research has proposed the methodology to find out the optimal condition of coagulation for small scale wastewater treatment plant or chemical coagulation process.

Surface complexation models(SCMs) have been performed to predict metal ion adsorption behavior onto the mineral surface. Application of SCMs, however, requires a self-consistent approach to determine model parameter values. In this paper, in order to determine the metal ion adsorption parameters for the triple layer model(TLM) version of the SCM, we used the zeta potential data for Zeolite and Kaolinite, and the metal ion adsorption data for Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ). Fitting parameters determined for the modeling were as follows ; total site concentration, site density, specific surface area, surface acidity constants, etc. Zeta potential as a new approach other than the acidic-alkalimetric titration method was adopted for simulation of adsorption phenomena. Some fitting parameters were determined by the trial and error method. Modeling approach was successful in quantitatively simulating adsorption behavior under various geochemical conditions.