국내 생산 감로꿀의 기능성 식품 소재로 활용하기 위하여 DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl)와 ABTS [2,2-azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonate)] 라디칼 소거능, FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) 활성, 총 폴리페놀 함량 분석을 통하여 항산화 활 성을 평가하였다. 국내 생산 감로꿀은 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 보였으며 최고농도 10 mg/mL에서 DPPH에 비하여 ABTS 라디칼 소거능이 3배 이상 높게 측정되었다. FRAP 분석에서는 ferric ion (Fe3+)를 126 μM의 ferrous (Fe2+)로 환원시켰다. 또한, 국내 생산 감로꿀에 함유된 폴리페놀성 화합물의 총량은 73.41 mg GAE/kg로 확인되었다. 이상의 연구결과에 비추어 볼 때, 국내 생산 감로꿀의 우수한 라디칼 소 거능과 환원력을 가지며 천연 항산화제로 알려진 페놀성 화합물을 존재로 인하여 항산화 활성을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구결과는 국내 생산 감로꿀의 기능성 식품 소재로 활용할 수 있는 기초자료로 제공하는 바이다.

Putrescine은 일반적으로 미생물의 활동에 의해 발생되며, 신선함의 척도로서 사용된다. 그러나 동결건조된 로열젤리에 대한 putrescine 의 분석법은 아직 확립되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 C18 컬럼을 이용하여 동결건조 로열젤리 내 putrescine을 분석하기 위한 UPLC 분석 법을 확립하고자 하였다. 새롭게 확립된 분석법은 7분 이내에 putrescine을 분석 가능하였으며, 이러한 분석법을 검증하기 위해 특이성, 직선성, 정밀성, 정확성, 정량한계, 정성한계 등을 평가하였다. 본 연구를 통해 동결건조 로열젤리의 신선한 정도를 평가하기 위한 분석법을 제공하였으 며, 추후 안전성의 척도에 대한 자료로서 활용 가능할 것으로 기대되어진다.

본 연구에서는 양봉농가에서 대량 생산이 가능하고 영양이 풍부한 꿀벌 수벌번데기를 새로운 식품원료로 사용 하기 위하여 유해 미생물과 곰팡이독소에 대한 안전성 시험을 수행하였다. 검사 시료는 국내 3지역의 양봉농가에서 직접 생산한 수벌번데기를 채취 후 곧바로 냉동 운반 하여 동결건조하여 사용하였다. 식품공전 시험법에 따라 대장균군(Coliforms), 살모넬라(Salmonella spp.), 황색포도 상구균(Staphylococcus aureus) 및 장출혈성대장균(Enterohemorrhage Escherichia coli)에 대한 검출 여부를 조사한 결과 280개의 벌통에서 채취한 수벌번데기 전부에서 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 또한 곰팡이 독소인 아플라톡신 B1 (aflatoxin), 오크라톡신 A (ochratoxin), 데옥시니발레놀 (deoxynivalenol) 그리고 제랄레논(zearalenone)이 수벌번데기에서 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 벌통 내 소비에서 채취하여 곧 바로 냉동보관 한 수벌번데기는 유해 미생물과 곰팡이 독소로부터 안전한 것으로 확인되어 식품원료 로 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 국립산림치유원에서 교사를 대상으로 실시한 1박 2일형 ‘행복학교 에듀힐링 캠프’에 참가한 교사 221명을 대상으로 하였다. 산림치유프로그램이 교사들의 스트레스 해소와 긍정･부정감정에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 24.0 프로그램을 사용하여 대응표본 t-검정을 실시하였다. 산림치유프 로그램 참가 전과 후의 스트레스 반응 지수, 긍정･부정감정의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 그 차이가 확인되었다. 연구결과 산림치유프로그램에 참가한 교사들의 스트레스반응 지수와 하위 영역인 신체 증상, 우울 증상, 분노 증상이 유의하게 낮아졌으며, 교사 직책별(비담임교사, 담임교사, 부장교사, 교장, 교감) 스트레스 감소효과에서도 모든 그룹에서 유의한 결과를 보였다. 숲에서의 산림치유프로그램이 교사들의 스트레스 저감과 부정감정 해소에 효과적임을 보여주고 있다. 스트레스 위험에 노출된 교사들을 위하여 적극적인 산림치유 활동이 활성화되기를 기대한다.

축산 관련 작업 시 미세분진, 곰팡이, 세균, 가축의 배설물 등, 축사현장 환경여건이 작업자에게 위해한 영향을 미칠 우려가 있어 본 연구에서는 인수공통질병(병원성 대장 균, 살모넬라균 등)과 동물 병원성 바이러스 등에 의한 질병의 방역, 살처분 작업현장 및 축산업 종사자들이 사용하는 1회용 피복제로 외부로부터 인체 내로 접촉 또는 침투 되는 입자상물질(aerosol, particle, virus)과 방역 시 사용되는 액상 및 입자상 소독약 품의 유해화학물질(글루타르 알데히드, 구연산, 복합염류, 탄산소다, 가성소다) 감염예 방 및 생물학적 위해요인으로부터 보호하기 위한 내수도, 투습도, 내화학 특성이 우수한 PTFE membrane 복합 방역보호복 개발하고자 한다. 방역보호복 제품 3종을 실험 결과 병원성대장균 E. coli 0157에서는 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이상, 시험군인 국 내제품은 99.996%, 수입제품은 99.999%로 시험군보다 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이 상 병원성대장균을 Capturing하는 결과를 보였고. S. gallinarium에서는 PTFE 복합원 단이 99.999%이상, 시험군인 국내제품은 99.997%, 수입제품은 99.999%로 시험군보 다 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999% 병원성대장균을 Capturing하는 결과를 보였으며 S. typhimurium에서는 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이상, 시험군인 국내제품은 99.996%, 수입제품은 99.995%로 시험군보다 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이상 병원성대장균을 Capturing하는 결과를 보였다. 원충2종 실험에서 Eimeria coccidium과 Toxoplasma gondii에서는 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이상, 시험군인 국내제품은 99.999%이상, 수 입제품은 99.999%이상으로 PTFE 복합원단과 국내제품, 수입제품 모두가 99.999%이 상 원충을 Capturing하는 결과를 보였다. 마지막으로 Influenza virus A 실험에서는 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이상, 시험군인 국내제품은 99.944%, 수입제품은 99.937%로 시험군보다 PTFE 복합원단이 99.999%이상 바이러스를 Capturing하는 결 과를 보였다. 본 실험결과 개발제품인 PTFE membrane 복합 방역보호복 소재가 병원 성바이러스 3종과, 원충 2종, 바이러스가 보호복에 붙었을 경우, 특수한 결합에 의해 보호복이 병원균을 잡아주는 역할을 하여 2차 감염을 예방하는 효과가 있는 것을 확인하였다.

Nosema disease caused by microsporidia which belongs to fungi is a major cause of honey production loss and is worldwide in distribution. The most common method of nosema disease controlling is the application of the fumagillin. It is an antibiotic derived from the fungus Aspergillus fumigates. It has been used for many years to treat microsporidiosis caused by Nosema in honeybees. However, Fumagillin does not kill Nosema spores, and has rapidly deteriorating potency after application, resulting in only partial and temporary anti-Nosema effect, since new bees emerge constantly in a colony, and re-application is required several times a year. Also it is no longer practised for the associated risk of honey contamination. In this study we compare the effect in spore reduction of Cordyceps militaris extract(CMX) and of fumagillin. Three weekly administrations of CMX showed a noticeable decrease in the number of spores infecting the honey bee intestines, without negative effects for adults and comb health. Therefore this product could play an important role in prevention and reduction of nosema disease without risks of honey with antibiotics.

Background: Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a major contributing factor for the inflammatory reaction of acne. Bee venom (BV) has been traditionally used to the treatment for inflammatory diseases. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effect of BV on P. acnes-induced inflammatory animal model. Methods: P. acnes were intradermally injected into both left and right ear of ICR mice. After injection, different concentrations of BV (1, 10 and 100 μg) mixed with 0.05 g of Vaseline was applied to the surface of the right ears of mice. Results: Histological observation revealed that P. acnes induced a considerable increase in the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells. However, BV treatment showed markedly reduced these reactions. Also, expression levels of TNF-α, and IL-1β were significant reduced in BV treated mice compared with P. acnes injected mice. The binding activity of NF-κB and AP-1 were increased in the P. acnes and Vaseline groups. In contrast, this enhancement of binding activity was markedly withdrawn after treatment with BV. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study indicates that BV has potential as an anti-acne agent and may be useful in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

This study was conducted to establish the optimized protocol for cytoplasm isolation of bee pollen. Data of biochemical parameters and amino acid profiles were obtained from acorn pollen grains treated with pulverization or lyophilization. Contents of moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fat of acorn pollen were 11.7%, 2.6%, 24.1% and 11.8%, respectively. After pulverizing, content of crude protein was decreased to 23.8% while crude fat was 22.5% which means 90% increase. Also content of crude protein was increased to 26.5% in case of the lyophilized pollen. Amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and arginine were extensively found in acorn pollen while histidine, methionine and cystine were infrequent. The pulverized pollen was increased by 2.6% in the total amino acid percentage while the lyophilized pollen increased by 11.8% compared to the untreated pollen.

Most Korean beekeepers have moved from south to north of Korea to collect nectar from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) flowers for 2 months. This provided a valuable opportunity to sample bees originating from diverse areas in one location. We initiated a survey of honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies on the blooming period of Acacia to determine the prevalence of Nosema apis and black queen cell virus (BQCV) in 2013. Nosema causes significant losses in population size of honeybees. Sixteenth hives were sampled for this study. Bees were collected on the 4th and 13th of May, 2013. Nosema spore counts ranged from zero to 1,948,333 spores per bee. The average number of nosema spores per bee was calculated to be 450,000. Approximately 94% of the apiaries examined were infected with nosema, based on the presence of spores in the flowering period of Acacia. Also nosema is thought to be associated with black queen cell virus. RT-PCR analysis shows that BQCV infection rate was 100%. This indicates that nosema and BQCV is the predominant species affecting honeybee colonies.

Nosema disease caused by Nosema apis which belongs to fungi is a major cause of honey production loss and is worldwide in distribution. N. apis infects the epithelial cells of the digestive system of adult honeybees. Nosema causes significant losses in population size of honeybee. There are about 25 thousand beekeepers caring for approximately 1,697,000 colonies in Korea. Honey production totaled almost 38,505 metric tons in 2010. This production was estimated to be worth about 274 billion Korean won. To determine infection level of nosema disease during the season, adult worker bees were collected from two colonies of experiment apiary from January to October. Our results indicate that the infection level of nosema disease was increased in spring and autumn. Also we initiated a survey of honeybee colonies on the blooming period of Acacia to determine the prevalence of N. apis. Twenty two hives owned by 18 beekeepers were sampled for this study. Bees were collected on 24th and 25th May of 2012. Nosema spore counts ranged from zero to 5,266,000 spores per bee. The average number of nosema spores per bee was calculated to be 1,375,000. Approximately 86% of the apiaries examined were infected with nosema, based on the presence of spores in the flowering period of Acacia. This indicates that nosema is the predominant species affecting honeybee colonies.

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) adapted themselves to different geographical and climatical conditions since they had been introduced in Korea. Beekeepers have tried to breed valuable lineages with artificial insemination or conventional mating techniques. However, evaluation of breeding resultants still relies on timeconsuming observation data. Genetical characterization of breeds has proven its usefulness to preserve genetic resources of livestock. In recent years, microsatellites are most commonly used to evaluate population structures and diversities of living organisms in that the characteristics of locus specificity, rich polymorphism, abundant and random distribution over the genome, and their co-dominant inheritance. Determining classic genetic distances using neutral, highly polymorphic microsatellite markers is a reliable method to investigate genetic relationships and breed differentiation. This methodology can be used to establish preservation priorities for livestock breeds. The final aim of this study was to develop potent markers for assessing genetic structure of lineages after artificial insemination. In this study, the genetic structure of ten microsatellite markers were sequenced or analysed with polymerase chain reaction for eleven European honeybee populations. The results may help to develop reliable microsatellite markers for more efficient preservation strategies of valuable honeybee breeds.

The average life expectancy has continuously increased with the development of medicine. However, Some of men have been suffered from the insufficient secretion of testosterone causing by physical factors, social and psychological factors. Testosterone is an essential steroid hormone controlling male reproductive function. Alternative medicines in plants, fungi, and insects have been studied to enhance sexuality. In the present study, we determined the effect of an acorn pollen and Cordyceps militaris fruiting body on testosterone concentration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Eighteen rats per group were housed to regular diet or diet supplemented with acorn pollen powder or fruiting body power for 4 weeks. Serum was collected from 6 rats per group. Results showed that changes of the body weight, food and water intake of the rats were not observed in this study. However, acorn pollen powder and Cordyceps militaris fruiting body significantly stimulated testosterone production (p < 0.05) compared to the control, respectively. Hence, it suggests that acorn pollen or Cordyceps militaris fruiting body might be developed as a complementary medicine to improve sexual hormones.

Cordyceps militaris (CM) has been used as a traditional folk medicine to strengthen the immune system and regain energy in Far East Asian countries. Some of men have been suffered from the insufficient secretion of testosterone causing by physical factors, social and psychological factors. Testosterone is an essential steroid hormone controlling male reproductive function. Alternative medicines in plants, fungi, and insects have been studied to enhance sexuality. Cordyceps species including Cordyceps sinensis and C. militaris has been used as for the enhancement of sexual function for hundreds of years. In the present study, we determined the effect of fruiting bodies of C. militaris which cultured on bee drone medium (DCM) on testosterone concentration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Eighteen rats per group were housed to regular diet or diet supplemented with DCM for 4 weeks. Serum was collected from 6 rats per group. Results showed that changes of the body weight, food and water intake of the rats were not observed in this study. However, DCM significantly stimulated testosterone production (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Hence, it suggests that fruiting bodies of C. militaris grown on the bee drone medium might be developed as a complementary medicine to improve sexual hormones.

Two species entomopathogenic fungi most widely used and valued in traditional Asian medical practice are Ophiocordyceps sinensis (formely Cordyceps sinensis) and Cordyceps militaris. Although O. sinensis may be the more famous and expensive fungus, it is also comparatively rare and cannot be grown or made to fruit readily in culture whereas C. militaris occurs worldwide, can be easily cultured, and is the easist of all Cordyceps species to fruit in culture. There is a well establihed cottage industry in Korea to produce C. militaris as a dietary supplement or even as a culinary ingredient used to promote improved health. Most of the Korean farmers raising C. militaris obtain fruiting bodies from silkworms that are injected with suspensions of hyphal bodies grown in liquid cultures. This study seeks to facilitate and to simplify the injection process used to produced this fungus by finding a simple cullture medium on which abundant supplies of the Lecanicillium conodial state of C. militaris are produced and can be used with simplified injection protocols involving spraying or dipping in conidial suspensions than the more material- and labor- intensive injection protocol. The studies to be repored include quantitative tests of conodial yields on varying carbon sources, varying nitrogen sources, and attempted to optimize the carbon/nitrogen ratio and pH of the medium for conidial production.