The attitude-behavior gap and intention-behavior gap has not been research extensively. The purpose of this study is to provide a review of moderating or mediating factors on the relationship between intention or attitude and behavior of sustainable tourism. Intention was defined as the degree of a human being’s resolve to perform a certain action. The construct ‘Intention” has been used widely in some theories like the Theory of Planned Behavior. Researchers usually include the intention construct into their research framework to explain the theoretical mechanism. Sustainable or ecological tourism education has been implemented for years and empirical evidence provides us that almost all tourists are alerted to the importance of sustainability. There is a great challenge that tourists’ behavior might not concur with their intention. Policymakers and marketers really want to know the real factors affecting the association between the intention and behavior of sustainable tourism. Tourists’ purchase intention is a rational process and is affected by safety. Tourist behavior is associated with price and service environment which is a mixture of rational and emotional considerations.

As digital technology becomes more prevalent in today’s business environment and interest in digital trust rises, restaurants need to identify whether and how their mobile apps enhance the customer experience, and what features of the apps can strengthen customers’ attachment to them. However, few studies have examined the role of restaurant mobile apps as a catalyst for building customer loyalty. Considering restaurant mobile apps as a means to build a trustworthy relationship between customers and restaurants, this study develops and validates a research framework to measure digital trust between restaurants and customers through restaurant mobile apps. Specifically, due to the lack of measurement constructs for digital trust, a reliable and valid set of measurements that can explain digital trust in relation to restaurant mobile apps is developed and the effects of mobile apps’ digital trust on customers’ trust in a restaurant brand, overall experience, and their continued use intention are assessed.

Electrical stimulation (ES) is known to guide the development and regeneration of many tissues. Use of low-frequency ES for therapeutic purposes has been increasing during the last decades. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an appealing alternative cell source for cartilage repair. There are studies that induce differentiation into cartilage cells by treating the growth factors in stem cells or altering the properties of stem cells by genetic modification. In this study, we exposed equine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (eAD-MSCs) to ES and assessed changes in the chondrogenic differentiation potential. The cells obtained from equine adipose tissue attached to culture plates and expanded in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis at third passage indicated that the cells were strongly positive for CD44, CD90, and CD105, but negative for CD13, CD34, and CD45. Next, ES was applied to eAD-MSCs cultured under condition of high-density micromass under ES of 10 V/cm, with duration of 10 ms and a frequency of 2.0 Hz for three days. Gene expression of chondrogenic markers such as collagen type II, Aggrecan, and Sox9 was analyzed at three days of ES. As a result, we observed the differentiation potential of eAD-MSCs into chondrocytes by specific ES in absence of exogenous growth factors. We also found that ES upregulated the expression of heat shock protein 70, which affects cartilage formation. This study may contribute to the differentiation of MSCs into chondrogenic lineage under specific ES condition.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose, and have been isolated and characterized from various species. Deer adipose tissue-derived MSCs (dAD-MSCs) have not been studied and deer bone marrow-derived MSCs (dBM-MSCs) have not been fully characterized. In this study, we firstly isolated MSCs from deer tissues and then compared characteristics of dAD-MSCs and dBM-MSCs. dAD-MSCs and dBM-MSCs exhibited significant increase in proliferation under low-glucose DMEM culture condition during 20 and 10 passages consecutive passages, respectively. Both cells expressed cell surface markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105, but did not express CD34 and CD45. Two types of cells expressed stemness markers (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) and exhibited differentiation potential into mesodermal lineages. Both cells exhibited osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential, but poor adipogenic differentiation potential. Specifically, dAD-MSCs have a greater capacity for chondrogenic differentiation potential compared to dBM-MSCs. Collectively, we successfully isolated dAD-MSCs from deer for the first time. This study suggests that adipose tissue of deer could be used as a source of deer MSCs.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of replicating as undifferentiated cells, and have the potential of differentiating into mesodermal lineages. Goats are commonly used as animal models for bone tissue engineering to test the potential of stem cells for bone regeneration. Goat MSCs isolated from bone marrow (BM) or adipose tissue (AD) should be evaluated using in vitro assays, prior to their application in a tissue engineering project. In this study, we compared the stem cell properties of MSCs derived from goat AD, BM and ear skin tissue (ESK). As results, BM and ESK-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology comparable to that of AD-MSCs. Especially, BM-MSCs could be cultured for significantly longer periods and exhibited the greatest expansion capacity, whereas AD-MSCs had the shortest culture time and lowest growth rate. Also, we compared differentiation potentials of AD, BM and ESK-MSCs into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages through specific staining and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Collectively, we successfully isolated ESK-MSCs from goat for the first time. This study suggests that adult skin tissue of goat could be used as a source of goat MSCs. Further studies are needed to show the more information for establishment and fully characterization of goat ESK-MSCs.

This research was conducted in order to examine the effect of brand status and brand crisis types on consumers’ forgiveness intention. In this research, we proposed and found that the favorable attitude toward the underdog referred as underdog effect (Paharia, Keinan, Avery, & Schor, 2011) would be diluted especially in relational-related failure. When relationship efforts and perceived warmth of the brand are particularly critical, service failure caused by highly identified underdog brand can be perceived to be more serious (Vandello, Goldschmied, & Richards, 2007). Four of the studies consistently demonstrated our assumption in that people expressed less forgiveness intention on underdog brands when the crisis is in a service failure (vs. product failure): study1 and 2, service process failure (vs. service outcome failure): study 3, and human service process failure (vs. non-human service process failure): 4. Further, the mechanism underlying this negative effect toward the underdog was revealed as perceived anger. These findings can give insights to marketers that the types of crisis and the way of brand positioning are very critical to influence customer’s forgiveness intention.

New product entails risk, causing resistance to adoption. The recommendation system may decrease the psychological risk by guiding decision making process to be more efficient (Häubl and Trifts, 2000). AI (Artificial Intelligence) has been getting smarter and smarter and widely applied to the recommendation system. Even while you are browsing on your Facebook, AI recommends you the products that you may like based on the customized analysis of your interest. However, do people always love to adopt the smart recommends from AI? Definitely no! Then when and why people reluctantly accept AI recommendation? We assume that the product or service where the sense and feeling is important, people might be reluctant to accept the recommendation from artificial intelligence. This is because people might feel threatened when the AI challenges against human uniqueness (Gray and Wegner, 2012). Thus, in this study we investigated how the recommendation system types (AI vs. Human) affect brand attitude depending on the brand image (Symbolic vs. Functional). We found consumers are reluctant to accept a recommendation from AI in symbolic brand where human sense and feel are considered to be critical factors (Study1). This effect was further explained by uncanny-feeling toward the AI recommendation system (Study2). This research is meaningful in that it is the first attempt to apply the artificial intelligence recommendation concept to the marketing strategy by incorporating the concept of brand image. We predicted and found AI based recommendation system is reluctantly accepted for symbolic brand. Furthermore, we discovered the underlying process for this phenomenon as uncanny feeling. People seemed to have uncomfortable feelings against AI recommendation when the brand image is related to sense and feel considered as nature of human uniqueness. Thus, marketers should be very cautious when utilizing the AI recommendation system not to threaten human uniqueness area.

Lee, Kathy. 2018. An Analysis of English Teachers' Metalinguistic Discourse. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(2), 195~223. In this paper, I examine an effort by the South Korean Ministry of Education (MOE) called the “Teaching English in English” (TEE) policy, which is still in practice today. In 2001, the MOE enacted TEE to improve the proficiency of Koreans through English instruction, with the implicit acknowledgement that 40 years of traditional teaching methods had not produced competent English users. To understand this policy's implications for teachers, I draw on ethnographic observations and interviews at a government-sponsored center, where Korean teachers of English participated in an intensive English course. Approaching this policy from a language ideological framework, I pay attention to their metalinguistic discourse about English. Analysis of the findings reveals that teachers challenged but also reproduced dominant language ideologies that prevented viewing themselves as legitimate English teachers. Based on these teachers' language ideologies, it is not helpful to view problems in English education as due to teachers' lack of English skills or confidence. The findings illustrate the importance of understanding the social and language practices of the local community when designing a well-informed language policy that can effectively transform language education and challenge ideologies that view Koreans as poor English speakers or English as a language of the Other.

Sustainable marketing, as recently noticed by academics and practitioners, refers to a form of marketing that makes a net positive contribution to society in terms of environmental, social, and economic developments. Firms’ interest in sustainability as part of business performance beyond mere financial goals has been increased. Various sources, including societal mandates incorporated into regulations, concern about loss of sales, and a potential decline in corporate reputation pressures companies into implementing proper sustainability management. The purpose of this study is to clarify measures of perceived sustainability from the marketing perspective, analyze the effects of perceived sustainability on customer equity, and develop the recent theoretical frameworks and implications that will enable sustainable marketing concepts to be globally competitive. The measures of perceived sustainability items enable researchers to examine relationships among perceptions of sustainability and other key customer equity variables, such as value equity, brand equity, and relationship equity. For this and other reasons, the MPS may have value to practitioners. By understanding perceived sustainability, they can develop economic, social, environmental and communication performances that effectively utilize sustainability. The measures of perceived sustainability offers researchers a tool for measuring perceived sustainability that is consistent with the literature on sustainability, while recognizing the reality that sustainability is a multidimensional construct. The rigor reflected in the multiple methods for generating scale items and the multiple stages in the scale development process results in a scale that should be useful to both researchers and practitioners.

In second language writing, while much research has focused on teachers’ act of feedback per se, scant attention has been paid to how they attempt to bring innovation to their feedback practices and how they cope with the contextual challenges arising from the innovation. This study seeks to explore two teachers’ perspectives on their own attempts at innovative feedback approaches in their writing classrooms. Drawing on data gathered from individual teacher interviews and their personal reflections, the results of the study show that their engagement in feedback innovation served as a significant source of their continuing professional development. While they encountered some challenges during the innovation, they also exercised their professional agency to address these challenges and reaped benefits from their innovative attempts. The paper concludes with some implications for feedback innovation in EFL contexts and how teachers can be supported in their continuing efforts to develop effective feedback approaches in writing.

본 연구는 국내산 침엽수 톱밥추출물을 이용하여 버섯의 푸른곰팡이병 방제약제 원료를 개발하고자 시도 되었으며, 푸른곰팡이병의 원인균의 하나인 Trichoderma 속 곰팡이를 대상으로 항균활성을 시험하였다. 1,000 ppm 농도의 낙엽송 열수추출물은 Trichoderma 속 균주에 대하여 최고 20.6%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. 1,000 ppm 농도의 미송 열수추출물은 T. aggressivum에 대하여 60.3%, T. harzianum 52.2%, T. atroviride 46.8%, T. viride 46.1%의 높은 항균활성을 나타내었으며 T. koningii에서는 36.2%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. 미송 열수추출물이 낙엽송 열수추출물보다 Trichoderma 속 균주에 대하여 보다 효과적인 항균화합물을 함유하고 있다고 판단되었다. 낙엽송 열수추출물로부터 분리된 n-hexane 분획물은 Trichoderma 속에 대하여 68.5% ~ 79.9%의 높은 항균활성을 나타냈다. 열수추출물로부터 분리된 미송의 n-hexane 분획물은 T. aggressivum에 대하여 68.5%, T. atroviride에 대하여 71.4%, T. harzianum에 대하여 71.9%, T. koningii에 대하여 75.7%, T. viride에 대하여 82.3%의 높은 항균활성을 나타냈고, ethyl acetate 분획물이 n-hexane 분획물 다음으로 높은 항균활성이 나타내었다. Trichoderma 속 균주에 대한 낙엽송 및 미송 열수추출물의 항균활성은 미송 추출물이 낙엽송 추출물보다 높게 나타났지만, 낙엽송과 미송의 열수추출물로부터 분리된 n-hexane 분획물에 의한 항균활성 차이는 거의 없었다. 미송 열수추출물과 낙엽송 및 미송의 열수추출물로부터 획득된 n-hexane 분획물은 Trichoderma 속에 대한 항균원료로서 사용가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

푸른 곰팡이병을 일으키는 병원균은 매우 다양하며, 현 재까지 밝혀진 병원균은 Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Penicillium spp. 그리고 Aspergillus spp.로 이 중에서 Trichoderma spp.는 자낭균류에 속하는 Hypocrea spp.의 무성세대로서 발생빈도가 가장 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 버섯의 병해 중에서 가장 방제가 어렵고 버섯의 발생 및 수확에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 대표적인 병의 하나인 푸른 곰팡이병은 고온다습한 조건에서 많이 발생하며 발생초 기에는 버섯균과 비슷한 백색을 띄다가 포자가 형성되면 서 황록색 내지 진녹색으로 변하고, 골목의 표면에 부정형 의 병반을 형성하면서 버섯균의 생장을 억제하여 결국에 는 버섯균을 죽게 한다. 현재 버섯 재배농가에서는 버섯균 사생장 기간동안에 푸른 곰팡이병의 발생을 억제하기 위 하여 버섯배지 살균 전에 균상표면에 벤레이트, 판마쉬, 스포르곤수화제를 살포하는 것이 최대의 방제법이다. 따 라서 본 연구는 버섯 병해의 주범인 그린몰드(green mold)의 생장을 제어하기 위하여 수목추출물 및 nhexane 용해부의 효능을 비교 평가하였다. 수목추출물의 그린몰드에 대한 항균활성은 T. aggressivum 34.7%, T. atroviride 35.7%, T. harzianum 34.9%, T. koningii 31.0%, T. viride 30.7%로, 평균 33.4%의 항균 활성을 나타내었고, T. atroviride에서 수목추출물이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. n-Hexane 용해부의 그린몰드에 대한 항균활성은 T. aggressivum 52.3%, T. atroviride 65.6%, T. harzianum 47.1%, T. koningii 48.5%, T. viride 51.1%로, 평균 52.9%의 항균활성을 나타내었고, T. atroviride에서 nhexane 용해부가 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 수목추출물과 n-hexane 용해부의 그린몰드에 대한 항 균활성은 추출물의 농도에 따라서 5% 수준에서 유의성이 나타났다. 수목추출물과 n-hexane 용해부의 항균활성을 비교하 였을 때 수목추출물보다 수목 n-hexane 용해부에서 더 높은 항균활성이 나타났다.

표고, 느타리, 양송이, 팽이등 버섯의 종류에 관계없이 발생되고 있는 푸른곰팡이병은 그린몰드(green mold)가 그원인으로 알려져 있으며 이들의 피해는 심각하다. 푸른 곰팡이병을 일으키는 곰팡이로는 Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Aspergillus, Penicillum 등이 현재 알려져 있다. 푸른곰팡 이 병원균은 균사생장 시 균상에 발생하여 버섯균의 균사 생장을 방해하거나 기생하여 버섯균사를 사멸시키며, 버 섯수확기에 병해를 발생시키고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 버 섯의 수확을 저하시키는 Trichoderma를 억제하기 위하 여 수목추출물 2종을 혼합한 다음 그 효능을 평가하였다. Trichoderma에 대하여 항균력을 나타내는 유효 화합 물질을 확인하기 위하여 GC/MS를 이용하여 편백 휘발성 추출물을 분석한 결과, 50개의 테르펜계 화합물이 존재한 다는 것을 확인하였고 대부분의 물질이 동정되었다. 편백 휘발성 추출물의 주요 화학적 조성은 모노테르펜류인 sabinene 11.62%, limonene 4.31%, isobornyl acetate 6.23%, α-terpinyl acetate 11.75%였으며, 세스퀴테르 펜류로 elemol 11.08%, β-eudesmol 4.02%, epibicyclosesquiphellandrene 4.18%가 나타났다. 소나무와 편백 추출물의 혼합비율 10 : 1(g/g) 제제는 T. aggressivum에서 20.4%, T. atroviride에서 14.0%, T. harzianum에서 32.0%, T. koningii에서 26.8%, T. viride에서 19.0%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. Trichoderma 균주는 편백 추출물의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 항균활성 이 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. Trichoderma 균주는 편백 추출물보다는 소나무 열수추출물에 대하여 영향을 받았다.

We performed the present study to investigate whether Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (RG) extracts (RGX) and Eleutherococcus senticosus Max (ES) extracts (ESX) play any roles in bone metabolism. We examined cellular activities of bone cells by measurement of osteoblastic cell viability, osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion from osteoblasts, osteoclastogenesis, and osteoclastic activity. There is no cytotoxicity from osteoblasts after treatment with RGX and ESX. The secretion of OPG from the osteoblasts showed marked increases after treatment with RGX and ESX. In addition, RGX and ESX treatment decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells and the resorption areas. RGX and ESX, when mixed at optimal ratios, induced synergic effects, in vitro. OPB, which showed synergic effects, is the extract of natural ingredients RG and ES mixed at a raw material weight ratio of 4 : 1. It can be suspected that extracts of RG and ES mixtures contains active ingredients involved in bone tissue metabolism and may be effective in improving osteoporosis.

The yields of the fractions of n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble and methanol-soluble from the P. densiflora sawdust were obtained 1.36%, 2.21% and 4.03% using organic solvents, respectively (Table 1). The antifungal activity of the n-hexane extracts against L. edodes at concentrations 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm were 36.5%, 41.2%, 43.1%, 45.4% and 47.6%, respectively (Table 2). The percent of antifungal activity against L. edodes was the greatest for the n-hexane extracts, ranging from 36.5% to 47.6% at a concentrations of 125 ppm to 1000ppm, with the values for all concentrations significantly different from one another. In this experiment, the antifungal activity by the n-hexane extracts was the highest. This result supposed that the n-hexane extracts have not only many more inhibitory compounds against L. edodes than the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts but also the inhibitory compound may be more easily dissolved by n-hexane than by ethyl acetate or methanol.

The yields of the n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble fractions from the powdered water extracts were 8.2%, 10.6%, 32.0% and 49.2%, respectively (Table 1). The antifungal activities of water extracts, n-hexane-soluble fraction, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, methanol-soluble fraction and methanol-insoluble fraction against L. edodes were 23.5%, 26.2%, 41.5%, 25.4% and 2.5%, respectively, at 1000ppm (Figure3). The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed much higher antifungal activity than the other fractions. The antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction against L. edodes at 1000 ppm showed a statistically significant difference in the fractions of n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insolub