Active M dwarfs exhibit frequent and energetic flares that provide a unique laboratory for studying chromospheric heating processes under extreme magnetic activity. To probe the flare process of M-dwarfs, we present a high-resolution (R ∼ 30,000) spectroscopic case study of a superflare onADLeo, detected on 2023 March 14 using the Bohyunsan Optical Echelle Spectrograph (BOES). Such high-energy events are rarely captured with simultaneous multi-line spectroscopy, allowing us to trace the energy partition and temporal evolution of the chromospheric lines. Based on equivalent width variations, we found that the Hα line radiated 8.8×1030 erg, implying a total bolometric energy (∼1033 erg) comparable to the largest solar flares. The Balmer series dominated the energy budget; the individual Ca ii H and K lines contributed 47.5% and 26.2% of the Hα energy, respectively, while each Ca ii infrared triplet line emitted ∼17–19%. We confirm that the delayed peak emission, previously reported for Ca ii H&K, also occurs in the Ca ii triplet and Na i lines. These delays are consistent with the Neupert effect, suggesting that cumulative heating governs the gradual phase emission. While this superflare resembled solar flares in its general morphology, it also displayed systematic differences in chromospheric emission. It is likely that these differences reflect the distinct atmospheric structure and quiescent chromospheric conditions of M dwarfs, rather than fundamentally different flare physics.

This study examines the implementation of a global exchange project-based learning (PBL) program in a university-level English education context. By integrating online exchange, field-based interviews in the Philippines, and digital content production, the study explores how students engage in intercultural interaction through experiential learning. The study adopted a process-oriented perspective to examine how intercultural learning developed progressively through multiple stages of interaction, beginning with online exchange and extending to field-based engagement. Through interactions with local participants, students engaged in spontaneous communication, negotiated meaning, and explored cultural differences and similarities. In particular, field-based interaction provided qualitatively different learning conditions from online exchange by requiring learners to respond to unpredictability and negotiate meaning in authentic contexts. In addition, digital storytelling through student-generated video content and VR-based artifacts mediated reflective learning, enabling students to reinterpret their intercultural experiences. These findings suggest that global exchange PBL offers a process-oriented framework for integrating intercultural interaction and digitally mediated reflection in English language education.

This study explores how learners across school levels engage with a digital extensive reading (ER) environment by comparing upper elementary and lower secondary EFL learners (N = 100). Both groups participated in a four-week multimedia e-book reading program designed to support ER through multimodal features and teacher guidance. Using a mixed-methods design with pre-post reading measures, surveys, and classroom observations, the study examined changes in reading fluency and affective engagement. Results showed that both groups improved in fluency and affective engagement, although patterns differed by school level. Confidence and interest improved in both groups, while motivation increased only among secondary learners. Reading speed improved across groups, whereas comprehension gains were significant only for elementary learners. Elementary learners’ progress reflected teacher-mediated scaffolding, whereas secondary learners showed greater self-regulated engagement. Correlation analyses showed that confidence was most strongly associated with reading fluency. These findings suggest that digital ER is most effective when instructional support and digital affordances align with learners’ developmental needs.

파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)과 왕담배나방(Helicoverpa armigera)은 우리나라를 포함한 전 세계적으로 경제적으로 중요한 농업 해충이며, 이들의 방제는 디아 마이드계 및 피레스로이드계 살충제에 대한 저항성이 빠르게 진화함에 따라 점점 더 어려워지고 있다. 이러한 저항성은 주로 시토크롬P450 모노옥시게네이스 (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, CYPs)의 과발현에 의해 매개되는 대사적 해독능의 증가에 기인한다. 따라서CYP 활성을 억제하는 것은 살충제 감수성을 회복시키고 저항성 관리를 개선하기 위한 유망한 전략으로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는CYP 억제제로 알려진 아졸계 살균제가 상승제로 작용하여 이들 나비목 해 충의 저항성 집단에 대한 살충제 효능을 증대시킬 수 있는 가능성을 조사하였다. 생물검정 결과, 종 및 살충제 종류에 따라 뚜렷이 구분되는 상승효과가 확인되었다. 파밤나방에서는 아졸계 살균제 프로피코나졸(propiconazole)을 디아마이드계 살충제 클로란트라닐리프롤(chlorantraniliprole)과 함께 처리하였을 때 독성이 유 의하게 증가하여 유충 사망률이 100%에 도달하였다. 반면, 델타메트린(deltamethrin) 저항성 왕담배나방에서는 델타메트린과 헥사코나졸(hexaconazole) 또는 메 트코나졸(metconazole)을 혼용하였을 때 강한 상승효과가 나타났으며, 사망률은 80%를 초과하였다. 아졸계 살균제를 단독 처리하였을 때에는 살충 효과가 거의 없 었으나, 살충제와 함께 처리할 경우 농도 의존적으로 사망률이 뚜렷하게 증가하였고, 이는 살충제 단독 처리구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 디아마이드계 및 피레스로이드계 살충제 저항성에CYP 매개 해독작용이 관여함을 강하게 시사하며, 동시에 아졸계 살균제가 효과적인 상승제로 기능할 수 있음을 입증한다. 종합하면, 본 연구는 파밤나방과 담배거세미나방의 저항성 집단에 대한 방제 효율을 향상시키기 위해 아졸계 살균제를 살충제 저항성 관리 프로그 램에 전략적으로 도입할 수 있음을 제안한다.

This study reports seven new records of marine gastropod species from Korean waters: Marsenina uchidai, Littoraria sinensis, Conus litteratus, Pleurobranchus forskalii, Placida dendritica, Placida kevinleei, and Thuridilla lineolata. Notably, this marks the first documentation of the genus Marsenina in Korea. Specimens were collected from various locations along the Korean coast, including Goseong and Yangyang (Gangwon-do), Dokdo, Bito Island (Sacheon, Gyeongsangnam-do), and Jeju Island, between February 2025 and March 2026. Each species identification was based on diagnostic morphological characters and supported by photographs of living individuals or preserved specimens. Uncorrected p-distance analyses and maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstructions, using COI sequences, confirmed the taxonomic identities of the specimens. Among the species studied, Conus literatus and Placida dendritica showed significantly higher intraspecific genetic divergences compared to the other taxa, indicating a need for further taxonomic and population-level research. These findings enrich the existing inventory of marine gastropod biodiversity in Korean waters and offer foundational data for future taxonomic and biogeographic studies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of the actual and ideal L2 selves to L2 achievement/proficiency through achievement goals, using structural equation modeling (SEM) among 396 high school students learning English in Korea. Findings indicated that the actual L2 self significantly contributed to the English section of the Scholastic Ability Test (ESAT) directly and indirectly through the mediation of achievement goals as a whole. Even though the ideal L2 self did not contribute to the ESAT directly, it significantly contributed to the ESAT mediated by achievement goals as a whole indirectly, indicating that goals can drive motivation. In addition, the mediating effects of mastery approach goals (MAPG) were greater than those of performance approach goals (PAPG) in the paths from the actual and ideal L2 selves to the ESAT. These findings imply that students’ actual and ideal L2 selves can be enhanced more effectively, should achievement goals be incorporated.

This study investigated the effects of formic acid (FA) petal-dipping treatment on the postharvest quality of cut rose “All For Love” and its efficacy in suppressing gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Petals were dipped for 3 s in FA solutions at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 9000 μL·L-1. The petal color change rate (ΔE) was highest following treatment with 9000 μL·L-1 FA, and phytotoxicity was observed at concentrations ≥100 μL·L-1. To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of FA, petals inoculated with B. cinerea were dipped in 50 μL·L-1 FA for 3 s. Under B. cinerea infection, FA treatment extended vase life by 62.5% compared with the B. cinerea treatment and was more effective than distilled water treatment. B. cinerea inoculation reduced vase life by 77.8% relative to non-treated control. Although 50 μL·L-1 FA did not improve vase life under non-infected conditions, it significantly extended vase life under infected treatments. No significant differences were observed among treatments in petal color or leaf chlorophyll content. In conclusion, petal dipping with 50 μL·L-1 FA effectively extended vase life under B. cinerea infection without adversely affecting key quality attributes, including petal color, leaf chlorophyll content, flower diameter, relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake, or electrolyte leakage.