The expression of MMPs in the development of the fertilized egg has a very important role in cell configuration. Objective To evaluate the clinical, the effect of differentially expressed MMPs on serum and serum - free medium on the maturation of blastocysts. The expression patterns of MMPs in serum and serum-free medium were compared at 6 h, 18 h and at the blastocyst stage using real-time PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence. The results showed that the expression of MMPs was increased in the embryos of the serum medium, as a result of analysis of MMPs and TIMPs, MMP-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of embryos in the serum-free medium, And it was found to be higher in expression than MMP-9. The serum medium was different from the bloodless badge: overall, TIMPs showed a higher expression in the ovarian cells than cyanosis, and TIMP-3 was more pronounced. Development rate of blastocyst according to in vitro culture method was higher than that of serum - free medium (61.22% 60/98) and serum - free medium (48.28% 28/58). Analysis of the protein release locations of MMPs and TIMPs showed that MMPs and TIMPs are highly expressed in serum mediums, focusing on the inner cell mass. However, very low expression appeared in the tropoblast. On the other hand, serum - free medium showed different expression from serum medium and TIMPs expression was generally low. Therefore, in the case of serum media, the expression of MMPs is highly expressed in the cytoplasm of the fertilized egg, increasing the reconstruction of cells.

In the present study of this experiment was to understand the expression of apoptotic gene expression in the ovary of miniature pigs and pigs on the 15th day of estrus. Also the compare and analyze of programmed cell death type(Apoptosis and autophagy) expression pattern during mature oocyte on the miniature and normal pig cells. Analysis of mRNA gene expression of ovary in miniature and normal pigs on the 15th day of estrus showed that the expression of genes related to Autophagy (ATG13, MAP1LC3, Beclin1) was high in normal pigs but the expression of ATG1 and ATG5 genes was low. In addition, the expression of genes related to apoptosis (Casp-3, BAX) was high in the mini pigs, and the gene related to the LH hormone was high in the miniature pigs, whereas the expression of the gene related to the FSH hormone was high in the normal pigs. On the other hand, the result of muture oocyte on the miniature and normal pig cells is the expression of Casp-3 protein was moust high from treatment of FL+rapa (FSH+LH and Rapamycin) of the oocyte on the miniature pig cell. However, MAP1LC3 expression was higher in the oocytes of treatment of rapanycine treatment on the nomal pig cells. There was no gene expression in cumulus cells of matured oocytes in mini pig cells, whereas MAP1LC3 expression was higher in oocyte cumulus cells matured in normal pig cells. It was confirmed that the miniature and normal pigs showed different programmed cell death patterns, In the case of oocytes matured in miniature pig cells, MAP1LC3 gene expression was found to be low in spite of treatment with Autophagy regulator.

쓰름매미의 진동막와 복부 중 어떤 기관이 유인음의 주파수를 결정하는지 확인하였다. 쓰름매미는 유인음 발생시 복부의 모양을 변화시켜 주파수를 변조하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 안동하회마을에 Songmeter를 설치하여 24시간동안 녹음하여 우는 시간을 분석하였다. 양쪽 진동막에서 나온 비명음을 프로브마이크로폰으로 녹음하였다. 비명음 발생시 진동막의 진동을 초고속카메라로 촬영(20,000 fps)하여 평균진동수±불확도를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 쓰름매미는 일출시각이 05:39이었던 날에 05:13부터 울기 시작하여, 일몰시각이 19:23 이후인 19:55까지 울어, 말매미·애매미·참매미와의 경쟁에서 가장 긴 시간동안 울었다. 유인음의 FFT 결과, 중심주파수는 약 6,000Hz인 고주파임을 알 수 있었다. 두 진동막은 비동시적으로 진동하였는데, 진동 주기는 5.45ms이며, 지속시간은 4.75ms으로 양쪽진동막 소리 사이 공백이 0.7ms로 중첩은 없었다. 2,061Hz의 진동은 계속 유지되고 중간에 11,111Hz의 고주파가 합성되었다. 진동막은 3가지 모드로 진동하였고, 1st 모드의 평균진동수±불확도는 1,904±78Hz, 2nd 1,644±49Hz, 3rd 1,019±39Hz로, 불확도 99% 신뢰수준에서 세 가지 모드 모두에서 양쪽 진동막의 진동수는 다르다고 할 수 없으며 또한, 모드별로 같다고 할 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 복부 공명 효과가 배제된 진동막의 진동수 범위는 2,000 Hz 미만임에도 유인음과 비명음에서 모두 6,000 Hz 이상의 소리가 관찰되는 것으로 보아 진동막은 비교적 낮은 주파수의 소리 발생하지만 복부의 부피와 모양을 변화시켜 높은 주파수의 소리를 발생하는 것으로 판단된다.

To solve the problem of raw milk surplus, the Korean government encouraged the farmstead milk processing industry. However, the hygiene of farmstead dairy products has not been evaluated. Therefore, the microbiological analysis of farmstead cheeses was performed in this study. Farmstead cheeses (Berg, Colby, Cottage, Gouda, Mozzarella, String, Tilsiter, and Quark) were purchased from 16 dairy farms. In qualitative analysis, the presence of foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter spp.) were examined. Also, total aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., coliform, and E. coli, and yeast/mold were enumerated. Seventeen samples (37.8%) of 45 farmstead cheeses were contaminated with B. cereus and the highest detection rate was observed in String cheese. Two samples (4.4%) were E. coli positive and seven samples (15.6%) were S. aureus positive. Four other foodborne pathogens were not detected in all farmstead cheeses. Also, the mean levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, E. coli, and yeast/mold were 4.3 Log CFU/g, 1.4 Log CFU/g, 1.1 Log CFU/g, and 3.8 Log CFU/g, respectively. These results indicate that the food safety of farmstead cheese is extremely poor and, thus, the hygiene management of farmstead cheese should be improved to provide safe farmstead cheese to consumers.

In the present study, we investigated the expression patterns of p63, a member of the p53 gene family, in hair follicle cells at different stages of the hair cycle and examined the relation with cell proliferation activity. For this study, immunohistochemistry for p63 and Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, was performed in skin obtained from C3H/he mice with depilation. In the anagen stage, p63 was strongly expressed in the cells of bulge areas and epithelial strand, matrix cells of the hair bulbs and outer root sheath cells, but inner root sheath cells and dermal papilla cells were negative for p63. These expression patterns of p63 were similarly noted in hair follicles in the early catagen stage. In the late catagen and telogen stages of hair follicles, outer root sheath cells, seboblasts and duct cells were immunoreactive for p63. On the other hand, Ki-67-positive cells were selectively observed among the p63 positive cell components, although p63 positive cells were not always proliferative. Most of the matrix cells in the hair bulbs were positive for Ki-67. Ki-67-positive cells were also frequently evident in the cells of epithelial strands in the early anagen stage. Outer root sheath cells were often positive for Ki-67 in the anagen and early catagen stages, but very rare in the late catagen and telogen stages. In summary, p63 was expressed in the bulge stem cells, epithelial strand cells, matrix cells and outer root sheath cells of hair follicles at any stage of the cycle, which was associated with the movement of hair progenitor cells for regeneration. Ki-67-positive cells were evident among the p63-expressing cell components. Our results strongly suggest that p63 plays an important role in stem cell regulation, at least associated with cell proliferation, for the regeneration of hair follicles.

This study investigated the physical properties of polymers and antimicrobial activities of organic acids on Listeria monocytogenes to develop hydrogels. κ-carrageenan (1, 2, and 3%), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; 1, 3, and 5%), and agar (1.5 and 3%) were mixed with cross-linkers (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Al3+) or each other by stirring or heating to form cross-linkage, and their physical properties (hardness, elasticity, and swelling) were measured. The hydrogels formulated with organic acid (1, 3, and 5%) were analyzed by spot assay against L. monocytogenes. κ-carrageenan formed hydrogels with high hardness without other cross-linkers, but they had low elasticity. The elasticity was improved by mixing with other cross-linkers such as K+ or other polymer, especially in 3% κ-carrageenan. CMC hydrogel was formed by adding cross-linkers Al3+, Na+, or Ca2+, especially in 5% CMC. Thus, stickiness and swelling for selected hydrogel formulations (two of κ-carrageenan hydrogels and three of CMC hydrogels) were measured. Among the selected hydrogels, most of them showed appropriate hardness, but only 3% κ-carrageenan-contained hydrogels maintained their shapes from swelling. Hence, 3% κ-carrageenan+0.2% KCl and 3% κ-carrageenan+1% alginate+0.2% KCl+0.2% CaCl2 were selected to be formulated with lactic acid, and showed antilisterial activity. These results indicate that 3% κ-carrageenan hydrogels formulated with lactic acid can be used to control L. monocytogenes on food surface.

Bourbon is the major coffee variety grown in Rwanda. Fully washed bourbon produced in Rwanda is a nascent specialty coffee and no investigation of its quality characteristics has been reported. Thus, this study aimed at providing information about intrinsic flavor characteristics and identifying the most discriminating aroma compounds of this coffee from the major growing areas in four provinces (considered by this study as geographical sub-regions) in comparison with Arabica coffee from Ethiopia and Brazil using electronic nose and electronic tongue. Samples were discriminated and characterized by performing a principal component analysis (PCA). A discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) model was also used to predict the geographic origin of coffee samples based on their flavor characteristics. A similarity was observed between flavor characteristics of coffee samples from western and southern sub-regions as well as between northern and eastern sub-regions of Rwanda. Twenty one most discriminating aroma compounds were found but the identified and confirmed ones are: Butan-2-one, Acetic acid, n-Butanol, 2, 3- Pentanedione, Ethyl-2-methybutyrate, Dimethylsulfide, 2-Prpanol, 2-Methylfuran, Ethylacetate, Ethyl propionate and Heptanal. A DFA model using e-nose was successful in predicting the geographic origin of coffee samples but not with e-tongue. This means that aroma can reliably be used to predict the geographic origin of coffee samples than their taste characteristics. Further investigation is required to test the possibility of origin recognition based on taste characteristics.

The purpose of this monitoring is to survey the geographical distribution of tick species using dry ice bait traps and flagging methods at each ten provinces (GangwonⅠ,GangwonⅡ, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam and Jeju area) and one Metropolitan area in the Republic of Korea for eight months from April through November, 2016. A total of 65,339 ixodid ticks (8,200 females, 1,988 males, 31,453 nymphs and 23,698 larvae) was collected, belonging to three genera (Haemaphysalis, Ixodes and Amblyomma). Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most commonly collected species, which is represented for 96.88% of all the collected ticks and followed by H. flava (2.69%), I. nipponensis (0.35%), A. testudinarium (0.05%) and H. japonica (0.03%) in the Republic of Korea for the study period. Haemaphysalis longicornis was a dominant species observed in these eleven areas.

We performed a survey for flavivirus infection and distribution of Aedes albopictus that known as Zika and Dengue virus vector using black–light trap and BG-sentinel trap around urban area in Korea. Mosquitoes were collected in 27 cities during March to November (twice a month) year 2016. Total numbers of mosquitoes collected 102,102 including 19 species 8 genera during collecting period. Total 21,467 Ae. albopictus was collected that 20,961(24.3%) by BG-sentinel trap and 506 (3.2%) by Black-light trap in urban area. Trap index(trap/night) of Ae. albopictus was showed highest in Hamyang (TI:992.3) and lowest in Taebaek (TI:0.3) there was only collected by Black-light trap. A total of 894 pools from all collecting Ae. albopictus were performed a Flavivirus detection. Flavivirus was not detected during study period. This study may provide basic information for surveillance of imported diseases (include Zika virus) and vectors in Korea.

Maruca vitrata larvae feed on flowers and pods of several leguminous crops, and can severely reduce seed yield. Adult emergence, mating and oviposition behaviors were observed in a 15h/9h=light/dark and 25℃ condition as a base study for monitoring. Emergence occurred mainly during the first five hours of scotophase. Mating occurred from the two days after emergence, and the mated females started to lay eggs from the next day. A maximal mating rate was observed in the night of five days. Mating occurred significantly more often during the time from 2 hours before to 3 hours after lights-off, but older females mated more frequently during the photophase. Electroanntennographic responses of males to some chemicals, and body extracts and volatile collections of females were measured

The Ixodid ticks has been suspected to be the vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in Korea. In order to confirm transovarial transmission of Ixodid ticks, a total of blood fed 284 ticks were collected from six host animals. They were identified as 3 genera and 4 species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (97.2%), H. flava (0.7%), Ixodes nipponensis (1.8%) and Amblyomma testudinarium (0.4%). Among them, 192 female adults hatched their eggs successfully. Our results showed a high prevalence of SFTSV among collected ticks (3.1%, 6/192 ticks), and we detected SFTSV from their larvae. This result suggests that the parent generation of H. longicornis can transmit SFTSV transovarially into their F1 progeny and H. longicornis might be one of major vectors of SFTSV in Korea.