Royal jelly (RJ) is a gelatinous substance that bees produce to feed bees and queen bees. It’s frequently sold as a dietary supplement to treat a variety of physical ailments and chronic diseases. While it has long been used in traditional medicine, its applications in Western medicine remain controversial. The inhibitory effect of royal jelly on osteoarthritis was investigated in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis rat model 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HAD) is the main fatty acid present in RJ. Among the criteria for RJ quality analysis, 10-HAD content has been proposed as a freshness parameter. We investigated the effect of RJ on the improvement of osteoarthritis on SD rats and they were divided into five groups. In this study, we examined the effect of enzymatic royal jelly (ERJ) administration on osteoarthritis. To determine the antiinflammatory effects of RJ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression were measured after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation in RAW 264.7 cells. In in vivo animal study, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA into knee joints of rats. As a results, ERJ showed that TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased by ERJ treatment in a dosedependent manner. In conclusion, ERJ extract was able to inhibit articular cartilage degeneration by preventing extracellular matrix degradation and cartilage cell damage. It was considered that ERJ extract may be a potential therapeutic treatment for degenerative osteoarthritis.

본 연구는 일정한 풍환경하에 온실 피복재 관류전열손실을 분석하기 위하여 온실 열손실 분석용 소형 풍동을 제작하고 그 성능을 분석하였으며 모형온실을 적용하였을 때의 관류전열손실을 분석하였다. 소형 풍동은 시험부 측 공기흐름이 정상상태를 유지하고 편차를 최소화하기 위하여 풍동의 각 요소를 반영하여 구성하였으며 송풍부, 확산부, 정류부, 축소부, 시험부로 구성하였다. 소형 풍동의 형태는 개방형, 토출식으로 결정하였고, 시험부 규격은 제작하고자 하는 모형온실의 규격과 상사비율, 시험부의 단면 폐쇄율을 감안하여 결정하였다. 상사비율을 풍동실험에 적용할 모형은 농업시설 중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는 단동 비닐온실을 대상으로 하였다. 소형풍동 내 풍속을 조절함에 따라 나타나는 모형온실 피복재의 관류전열계수는 피복재 면을 크게 지붕면과 측벽면, 앞뒷면으로 나누고 각 면별 계측 데이터를 평균 내어 산출하였다. 지붕면은 풍속이 증가함에 따라 전열계수도 증가하나 증가폭이 감소하는 구간은 배치각도에 따라 1-2ms-1과 2-3ms-1으로 구분되어지는 것으로 판단되었다. 측벽면의 전열계수가 증가하는 폭이 큰 구간은 0-1ms-1 구간인 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution characteristics of mist spray particle size by devising a rotary mist spraying device to develop the evaporative salt water desalination system. The rotary mist spraying device was consisted of a BLDC sirocco fan, a spinning fan, a fan fixed shaft and a salt water supply device etc. In this study we analyzed the characteristics of spray particle size and distribution according to the variation of sirocco fan surface roughness(Ra, μm), revolutions(rpm) and salt water flow rate(mL/min). When sirocco fan surface roughness( Ra) was in the range of 0.27~7.65 μm, the spray particle size was 0.117~1.360 μm. And then more than 90% of spray particles were found to be less than 0.50 μm. When sirocco fan surface roughness(Ra) was in the range of 12.70~22.84 μm, the spray particle size was 2.51~184.79 μm and more than 98% of spray particles were found to be less than 13.59 μm. To analyze the effect of fan rotation speed on the size and distribution of spray particles, when surface roughness Ra was fixed 0.27 μm and fan rotation speed and salt water flow rate was respectively changed at 3,800~5,600 rpm and 2.77~8.28 mL/min, spray particle size was 0.341~0.541 μm. And when salt water flow rate was 9.74 mL/min and fan rotation speed was 3,800~5,200 rpm, spray particle size was in the range of 29.29~341.46 μm and in case of 5,600 rpm more than 98.23% of spray particles were in the range of 2.51~13.59 μm.

This study was conducted to investigate effect of feeding beet pulp on reproductive performance, colostrum composition and microbiological characteristics in sows. A total of 12 sows(Landrace×Yorkshire) were randomly allotted three dietary treatments at gestating 90 days. The diets were prepared by adding 0, 5 and 10% of the beet pulp in basal diets. The pigs fed 5% beet pulp showed higher litter size than the 0 and 10% beet pulp treatments, although there was not significant among the treatments. Similarly, birth and 21days weight in piglet were not different among the treatments. In colostrum fat, protein, lactose, citric acid, solid, ffa, true protein were ranged to reference values, but not difference among the treatments. E.coli of feces was lower(P<0.01) in the 5% beet pulp than the 0 and 10% beet pulp treatments. But no effect was observed on Lactobacilli of feces among dietary treatments. These our results indicate the beet pulp has no significant effect of reproductive performance and colostrum composition in sows. But, 5% level beet pulp is effective for reduction of intestinal pathogenic microorganisms.

본 연구에서는 풍환경에 따른 열손실을 분석하는데 있어 필요한 풍속 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 주요 11개 해안지역 중 온실밀집지역을 선정하여 기상환경 및 온실 방위를 조사 분석하였다. 대상지역은 난방온실 재배면적과 풍환경 기준으로 선정하였고 온실밀집지역은 50,000m2 이상인 지역을 대상으로 하였다. 11곳의 기상자료 중 기온,풍속, 풍향을 대상으로 30년간 자료를 수집하여 분석하였고 기온은 최저, 평균, 최고 기온을 나누고 풍속 및 풍향 기준은 기상청 분석 기준을 적용하였다. 온실의 배치방향은 형태가 대칭인 점을 감안하여 0~180o 범위로 자료를 수집하였다. 또한, 각 지역마다 풍향이 있으며 온실길이방향을 기준으로 하였을 때 적용되는 풍향은 달라질 수 있으며 이를 상대풍향으로 지칭하고 중복되는 점을 고려하여 0~90o 범위로 자료를 수집하였다. 11개 지역의 기온은 중부지방에 있는 보령, 영광 지역과 남부지방에 있는 9개 지역의 기온차이가 구분되었다. 중부해안 대상지역은 1월 최저기온은 약 3~4oC 정도 온 도가 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었고 평균기온은 약 3oC 정도 높았으며 월별 기온 중 최저기온을 선정할 때에 1 월 기온을 고려해야 되는 것으로 판단된다. 대상지역의 주풍향에 대한 월별 차이는 크게 발생하지 않았으며 풍향 분포에 따라 지역별로 서해안측, 서해 및 남해 경계 해안측, 남해안측으로 구분되어졌다. 풍속은 영광을 제외 한 10개 지역은 월간 풍속 포차이가 크게 발생하지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 대상지역의 온실의 방향은 길이방향 기준으로 분석하였으며 보령과 영광, 남해 지역은 60%이상 집중되어 있는 방향이 존재하였고 해남, 통영 지역은 약 90% 집중되어있는 방향이 존재하였으며 이는 경지정리로 인하여 방향이 편향되어있는 지역이 존재하는 것으로 판단된다.

쓰레기 소각장이나 산업체의 폐열을 농업에 활용한 사례는 몇몇 있었다. 그러나 온배수를 농업에 활용한 사례는 전무하였으며, 치어, 종패 등을 양식하는 수산업이 대부분이었다. 본 연구에서는 화력발전소의 온배수(폐열)를 열원으로 이용하는 120 RT 규모의 냉난방시스템을 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 안덕면 소재의 5,280m2 아열대 작물(망고) 재배 온실에 설치, 10월에서 다음해 2월까지 약 5개월 동안 난방을 실시하여 난방에너지 비용 절감 효과 등 분석하였다. 난방에너지 비용 절감효과는 면세경유에 대하여 87%이였으며, 또한 발전소의 온배수를 에너지원으로 재활용함으로 서 62%의 이산화탄소 배출 저감 효과를 얻었다. 본 연구를 계기로 2015년에 해수가 수열에너지 분야로 재생에너지에 포함되었다. 해수의 표층의 열을 히트펌프를 사용하여 변환시켜 얻은 에너지라는 수열에너지 분야의 기준과 범위를 볼 때, 이는 온배수가 재생에너지에 포함되었다고 말해도 과언이 아닐 것으로 사료된다. 그 이유는 온배수도 해수임에도 불구하고 온도가 일반 해수 보다 7~8oC 높아, 일반 해수를 히트펌프의 열원으로 이용하는 것보다 온배수를 열원으로 이용했을 때 히트펌프의 성능이 높기 때문이다. 또한 같은 해 농식품부의 폐열 재이용 시설 지원 사업이 발표되어, 발전소 온배수뿐만 아니라 산업체와 소각장의 폐열을 농업에 활용하면 지원을 받을 수 있게 되었다. 이 사업에 의하여 2015년 당진시, 하동군, 제주시, 곡성군이 선정되었으며, 2016년 태안군, 서귀포시 등이 선정되어, 2016년 말 곡성군과 제주시가 공사를 완료, 농업에 폐열을 활용하고 있으며(제주시는 발전소, 곡성군은 산업체 폐열을 이용하고 있음), 기타 지역은 추진 중이다.

This study was conducted to investigate effects of feeding fermented milk on growth, intestinal microorganisms and fecal noxious gas emission in suckling pigs. A total of a hundred birth piglets (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) were randomly assigned into feeding group and control group during suckling period that ten pigs per sow. Fermented milk contained 3.0×108/g of Bacillus and 3.5×108/g of Lactobacillus, and was supplied by top dressing method. Fermented milk fed to the sulking pigs indicated tendency to increase weaning body weight (p=0.052) and average daily gain (p=0.094). Total microbial flora and Escherichia coli in the feces were lower (p<0.05) in the feeding group than the non-feeding group. Reversely, Lactobacillus was higher (p<0.01) in feces of the pigs fed fermented milk than the pigs of the control group. Hydrogen sulfide emitted in feces was decreased in feeding group compared with control group (p<0.05). Similarly, fecal total mercaptans was diminished in the feeding group than the control group (p<0.01). Therefore, the fermented milk fed to the sulking pigs may improved growth and can influence positively intestinal microorganisms and fecal noxious gas emission.

본 연구는 고온기 때 사료 내 다른 에너지 수준 및 비테 인 첨가 급여가 육성돈의 영양소 소화율 및 생리학적 변화 에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 실험동물은 삼원교잡종(L×Y×D; initial body weight, 73.5±0.5kg) 거세 수퇘지 12두를 사용하였고 대사틀에 배치하였다. 실험기간 은 고온기인 7~8월에 실시하였다. 실험계획은 에너지 2수 준(3,300 및 3,400kcal/kg)과 비테인 2수준(0 및 0.5%)이며 4×4 Latin square로 하였다. 조단백질 소화율은 고에너지 사료(3,400kcal/kg)가 저에너지 사료보다 유의적으로 높았 다(p<0.01). 그러나, 비테인급여는 영양소소화율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 분석 결과에서는 에너지 수 준 및 비테인 첨가가 육성돈 내 생리적 변화를 보이지 않 았다. 면역반응을 나타내는 혈중 IgG에서는 고에너지 사료 가 저에너지사료보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 스트레스 지표를 나타내는 cortisol농도에서는 차이가 나지 않았고, 비테인 첨가급여는 IgG 및 cortisol 농도 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 사료 내 비테인 첨가급여보다 에너지 수준을 높이는 것이 돼지 체내에 더 긍정적인 효과를 보이며, 여 름철 고온스트레스를 받는 돼지 사료 내 고에너지를 급여 했을 때 어떠한 결과가 나오는지 추후 더 연구해 볼 만한 것으로 사료된다.

The present study investigated the effects of fermented potato protein (FPP, Lianol® ferity) during gestation and lactation on productivity of sows. A total of 50 crossbred sows (Landrace×Yorkshire) in their 3 to 5 parities were allotted to one of two treatments (n=25) including control and FPP groups. FPP tablets applied in sows in two stages. Stage one involved applying FPP daily from 3 days before farrowing to 2 days after for 5 consecutive days. The second stage also involved a 5 day period around weaning time from 3 days before to 2 days after. After farrowing, the amount of feed offered 3 times per day gradually increased from about 3.6 kg at farrowing to 8.4 kg at late lactation. During the first lactation FPP tended to increase backfat thickness (BFT) at weaning at the first (p=0.069) whereas FPP increased BFT (p<0.05) at weaning in the second lactation. There was no significant effect of FPP on body weight changes and daily feed intake of sows. Decreased weaning to estrus interval was associated with applying lianol tablet at the second lactation (p<0.05). Weight of born alive piglets, weaned piglets and total weight gain were greater in FPP group at the second lactation (p<0.05). Applying FPP tended (p=0.062) to increase insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-I) at the weaning time in the first lactation. The effect of FPP on IGF-I was significant at the second lactation, revealing a higher concentration in blood at post farrowing and weaning time (p<0.05). This study shows the benefit of using FPP tablets in sows to increase blood IGF-I and both initial and final litter size to improve piglet weaning weights.

본 시험은 동계작물인 쌀보리의 알곡에 대한 사료로서의 활용도를 제고하고자 미생물 분포를 분석하고, 발효과정 중 이화학적 및 미생물학적 특성의 변화 분석을 통하여 효 과적인 발효사료 제조방법을 제시하고자 수행하였다. 즉, 수확된 쌀보리 종실에 시판 생균제를 기준에 맞게 접종한 후 공기와 접촉하지 않도록 밀봉하여 37℃에서 7일간 발 효를 통해 쌀보리 종실의 저장성과 안전성을 증진시킬 수 있다. 쌀보리 종실 자체에 Staphylococcus속과 Bacillus속의 미 생물들이 다수 존재하여 자연발효의 가능성이 있음을 보여 주었다. 또한 생균제를 접종하지 않은 쌀보리 종실도 기간 이 경과됨에 따라 산도가 저하되고 유산균 수가 증가하여 발효가 이루어지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 쌀보리 종실에 생균제를 접종하였을 경우, 발효 7일차에 pH가 4.33±0.02로 발효가 더 빨리 진행되었으며, 유산균의 수도 전체 발효기간 동안 미 접종 대조구에 비해 높게 유지되었 으나, 효모의 수에 있어서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 발효 에 의해 쌀보리 종실의 산도가 저하됨에 따라 초기 107 cfu/g 이상 검출되었던 대장균이 발효 7일차 이후부터는 전 혀 검출되지 않아 발효가 쌀보리 종실의 안전성을 유지시 키는 데 있어 효과적인 저장방법으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 고온 환경에서 Yorkshire 품종의 혈액 내 전해질과 혈액학적 성분의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 73 일령(BW 40.6±1.4 kg)의 Yorkshire종 10두를 공시하여 개별 pen에 1두씩 배치하였다. 시험기간은 한국에서 폭염이 시작되는 2013년 7월 24일부터 동년 9월 4일까지 6주간 실시하였다. 시험기간 중 평균온도가 가장 높은 시기는 시험 3주차(28.6℃)였으며, 최고온도는 시험 4주(32.1℃)에 관찰되었다. 일당증체량은 온도가 가장 높았던 시험 3주차부터 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 혈청 내 pH와 삼투압은 시험기간 동안 유의적인 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 나트륨이온 (P<0.01)과 염소이온(P<0.05)의 농도는 시험 6주에 유의적으로 증가하였다. 일반혈액검사 분석 결과에서 혈액 내 호중구(P<0.05)와 단핵구(P=0.057)의 수준은 시험 6주에 증가하고, 헤모글로빈과 평균 적혈구 혈색소 농도는 시험 4주와 6주에 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다(P<0.05). 혈액생화학 분석에서는 총 콜레스테롤(P<0.01), 총 단백질(P<0.001)과 혈중 요소태 질소(P<0.01)의 농도가 4주와 6주에 높아지는 것으로 관찰되었으며, glucose 농도는 6주에 유의적으로 낮아졌다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 한국의 여름철 폭염기간 동안 돼지의 체내에서 생리생화학적, 혈액학적 변화가 어떻게 변하는지에 대한 기초정보를 제시하며, 이러한 정보는 혹서기 고온 스트레스로 인한 돼지 생산성저하 방지 기술을 개발하는 데에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of E. coli on boar sperm quality and reproductive performance in sows after artificial insemination. Three different levels of E. coli were artificially inoculated to semen with following concentrations; Control, 500, 5,000 and 50,000 colony forming unit (cfu)/ml. Semen samples were preserved at 17℃ for 5 days. Sperm motility was significantly decreased (p<0.05) on day 3 in the group inoculated with 5,000cfu/ml compared to control groups. In all treatment groups, sperm motility was gradually decreased as storage time increased, but the decline pattern was more drastic in the groups inoculated with 5,000 and 50,000 cfu/ml groups from day 3 (p<0.05) compared to control group. After 3 day of storage at 17℃, sperm viability in sample inoculated with the highest concentration (50,000 cfu/ml) of bacteria was less (p<0.05) than that of control group. The pH of semen sample pH was maintained 7.2～7.5 in all groups during the experimental period. No differences (p>0.05) were found for both storage time and bacterial concentration. The pregnancy rate and live born piglets tend to decrease by increasing the concentration of E. coli in semen. In particular, the rate of pregnancy was lower in the group inoculated with 50,000 cfu/ml (58.3%) compare to the other groups (81.8, 75.0, 76.5%). These results suggest that the contamination of E. coli in boar semen negatively affects fertilizing ability of boar sperm and the reproductive performance obtained from sows after artificial insemination.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of pelleted-Italian Ryegrass (IRG) as a source of fiber on reproduction performance in pregnant sows. A total of 24 pregnant sows were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, which was given a corn-soybean diet with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% pelleted-IRG from 105 days prepartum to 7 days postpartum. During experimental period, the sows fed the IRG supplemented diet showed the lower feed intake than the sows fed the control diet (p<0.05). The changes of body weight in sows from initial to pre- and/or post-partum was significantly smaller in sows fed the IRG supplemented diet than control group. It is thought that the lower weight gain in IRG supplemented groups is caused by low feed intake. Although there was no significant difference, sows fed the IRG supplemented diet tended to increase the litter size and birth weight in piglets compared with sows fed the control diet. This result suggests that the dietary supplementation of IRG has the positive effects to improve the reproductive performance in sows. But, the excessive feeding of IRG to sows might cause to retard the days of return to estrus, and decrease the contents of solid, milk protein, and milk fat in colostrum. Thus, the addition of about 10% IRG is desirable to increase the reproductive performance. Meanwhile, the feeding energy diet is better effective than feeding the fiber diets to improve overall productivity in sows after postpartum.

This study introduces cases of individual feeding systems for sow and the sow sorters which are the subparts of an eco-friendly feeding and management system based on a u-IT program using the hog feeding and management information system. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of economic feasibility on cases of the improvement of the system using the u-IT and to provide information on the positive effects of an introduction of an eco-friendly pigsty and hog feeding and management system to hog raisers and government officials. The literature review and background section examine the effects of the introduction of u-IT technology into the field of livestock raising, hog feeding and management information system, and the eco-friendly feeding and management system based on the u-IT. This paper will present the results of the analysis on the effects and the economic feasibility of the individual feeding system for sow and the sow sorter utilizing the u-IT technology and information systems. The results of this study will contribute to the sustainable development of the hog raising industry by showing that the new feeding and management system utilizing the u-IT can not only increase the efficiency and productivity of farm management but also contribute to efficient, eco-friendly hog feeding and management.

MAC-T cells, bovine mammary epithelial cell line, have been utilized to investigate bovine lactation system. A lactogenic phenotype of the cell is generally induced by combination of dexamethasone, insulin and prolactin (PRL). Effect of vitamin A derivative retinoic acid (RA), well reported as an inducer for differentiation in many cells, to MAC-T cell has not been studied. The objective of this study was to confirm effect of differentiation potential by RA treatment in MAC-T cells and to test effect of combination of RA and PRL treatment. In RA or PRL treatment groups, both has induced morphological change to secrete milk of MAC-T cells. Combination of RA and PRL treatment group has presented noticeable lactogenic phenotype among the all group. This phenotype observed at four days after treatment and showed critical morphological change that was rouphly spherical structure at eight days. RA alone treatment showed slightly inhibition of proliferation in the MAC-T cells, but co-treatment with PRL was improved the cell growth more than control group. MTT assay result and Bcl-xL/Bax ratio of mRNA abundance also was entirely consistent with earlier one. RA-induced differentiation of MAC-T cells has increased αs1-casein, αs2-casein and β-casein mRNA expression compared to PRL treatment group. Expression of αs1-casein, αs2-casein and β-casein genes represented the maximum value in the combination of RA and PRL treatment group at four days. The value of each casein gene expression was 4-, 5.5- and 5.9-fold, respectively, as compared with PRL alone treatment in the MAC-T cells. Protein level of β-casein releasing to the medium also induced the highest level at four days. These results provide evidence that RA can induce the differentiation of MAC-T cells and have synergetic effect with PRL.

The leaf beetle, Chrysolina aurichalcea (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae), is a pest damaging plants of Compositae. In order to understand the genetic diversity and geographic variation of the species we sequenced a portion of mitochondrial COI gene (658 bp) and complete nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) collected from seven Korean localities. A total of 18 haplotypes (BARCA01 ~ BARCA18), with the maximum sequence divergence of 3.04% (20 bp) were obtained from COI gene sequence, whereas 17 sequence types (ITS2CA01 ~ ITS2CA17), with the maximum sequence divergence of 2.013% (9 bp) were obtained from ITS2, indicating substantially larger sequence divergence in mitochondrial gene sequence. Phylogenetically, the mitochondrial DNA has shown several haplotypes formed independent groups with substantially high node support (≥ 90%), whereas no such grouping was evidenced for ITS2, indicating different behaviors of the two molecules. Such difference may reflect a diverse dynamics of the species such as biogeographic history, mating behaviors, and also possibly different mode of inheritance of the two molecules, but requires further scrutinized examination of the dataset. In terms of population genetic perspective, overall no population subdivision was detected from both molecules, except for locality 7 (Eocheong islet) from mitochondrial DNA. As more scrutinized analysis is performed, further fruitful inference on the geographic contour of the species might be available.

The mason bee (Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowsky) is an excellent pollinator of apple. To understand geographic genetic variation of the species and relationships among populations sequenced a portion of mitochondrial COI gene, which corresponds to “DNA Barcode” region (658 bp) from 81 individuals collected over eight localities in Korea. The sequence data were used to investigate genetic diversity within populations and species, geographic variation within species, phylogeographic relationship among populations, and phylogenetic relationship among haplotypes. Summarized, overall moderate to low genetic diversity within populations and species was characteristic, concordant with the high potential to disperse of O. cornifrons in Korea. Although two populations were genetically subdivided from the remaining localities, no clear regional bias was observed. Overall, high rate of gene flow among localities and low FST was characteristic considering other relevant studies that investigated population genetic structure of other insects occurring in Korean peninsula.

Interlellkin • 8(IL-8) is an important cytokine involved in tllmor growth and angiogenesis in a variety of malig nancies. bllt the regll lation of IL-8 in 01 외 cancer cells are llnderstood . We invesLigated whether mi togen-activated protein kinases pathway is involved in iron chelator-mediated lL-8 produdion in inunortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes. In this study we examined the role of p38 and extracellular signal- reglllated kinase• 1/2 in the expression of [L-8 by DFO. Incllbation of IHOK and HN12 cel ls with DF'O increased the expression of 11-8 mRNA. as well as the release of IL-8 protein. The signal transdllction study revealed that both p38 and ERK1/2 were significantly activated in response to DFO. Accord ingly. the selective inhibitors for both kinases‘ eit her a lone or combination. abolished DFO- induced lL-8 secretion. indicating an importance of MAP kinase pathway. Interestingly. however‘ inhibition of the p38 and ERK pathway more attenuated IL-8 secretion in IHOK than in HN12 cells. DFO induced NF-kB activation , suggesting a NF-kB- dependent mechanism in DFO- induced IL-8 production. In addition, p38 and ERK inhi bition resulted in the accelerated degradation of lL-8 mRNA, suggesting that in IHOK and HN12 cells, p38 and ERK cunLr iullLe Lo DFO imluced IL-8 secretion by IHOK and HN12 cells via a posttranscriptional mechanism that involves stabilization 01' the IL-8 transcript. Finally. we investigatecl llsing specific inhibitors : 8NP and G8NO for NO c1onor. PDTC for potent inhibitor of NF-kB. Cycloheximide for inhibition of de novo protein synthesis. We observecl 8NP ancl PD1'C clepenclent IL-8 gene incluction in IHOK cell s. but not in HN12 cells used specific inhibitors‘ Collectively. these results demonstrate that‘ targeting MAP kinase ancl NF-kB pathway may be a potentiaI approacb to controlling the angiogenes is ancl growth 이 human oral cancers

Livestock wastewater has high potential as one of energy resources because this wastewater is including high organic matter. Therefore the studies attempting to bio-gasification and bio-electricity generation using livestock wastewater is being tried. The pre-treatment system used in this study was the purpose to control the ammonia nitrogen in conjunction with the system and the microbial fuel cell. Because ammonia nitrogen is to inhibit the electricity generation efficiency of microbial fuel cell. These studies were to ascertain the effect of oxidants on the nitrogen removal in the pre-treatment system using catalyst and microbubbles to treat the ammonia nitrogen. The three kinds of oxidant such as air, oxygen (O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to know the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal. This system was operated with four kinds of conditions. First method is O2 gas with 100 mL/min with 1ml of 30% H2O2 was supplied to the wastewater. A second method, the O2, with 400 and 1,000 mL/min was supplied through the flow meter before livestock wastewater was flow in the reactor. The last method, air was supplied 800 mL/min. The nitrate removal had no significant difference all conditions except the air supply. On the other hand, the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal when oxygen was supplied with 1000 mL O2/min was higher than that of the other conditions. The removal rate when air was supplied 800 mL/min was similar to the value in the supplied with 400 ml O2/min. This result showed that oxidant was important factor to improve the ammonia nitrogen removal rate.