생마늘 (FGP), 홍마늘 (RGP) 및 흑마늘 (BGP)의 동결건조 분말을 각각 3%씩 비만 유도된 흰쥐에 4 주간 혼합 급이한 후 혈청, 간 및 분변의 지질성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 식이효율은 마늘 분말 급이군이 대조군에 비하여 낮았으나 유의차는 없었다. 혈청 중 총 지질 함량은 대조군에 비해 7.0~20.9% 범위로 감소하였으며, 특히 중성지질 함량은 대조군에 비해 RGP군은 42.1%, BGP군은 40.8%정도로 유의적인 감소를 보였다. HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 마늘 분말 급이시 정상군과 유사한 수 준이었으며, LDL-콜레스테롤은 마늘 분말 급이시 감소되었으나 대조군과 유의차는 없었다. 간 조직의 총 지질은 대조군이 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으나, RGP와 BGP 급이군에서 30%이상 감소되 었다. 분변의 지질 함량은 마늘 분말의 급이 기간이 길수록 지질 함량이 높았으며, RGP군에서 총 콜레 스테롤 및 중성지방의 배출이 유의적으로 증가되었다. 혈청과 간 조직의 TBARS 함량은 대조군에 비하 여 RGP군과 BGP군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. 항산화능은 혈청에서 RGP군이 68.1%로 대조군에 비하 여 유의적으로 상승되었다. 이상의 결과로 고지방식이로 인해 비만이 유도된 흰쥐에게 홍마늘 및 흑마늘 분말을 급이는 체지방 증가 억제, 체내 지질 배출 증가 등에 의한 체내 지질 개선에 효과적인 것으로 사 료된다.

Abstract 1. 서론 2. 연구방법 3. 사고현황 및 특성 3.1 고령운전자의 교차로 교통사고 3.2 신호기 운영방법 및 작동상태에 따른 사고 특성 3.3 차로폭에 따른 사고 특성 4. 결론 5. 참고문헌

국내 비내진 설계된 RC 골조 외부접합부의 횡저항 능력특성을 연구하기 위하여, 1988년 이후의 건물을 대상으로 실물 크기의 70%의 T형 보-기둥 실험체 4개를 제작하여 보에 횡력을 가력하여 실험을 수행하였다. 작용한 횡력은 총 9단계로 변위를 조절하여 최대 횡변위비 3.5%까지 가력하였고, 각 변위 단계마다 3싸이클의 반복하중을 가력하였다. 실제의 상황과 유사하게 하기 위하여 실험동안 기둥에 압축력을 지속적으로 작용하였다. 실험 결과, 부재가 휨 공칭강도에 도달하여야 하는 내력에 비하여 실험 결과는 85%이하로 나타났고 층간변위비 0.85% 미만에서 모든 실험체의 접합부에서 전단균열이 발생하여 국내 외부접합부가 취약함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 접합부 균열발생시 주응력-층간변위비는 Priestly의 제안식과 유사하게 나타났다.

한국어에는 음소 결합 제약에 의한 음운변동 9종, 노력 경제의 음운변동 19종, 표현을 강화하기 위한 음운변동이 3종으로 모두 31종의 음운변동이 있고, 중국어에는 결정적 변동 6종, 수의적 변동이 12종으로 모두 18종이 있고, 이들 중 성조의 변동이 7종이고, 분절음의 변동이 11종이다. 한국어의 음운변동 중 중국어에도 같은 조건이 형성될 수 있어 중간언어 음운을 형성할 수 있는 변동 규칙은 무척 제한적이며, 이 논문에서는 연음, 두음법칙, 자음접변, ‘ㄹ’과 ‘ㄴ’의 유음화, ‘ㄹ’의 비음화, 그리고 특이한 현상으로 중국어 ‘r/ʐ/’ 음가의 오류에 기인한 유음화 및 비음화, ‘-ㄱ’ ‘-ㄷ’ ‘-ㅂ’의 비음화, 구개음화, 자음 위치 동화 등에 걸쳐 중국어 학습 상에 나타나는 전이 혹은 간섭으로 인해 나타나는 오류를 분석하였다. 한국어 화자가 중국어의 분절음에 대해 일으키는 가장 중요한 오류 원인은 한국어와 중국어의 음절구조가 모두 CVC 체계이지만, 종성 자음이 중국어에는 /n/과 /ŋ/의 두 개 뿐인데 반해, 한국어는 ‘ㅂ/p/’ ‘ㄷ/t/’ ‘ㄱ/k/’ ‘ㅁ/m/’ ‘ㄴ/n/’ ‘ㅇ/ŋ/’ ‘ㄹ/l/’의 7개로 다양하기 때문이다. 한국어에서는 ‘ㅇ/ŋ/’을 제외한 6개의 자음이 뒤 음절이 모음으로 시작하는 경우는 종성 자음은 뒤 음절의 초성으로 연음되어 CVC+V(C)를 CV+CV(C)의 형식으로 조절하지만, 중국어는 단음절적 특성 때문에 이러한 연음은 일어나지 않음에도 불구하고 한국어 화자의 중국어 학습에서 이를 연음하는 오류가 발생하며, 또 뒤 음절의 초성 자음과 연결될 때는 어떤 형태이든 자음끼리의 충돌로 인한 변동이 아주 다양하게 일어난다. 하지만 중국어에는 종성 자음 /-n/으로 인해 일어나는 자음 위치 동화 현상 정도 밖에 없다. 하지만 한국어 화자는 한국어의 종성 ‘ㄴ/n/’이 일으키는 각종 변동을 중국어에 전이하는 오류를 범하는 경우가 많다. 자음 위치 동화 역시 마찬 가지 이유로 한국어에서는 아주 복잡하게 나타나 지만 중국어에서는 비교적 간단하다. 한국어 화자는 한국어 종성 ‘ㄴ/n/’과 마찬 가지로 한국어의 각종 변동을 중국어에 전이하는 오류를 범하는 경우가 많다. 자음 위치 동화는 노력 경제의 수의적 변동이다. 지나친 동화는 의사소통의 문제를 일으킬 수 있으므로 가능한 한 원래의 발음을 준수하도록 교육하는 것 이 중요하다. 중국어의 정확한 교육을 위해서는 이러한 음운변동의 상호 대비적인 이해를 철저히 해야 할 것이다.

Röhrer index, Vervaeck index and Body Mass Index(BMI) are frequently used in order to judge obese subjects in clothing & textiles field. However, there are no certain criteria of judging the degree of obesity. Each researcher utilized these obesity indices according to their own criteria so far. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to suggest a reliable obesity index and new criteria for judging the degree of obesity. The results are as follows; Utilizing frequency analysis, main percentiles, minimums, maximums and ranges were presented by 5 age groups from twenties to sixties. Obesity rates dramatically increased, the subject got older. Especially, obesity rate of the subjects in their fifties and sixties were much higher than other age groups. 1.6 & higher can be used in the Röhrer index, 98 & higher can be used in the Vervaeck index, and 25 & higher can be used in the BMI as the Optimal criteria of the obesity. Total of 24 body measurements and 3 obesity indices were used for analyzing the correlation analysis. All heights measurements showed negative correlation with the 3 obesity indices. It is determined heights measurements have high correlation with Röhrer index compare to other indices. Crotch height, interscye back, neck shoulder point to breast point, bust circumference, waist circumference, upper arm circumference and armscye circumference have high positive correlation with all obesity indices. According to the ANOVAs by each percentile group of the Röhrer and Vervaeck indices, there are big significances in all measurements and obesity indices except arm length. In general, heights decreased significantly by getting bigger, while circumferences and lengths, widths and indices increased rapidly by getting bigger. The results of the analysis by each percentile group in the BMI, it showed the significant differences in the all measurements except cervical height and arm length. There were similar tendency of differences according to the degree of the obesity in BMI percentile groups. It was confirmed that the BMI is the most reliable index for judging the obesity owing to the high correlations and significant differences with other measurements.

To elucidate the effects of an obesity control program on body composition and serum lipid levels, 31 obese elementary students (male: 25, female: 6) residing in the Gyeonggi area were evaluated and their body composition, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG (triglyceride) were analyzed. The average age, height, weight and BMI (body mass index) were 11.52±1.00 yrs, 151.96±8.04 cm, 68.21±9.03 kg and 29.40±1.79 kg/m2 for the males, respectively, and 11.17±1.17 yrs, 147.83±5.15 cm, 65.05±10.86 kg and 29.62±3.24 kg/m2 for the females, respectively. There was a significant decrease in BMI for males (p〈0.001) and females (p〈0.05). There were also significant changes in all of the biochemical levels evaluated before and after the study. Specifically, the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG level decreased after the obesity control program, while the HDL-cholesterol level increased after the program. These results indicate that obesity control programs do change the BMI, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG levels in obese elementary students. Thus, obesity control programs are urgently needed to prevent degenerative disease and decrease obesity among children in elementary school.

As a preliminary research of body characteristics analysis of Korean obese woman, this study aims to select optimal obesity judgment tools for reliable sampling of obese subjects from 2,425 female measurement data out of 2004 Size Korea project’s raw data. From previous researches related to obesity, 7 obesity judgment tools were chosen. 2007 obesity rate(26.3%) of Korean female adults was refered in selecting optimal obesity judgment criteria in the study. The results are as follows. Firstly, it was verified that BMI was the most suitable in judging and sampling the obese subjects by the percentile analysis. Röhrer index was also reliable in grouping the obese subjects from a population. Secondly, it was concluded that the obesity ratios of relative weight 120 and higher group, Röhrer index 1.6 and higher group and waist girth 80cm and higher group were the most similar to obesity rate of Korean female adults by 2007 National Health & Nutrition Survey. Thirdly, 30 direct measurements, age, 2 drop values and 6 ratios of 7 groups by the obesity judgment tools showed the significance each other at p<0.001 level. On the other hand, “bust point to bust point” and “waist to hip length” measurements didn’t show the significant differences among 7 groups. Conclusively, 4 to 5 satisfactions out of 7 obesity judgment criteria were adequate and sufficient in sampling the obese subjects. If it is needed the strict criteria for judging the obesity, 5 satisfactions and higher group will be the best choice as the obese subjects. However 4 satisfactions and higher group generally, will be adequate for sampling of the obese subjects.

This study was conducted to investigate the change in the anthropometric values, biochemical index, nutritional knowledge, food habits and nutrient intakes in obese children after a weight control program. The subjects of the study were 22 obese children with an obesity index over 120%. The children that participated in this study took nutritional education for weight control along with exercise once a week. The weight control program was conducted for 10 weeks. The BMI, WHR (Waist-Hip ratio), body fat (%) significantly decreased at the end of the weight control program. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were also significantly decreased. The nutritional knowledge scores and knowledge score about obesity were slightly improved. Energy intake significantly decreased from 1768 to 1421 kcal. Intake of Ca, Na, K, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C and folate increased, while intakes of P, Zn, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin E and niacin decreased. The distribution of energy intake was significantly changed for the better. The percent fat consumed decreased from 26.5 to 19.7%. In addition, the distribution of energy intake in the meals was changed, where the percent calories consumed during lunch significantly increased from 31.4 to 40.1% and the calorie percentage consumed from snacks significantly decreased from 17.6 to 10.7%. In conclusion, the nutritional education in the weight control program, which was conducted for 10 weeks, was effective in improving the anthropometric values, biochemical index and nutrient intake although nutrition knowledge and eating behaviors only changed slightly. Thus, nutritional weight control programs for obese children should be continuously provided under the proper cooperation of a nutritional teacher at elementary schools.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of weight control programs on BMI, serum profiles, nutrition knowledge and eating behaviors of adult obese women. The subjects of this study were 33 adult obese women aged 30- 65 years residing in Seoul. The weight control program for obese women included nutritional education, cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise for 12 weeks. The weight control experience of the subjects was 60.6%. They preferred physical exercise and diet restriction to weight control and 72.7% of subjects answered that the reasons for wanting to control their weight was health. The BMI of test subjects significantly decreased (p<0.001) from 28.3 to 27.1 after the 12 weeks of the weight control program. In addition, the % body fat significantly decreased (p<0.001) from 36.4% to 34.5% after completion of the weight control program. SGPT levels in the serum were also significantly decreased (p<0.05) after the program. Triglyceride levels significantly decreased from 194.9 mg/dL to 98.1 mg/dL (p<0.01) and the HDL cholesterol level significantly increased (p<0.01) from 55.8 mg/dL to 60.0 mg/dL after completion of the weight control program. Nutritional knowledge and eating behavior scores were significantly increased (p<0.001). In addition, the eating self-efficacy of the subjects was significantly increased (p<0.01); however, the food diversity scores were not changed after the program. These results suggest that the weight control program for adult obese women may be effectively used to promote weight reduction and improve nutritional knowledge and eating behavior.

Fisher-Tropsch synthesis for the production of hydrocarbon from syngas was investigated on 20% cobalt-based catalysts (20% Co/HSA, 20% Co/Si-MMS), which were prepared by home-made supports with high surface areas such as high surface alumina (HSA) and silica mesopores molecular sieve (Si-MMS). In the gas phase reaction by syngas only, 20% Co/Si-MMS catalyst was shown in higher CO conversion and lower carbon dioxide formation than 20% Co/HSA, whereas the olefin selectivity was higher in 20% Co/HSA than in 20% Co/Si-MMS. In the effect of n-hexane added in syngas, the selectivities of C5+ and olefin were increased by comparing the supercritical phase reaction with the gas phase reaction in addition to reduce unexpected methane and carbon dioxide.

In the present study, Zr-base metallic glass(MG)/diamond composites are fabricated using a combination of gas-atomization and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification behaviors of mixtures of soft MG and hard diamond powders during consolidation process are investigated. The influence of mixture characteristics on the densification is discussed and several mechanism explaining the influence of diamond particles on consolidation behaviour are proposed. The experimental results show that consolidation is enhanced with increasing diamond/Metallic Glass(MG) size ratio, while the diamond fraction is fixed.