겨울철 중국 북부의 황사가 강릉시로 유입되는 2005년 2월 14~16일까지 에어로졸분석기와 복합공기수신 실험기를 사용하여 매 시각별 가스상 물질(CO, NOx, Ox)의 농도와 입자상 물질의 농도(PM₁₀, PM2.5, PM₁)와의 관계를 조사하였다. PM₁₀, PM2.5와 PM₁의 농도가 증가할 때 CO, NOx, Ox 농도가 증가하였다. 2월 14일 20시에 PM₁₀, PM2.5와 PM₁의 최대농도가 133.24㎍/㎥, 53.49㎍/㎥, 43.48㎍/㎥로 나타났으며, CO, NOx, Ox의 최대농도도 각각 14,000ppb, 122ppb, 64ppb로 나타냈다. 15일 01시에 또 하나의 PM10, PM2.5와 PM1의 최대농도가 86.88㎍/㎥, 45.56㎍/㎥, 36.70㎍/㎥로 나타났을 때, CO, NOx, Ox의 최대농도가 각각 15,000ppb, 119ppb, 52ppb로 나타났다. 따라서 가스상물질인 CO, NOx가 응축과정을 통해 입자상물질로 전환되어 PM의 농도의 증가에 큰 기여를 하였다. 낮에는 중국에서 유입된 황사 및 가스와 지역에서 방출된 대기오염물질이 결합되어 동풍의 해.곡풍에 의해 대관령의 동쪽 사면의 열적내부경계층 내를 통해 대관령 정상으로 이동하므로 PM과 가스농도가 낮았다. 그러나 야간에 수송된 오염물질들이 하강경사풍에 의해 대관령에서 강릉으로 이동하여 지역의 차량, 난방보일러의 배기가스와 도로의 비산먼지와 결합되고, 동풍의 해상풍에 의해 시내의 야간접지역전층 내에 갇히게 되어 PM과 가스농도가 매우 높게 나타났다.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the persistence of HCH in atmosphere, soil, sediment and waterof the western and southern regions of Korea. The samples from the western region were collected from Anmyeon Island, and the samples from the southern region were collected from Kimhae and Busan. The concentration of HCH isomers in atmosphere showed the pattern of α-HCH>γ-HCH>ß-HCH. The regions with high HCH concentration in the atmosphere are the regions that have been highly exposed to HCH used in the past, and the areas that have been influenced by the long range transport. The HCH that persists in the soil, water and sediment evaporates into the atmosphere, showing the characteristics of Air-Surface exchange. When the regional concentration distributions arecompared, the concentration of HCH was higher in the atmosphere of a plain and the cities near the plain, than the urban areas. In this study, the ratio of α/γ-HCH was used as an indicator for estimating the source of Technical HCH and Lindane. According to the result, the contribution of Lindane was high in Kimhae plain and Kimhae urban areas. However, in Busan, the contribution of Technical HCH was higher than Lindane. In case of Anmyeon Island, the western region of Korea had high contribution from Tehcnical HCH. In soil and sediment, ß-HCH was dominant. In water, γ-HCH was dominant among other isomers. Such results are due to γ-HCH inLindane. Furthermore, the source of γ-HCH in urban areas is assumed to be the use of medicine, medical supplies and other living supplies. Based on the results of this study, the management of HCH, a newly list up emerging POPs, should be strengthened by further research on sources, fate, persistency, accumulation and exposures and etc. to the risk assessments.

Agriculture nonpoint pollution source is a significant contributor to water quality degradation. To establish effective water quality control policy, environpolitics establishment person must be able to estimate nonpoint source loads to lakes and streams. To meet this need for orchard area, we investigated a real rainfall runoff phenomena about it. We developed nonpoint source runoff estimation models for vineyard area that has lots of fertilizer, compost specially between agricultural areas. Data used in nonpoint source estimation model gained from real measuring runoff loads and it surveyed for two years(2008-2009 year) about vineyard. Nonpoint source runoff loads estimation models were composed of using independent variables(rainfall, storm duration time(SDT), antecedent dry weather period(ADWP), total runoff depth(TRD), average storm intensity(ASI), average runoff intensity(ARI)). Rainfall, total runoff depth and average runoff intensity among six independent variables were specially high related to nonpoint source runoff loads such as BOD, COD, TN, TP, TOC and SS. The best regression model to predict nonpoint source runoff load was Model 6 and regression factor of all water quality items except for was R² =0.85.

This study was conducted to investigate runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban area in boeun area, Chungbuk Province. The monitoring site covering the watershed of 2.11 km 2 contains about 40.3 % of total watershed with the urban area. The monitoring was conducted with six events for five months and Event Mean Concentration(EMC) and Site Mean Concentration(SMC) of SS, BOD, CODMn, T-N, T-P were calculated on the result of the water quality parameters. As a result of the comparion between Arithmetic Mean Concentration and Event Mean Concentration, it showed that over all Event Mean Concentration was higher than Arithmetic Mean Concentration. And it showed that SS, BOD, T-P featured the first-flushing effect, showing relatively high concentration in early-stage storm event.

This study were to simulate major criteria air pollutants and estimate regional source-receptor relationship using air quality prediction model (TAPM ; The Air Pollution Model) in the Seoul Metropolitan area. Source-receptor relationship was estimated by contribution of each region to other regions and region itself through dividing the Seoul metropolitan area into five regions. According to administrative boundary, region Ⅰ and region Ⅱ were Seoul and Incheon in order. Gyeonggi was divided into three regions by directions like southern(region Ⅲ), northern(Ⅳ) and eastern(Ⅴ) area. Gridded emissions (1km×1km) by Clean Air Pollicy Support System (CAPSS) of National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) was prepared for TAPM simulation. The operational weather prediction system, Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) operated by the Korean Meteorology Administration (KMA) was used for the regional weather forecasting with 30km grid resolution. Modeling period was 5 continuous days for each season with non-precipitation . The results showed that region Ⅰ was the most air-polluted area and it was 3～4 times more polluted region than other regions for NO2, SO2 and PM10. Contributions of SO2 NO2 and PM10 to region Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were more than 50 percent for their own sources. However region Ⅳ and Ⅴ were mostly affected by sources of region Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. When emissions of all regions were assumed to reduce 10 and 20 percent separately, air pollution of each region was reduced linearly and the contributions of reduction scenario were similar to those of base case. As input emissions were reduced according to different ratio - region Ⅰ 40 percent, region Ⅱ and Ⅲ 20 percent, region Ⅳ and Ⅴ 10 percent, air pollutions of region Ⅰ and Ⅲ were decreased remarkably. The contributions to regionⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ were also reduced for their own sources. However, region Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ affected more regions Ⅳ and Ⅴ. Shortly, graded reduction of emission could be more effective to control air pollution in emission imbalanced area.

We measured ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes in residential areas nearby small and medium scale shipbuilding companies. The VOC concentrations were higher during the normal operation periods than vacation at which almost all operations were shutdown. Concentrations of VOCs was higher, as the sampling site was nearer from shipbuilding companies. The major components of VOCs were m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, toluene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which had been found as major VOC compounds emitted from painting processes of shipbuilding in the previous studies. The major components of aldehydes analyzed were benzaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. The concentration of aldehydes was highest at the furthest sampling point from shipbuilding companies because the formation of aldehyde compounds could be occurred by the secondary chemical reactions of VOCs. The results of this study shows a proper counterplan need to be established for the reduction of hazardous air pollutants emitted from small and medium scale shipping companies.

Micropollutants, which can be caused by imperfect combustion, are toxic chemical compound that flows into the river system after being contained in road runoff, a non-point source pollutant and accumulates in the body. The micropollutants that have characteristics such as toxicity, persistence, bio-accumulation, long-range transportation behave so similarly to micro particles that they can be removed by means of filtration or absorption. This study has examined the kinds and concentrations of micropollutants contained in deposited road particles. It has revealed that the kinds of micropollutants contained in the clarified supernatant liquid of deposited road particles are heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) composed of two or three benzene rings, including naphthalene and acenaphthalene. Their concentrations have been shown to be low, with 0.418 mg/L, 0.058 mg/L, 0.104 mg/L, 0.014 mg/L, 0.00075 mg/L for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, respectively and 0.00156 mg/L and 0.00184 mg/L for naphthalene and acenaphthalene.

This study intends to estimate the best model parameters for predicting the water quality and discharge of the study area, and provide the basic data necessary for predicting the water quality and discharge and examining changes in water quality on the basis of the changes hydraulic and hydrological changes and pollutional load of the study area. Nakdong River was selected for analysis, and the water quality survey data necessary for parameter estimation was based on the monthly water quality data (discharge, BOD, T-N and T-P) between December 1, 2002 ~ November 31, 2002. The topographical characteristics factors of the study area were based on the 1/25,000 numerical map published by the National Geographic Information Institute and satellite photographs. The presumed course: It measured the most suitable parameter that could imitate surveyed water quality and discharge using the method of trial and error, in this part the first numerical value was the model parameter presented SWAT. The result of analisys showed that a relative error between surveyed value and the result of water quality imitation about BOD, T-N, T-P that examined by this study, discharge correction : R2=0.912, discharge verification : R2=0.838, correction and verification of BOD : R2=0.847, correction and verification of T-N : R2=0.712 and, correction and verification of T-P : R2=0.726 and, BOD : RK1, RK3, T-N : RS3, RS4, T-P : RS2, RS5, GWSOLP, discharge : ALPAHA_BF, GWQMN, CH_N(2), CN2, SOL_AWC have been considered as the factors of the water quality performed in this water quality simulation, that is, the most effective parameters on BOD, T-N and T-P. It is considered that it will be possible to apply the most optimal parameter to an analysis of the water quality and discharge simulation at study area in the goal year by examining the interaction of the parameters through the parameters sampling which are able to applicable to prediction of the water quality and discharge in the future, also the analysis on the basis of the hydrological conditions: an outflow or the character of a flow will be needed.

The chemical and meteorological effects on the concentration variations of air pollutants (O3 and its precursors) were evaluated based on ground observation data in coastal and inland regions, Busan during springs and summers of 2005-2006. For the purpose of this study, study areas were classified into 5 categories: coastal area (CA), industrial area (IA), downtown area (DA), residential area (RA), and suburban area (SA). Two sites of Dongsam (DS) and Yeonsan (YS) were selected for the comparison purpose between the coastal and inland regions. O3 concentrations in CA and SA were observed to be highest during spring (e.g., 40 ppb), whereas those in DA and RA were relatively low during summer (e.g., 22～24 ppb). It was found that O3 concentrations in IA were not significantly high although high VOCs (especially toluene of about 40 ppb) and NOx (≥ 35 ppb) were observed. On the other hand, the concentration levels of O3 and PM10 at the DS site were significantly higher than those at the YS site, but NOx was slightly lower than that at the YS site. This might be caused by the photochemical activity and meteorological conditions (e.g., sea-land breeze and atmospheric stagnance). When maximum O3 (an index of photochemical activity) exceeds 100 ppb, the contribution of secondary PM10 ((PM10)SEC) to total observed PM10 concentrations was estimated up to 32% and 17% at the DS and YS sites, respectively. In addition, the diurnal variations of (PM10)SEC at the DS site were similar to those of O3 regardless of season, which suggests that they are mostly secondary PM10 produced from photochemical reactions.