Vacuum kinetic spray(VKS) is a relatively advanced process for fabricating thin/thick and dense ceramic coatings via submicron-sized particle impact at room temperature. However, unfortunately, the particle velocity, which is an important value for investigating the deposition mechanism, has not been clarified yet. Thus, in this research, VKS average particle velocities were derived by numerical analysis method(CFD: computational fluid dynamics) connected with an experimental approach(SCM: slit cell method). When the process gas or powder particles are accelerated by a compressive force generated by gas pressure in kinetic spraying, a tensile force generated by the vacuum in the VKS system accelerates the process gas. As a result, the gas is able to reach supersonic speed even though only 0.6MPa gas pressure is used in VKS. In addition, small size powders can be accelerated up to supersonic velocity by means of the drag-force of the low pressure process gas flow. Furthermore, in this process, the increase of gas flow makes the drag-force stronger and gas distribution more homogenized in the pipe, by which the total particle average velocity becomes higher and the difference between max. and min. particle velocity decreases. Consequently, the control of particle size and gas flow rate are important factors in making the velocity of particles high enough for successful deposition in the VKS system.

NiO-doped hibonite pigments were synthesized by the solid state method to get stabilized blue color pigment inboth oxidation and reduction atmospheres. Optimum substitution condition with NiO for hibonite blue pigment was investigated.Experimental results were comparable to those of previous cobalt-minimization studies performed with other phosphate- oroxide-based cobalt-containing ceramic pigments (having olivine (Co2SiO4), spinel (CoAl2O4), or with co-doped willemite((Co,Zn)2SiO4) structures). Composition was designed varying the NiO molar ratio increasing with SnO2. The optimumsubstitution content is 0.93mole NiO with 0.75mole SnO2. The characteristics of the synthesized pigment were analyzed byXRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and UV-vis. Synthesized pigment was applied to a lime-barium glaze with 10wt% each andfired at an oxidation atmosphere of 1250oC/1h and a reducing atmosphere 1240oC/1h. Blue color was obtained with L*a*b*values at 43.39, −6.78, −18.20 under a reducing atmosphere and 41.66, −6.36, −14.7 under and oxidation atmosphere, respectively.

김은국의 『순교자』는 희생양 메커니즘의 특징인 박해자의 ‘무지’와 폭력의 ‘맹목성’을 폭로한다. 1950년 한국전쟁이 발발하기 전 평양에서 목사들이 실종된 사건을 정치적으로 이용하려는 ‘장 대령’의 거짓말은, 지라르가 언급한 ‘첫사람의 돌 던지기’와 유사하다. 희생양 메커니즘의 작동을 유도하는 박해자 ‘장대령’을 통해 김은국은 희생양 메커니즘의 본질인 폭력성을 선명하게 보여준다. 작품의 중반부에서부터 서사는 “박해자에게서 희생양에게로, 그 사건을 만든 자에게서 그것을 참고 견딘 자에게로” 초점을 옮겨, 이 작품을 희생양의 텍스트로 만든다. 김은국의 영적 통찰력은 희생양 신 목사의 고뇌하는 내면, ‘신의 침묵에 절망할 수밖에 없는’ 희생양의 목소리를 생생하게 전달하였다. 신을 믿지 않는다는 처절한 절망 가운데서 ‘신 목사’는 끊임없이 기도함으로써 ‘가장 보잘 것 없는 사람들’에게 돌아가라는 예수의 명령을 실천하게 된다. 이 과정에서 궁극적으로 드러나는 것은 ‘신의 개입’이다. 무력하고 병든 모습으로, ‘희생양 메커니즘’의 작동을 중단시키려는 ‘신 목사’라는 캐릭터는 김은국의 종교적 투시력을 높이 평가할 근거가 된다.

Gamification is a new concept using elements of game mechanism with clear goals in non-game contexts. This idea has been used successfully in a variety of domains with positive effects of games and game culture. As games have been a powerful tool in persuasion and behavior changes with purposive desings, such gaming effects have brought about a new era, called “Game 3.0”. This paper proposes transitional aspects of Game 3.0 Era, by focusing on gamification concepts and applied game machanism. From previous literature, the structural elements of gamification can be derived from the concepts of play, entertainment game, edutainment, funware, and serious games. Likewise, core elements of gamification comprise participation & engagement (as motivational factors associated with digital games, GameFlow, E-GameFlow), game mechanics, and game dynamics. The various aspects of game eras from Game 1.0 to Game 3.0 are summarized and discussed.

In this work, we report in-situ observations of changes in catalyst morphology, and of growth termination of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs), by complete loss of the catalyst particle attached to it. The observations strongly support the growth-termination mechanism of CNT forests or carpets by dynamic morphological evolution of catalyst particles induced by Ostwald ripening, and sub-surface diffusion. We show that in the tip-growth mode, as well as in the base-growth mode, the growth termination of CNT by dissolution of catalyst particles is plausible. This may allow the growth termination mechanism by evolution of catalyst morphology to be applicable to not only CNT forest growth, but also to other growth methods (for example, floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition), which do not use any supporting layer or substrate beneath a catalyst layer.

The object of this paper is to examine the noise generating mechanism at manufacturing process of metal material products. To accomplish the object; A noise generating mechanism of high noise machine, which is mounted in the small and medium size enterprise, was investigated. The measurement method of the noise for the machine by manufacturers were investigated. The noise at the 250 points of the manufacturing process machine in the 40 processes of the 3 factories, 3 business fields was measured. The database of the noise was built from the measurement data. The major sound sources and frequency range for the manufacturing process of metal material product machine was investigated.

본 연구에서는 2010년 12월 27일부터 28일까지 서울을 포함한 수도권 지역에 많은 강설을 일으킨 사례의 종관적, 열역학적 및 역학적 특징을 조사하였다. 이 사례는 극저기압으로 분류할 수 있는 특성을 지녔다. 분석에 사용된 자료는 지상 및 상층 일기도, 강설량, 해수면온도, 위성사진, 연직프로파일 및 미국 국립환경예측센터의 전구 1˚×1˚ 재분석자료 등이다. 극저기압은 대기 하층에서 양의 경압성이 강하게 나타나며 925 hPa에 온난이류가, 700 hPa에 한랭이류가 있어 조건부 불안정층이 뚜렷하게 보이는 곳에서 형성되는 것으로 사료된다. 극저기압의 발달기구는 대류권계면 접힘에 의한 성층권 공기의 유입과 그에 따른 위치 소용돌이도의 증가로 하층에 수렴과 저기압성 순환의 유발에 기인한다. 이는 눈구름의 발달로 이어져 서울 지역에는 10 cm, 남부지방에는 최고 20 cm까지 적설을 보였다. 강설의 발달기간동안 상층 500 hPa에는 -45˚C의 한랭핵이 존재하였고 단파골과 지상 기압골간의 위상차도 3-5˚를 이루어 극저기압이 온난역의 저기압성 소용돌이도 이류 지역에서 발달할 수 있었다. 발달의 최성기에는 역학적 대류권계면이 700 hpa까지 하강하였고 위치소용돌이도의 증가로 상승기류도 강화되었다. 전반적으로 강설의 발생과 대류권계면의 파상운동과는 깊은 관련을 보였다. 극저기압이 한반도를 통과하는 동안 대류권계면이 하강하는 지점의 동쪽에 소용돌이도와 상승기류가 강화되었고 동시에 많은 습기가 이류되는 곳에서 강설량도 최대로 나타났다.

現代腦科學的研究證明，通過科學分析漢字組成，以及用字謎、詞謎、動作等形式，我們完全可以加深對漢字的認識和記憶。更重要的是，這類研究能啟發我們的智力，並可大幅提升我們對中國語文學習的興趣。我的小團隊已自行開發了《漢字部件分類表》、《漢字分類總表》、《同音字/詞串聯手冊》、《唱歌學漢語》、《看好電影•學好普通話》、《電腦打字自學普通話》、《商務漢語語文知識表》、《商務漢語讀本》等學習材料， 將來並會增添《商業應用中國語文》、《商務溝通技巧》這兩本書，從而在國際層次跟中國政府考試中心的《漢語四六級綜合應用測試》配套，為推動漢字與漢字教育作出貢獻。論文會用多個不同層次的實例去說明有關的語文概念，包括在高層次用中國古訓和現代偉人語錄作為漢字文化的示範，同時也會提一下《漢字宮》和《中華字經》 等別人開發的材料。

This study examined the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of baicalin on receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)- induced RAW264.7 cells. Baicalin is a flavonoid that is produced by Scutellaria baicalensis and is known to have multiple biological properties, including antibacterial, anti- inflammatory and analgesic effects. The effects of baicalin on osteoclasts were examined by measuring 1) cell via- bility; 2) the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (+) multinucleated cells; 3) RANK/RANKL signa- ling pathways and 4) mRNA levels of osteoclast-associated genes. Baicalin inhibited the formation of RANKL-stimu- lated TRAP (+) multinucleated cells and also suppressed the RANKL-stimulated activation of p-38, ERK, cSrc and AKT signaling. Baicalin also inhibited the RANKL-stimu- lated degradation of IĸB in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the RANKL-stimulated induction of NFATc1 transcription factors was found to be abrogated by this flavonoid. Baica- lin was further found to decrease the mRNA expression of osteoclast-associated genes, including carbonic anhydrase II, TRAP and cathepsin K in the RAW264.7 cells. Our data thus demonstrate that baicalin inhibits osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the RANKL-induced activation of signaling molecules and transcription factors in osteoclast precursors.

Generally, the color gold has had a biased conception due to its traditional use. Thus, this bias has resulted in alack of usage of golden glaze on ceramics and also a lack of extensive studies of such glazes. In this paper, optimum conditionsand mechanism of formation of gold color crystallization glaze containing Fe2O3(hematite), which is developed for gold colorsof ceramic glazes, were studied. Experimental result showed that there are pyroxene based on diopside and TiO2 phase in thebase of a crystallization glaze with a value of TiO2 of 6wt% confirmed by XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. When Fe2O3 wasused as a colorant for the gold color, the TiO2 peak became extinct and the intensity of the diopside peak was sharper. Feldsparof 60wt%, talc of 20wt% and limestone of 20wt% were used as the starting materials and these were tested using a threecomponent system. The best result of test was selected and extended to its vicinity as an experiment to determine TiO2 andFe2O3 contents. The glaze with TiO2 of 6wt% and Fe2O3 of 12wt% addition showed stable pyroxene based diopside crystalsand the development of gold color. This gold color was obtained with CIE-L*a*b* values of 51.27, 4.46, 16.15 (a grayishyellow brown color), which was gained using the following firing conditions: temperature increasing speed 5oC/min, holdingfor 1h at 1280oC, annealing speed 3oC/min till 1100oC, holding for 2h at 1100oC, and finally natural annealing.

The propagation- path environment might be a significant issue in EW combat field. The "electromagnetic wave" is spreaded through free space or various paths with specific propagation loss. The certain amount of loss is inevitable due to the different..

자연적으로 일어나는 형질전환은 세균에서 유전 요소의 수평적 전달 메커니즘의 하나로서 세균 생리학에서 빠질 수 없을 만큼 중요한 현상이다. S. thermophilus는 자연적으로 형질전환이 가능한 상태로 변환하기 위해서 Rgg-타입의 response regulator인 ComR과 소수성 펩타이드 페르몬인 ComS를 포함하는 새로운 quorum sencing 시스템을 이용한다. S. thermophilus를 화학적 제한배지에서 배양하면 대수기 초기에 신호서열이 분리된 ComS는 세포외부로 배출된다. 배출된 ComS는 올리고 펩타이드 전달 시스템인 Ami를 통하여 세포내로 유입되어 ComR과 결합하게 된다. ComS와 결합된 활성화된 ComR은 후기 형질전환 관련 유전자들의 전사를 조절하는 대체형 시그마펙터(σ^x)를 암호화하는 comX 유전자의 발현을 유도함으로써 형질전환이 일어나도록 만든다. 신호서열이 제거된 ComS를 합성하여 화학적 합성배지에 첨가하게 되면, S. thermophilus의 형질전환을 인공적으로 유도할 수 있다. Leuconostoc 속 유산균들 은 그들이 후기 형질전환 관련 유전자들과 서열이 유사한 단백질 유전자들을 보유하고 있음에도 불구하고 자연적 형질전환 메커니즘은 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. Leuconostoc 속의 자연적 형질전환의 메커니즘을 규명하는 연구는 김치산업에서 사용될 수 있는 개량된 균주 개발을 가능하게 할 것이다.

Low level light therapy (LLLT) is known to accelerate the process of wound healing, bone and cartilage formation, and to decrease tissue necrosis and inflammation. It also can be applicable to acute and chronic injury or degenerative disease. Despite forty- plus years of accumulating exprerience of the clinical efficacy of LLLT, their molecular biologic evidence is not fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to explore the role of the ROS system and its molecular biologic mechanism in related with inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis and angiogenesis during LLLT. We suggest that activation of ROS system explains many (if not most) of the observed response of cells to LLLT in vitro, and is likely to play a pivotal role in the response of animals and patients to LLLT for both experimental and clinical indications and diseases.

뇌과학은 심리학이나 정신과학의 영역을 넘어 신체적 질병과 관련된 임상 영역에서도 중요한 분야가 되었을 뿐 아니라, 이제 심신통합치유의 필요성을 설명하는 이론적 기반으로서 자리잡고 있다. 몸의 질병은 더 이상 몸만의 질병이 아니며, 마음의 질병 또한 마음만의 문제가 아닌 것이 심신의학이나 신경생리학을 통해 설명되고 있으며, 그 중심에는 몸과 마음의 상태를 통합하고 기능을 조절하는 신경계가 있는 것이다. 뉴로아트테라피(neuroart therapy)는 신경과학 이론을 기반으로 하여 심신의학적 개입법들을 포괄적으로 제공하는 전인적 치유기법으로서, 다양한 표현 예술치료 활동과 첨단 뇌기능 훈련을 핵심적 치유 매체로 활용하여 몸과 마음의 질병을 치유하고, 내적 잠재력과 정서를 계발하여 심신의 성장을 도모하기 위해 개발된 새로운 치유 분야이다. 뉴로아트테라피는 인간 개개인의 개별성과 그를 둘러싼 환경과의 역동성, 그리고 심신상관성에 입각하여 개발된 치유적 접근법이다. 또한 내담자의 몸과 마음에 내재된 치유력의 회복과 신경계를 통한 적응적 반응의 생리학적 각인을 치유의 객관적 목표로 삼는다. 뇌의 통합적이고 조화로운 기능이 결국 심신의 건강을 결정한다는 전제에 기초하여, 모든 심신의 증상에 대한 치유에 있어서 뉴로아트테라피의 신경학적 최종 목표는 전뇌의 균형과 조화이다. 뇌의 신경망은 학습, 경험에 의해 지속적으로 새롭게 형성되고 강화 또는 소멸되는데, 그 신경망의 양상이 개인의 성격, 습관, 생리적 특성, 질병에 대한 취약성 등으로 나타나는 것이다. 뉴로아트테라피의 치유 과정은 신경계에서 새로운 신경망을 형성하며 긍정적 경험으로 기억되며, 그 경험들이 반복되면서 새로 형성된 신경망이 기존의 부적응적인 생리과정을 점차로 소거하고 대체하는 신경학적 과정이 수반된다. 뇌는 곧 전신의 생리적 기능과 심신의 상태를 조절하고 마음과 행동을 조형하는 곳이므로, 뇌의 변화를 추구하는 치유의 방식은 영속적이고 포괄적인 전인적 접근이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 과정들은 모두 내담자 자신의 능동적이고 자발적인 참여가 전제된다는 점에서 치료자 중심의 접근 방식들과 다르다. 무엇보다도 스스로의 참여는 새로운 내적 경험을 가능하게 하는데, 이와 같은 효과가 체화되면 약물과 같은 외부의 치료적 개입이 지속하지 않아도 효과가 유지된다. 또한 이러한 치료는 잠재된 능력을 계발하고 삶의 지평을 확장할 수 있도록 하는 전인치유의 기반이 된다.

This article proposes a novel shift automation mechanism for an automated manual transmission (AMT). The development of an automated manual transmission is currently being paid considerable attention by vehicle manufacturers, with the prospects of combini

Development of the economy and the growing income of people interested in the leisure and health has been focused. Past the town common wells and groundwater around the water, but health is a priority these days to solve the drinking water directly from tap water, but most people work from home, through the water purifier has been resolved. Depending on seasonal changes and personal taste of coffee, if you can enjoy a snack and water purifier is a restaurant, lounge, public areas and focusing on the rapid spread of the fire, water purifier as compared to the total number of fires increased by 0.03% per year trend on, but the washrooms fire and fire-related research data and case studies with analysis of the exact cause lack of proper preventive measures are insufficient reality. In this study, focusing on electrical energy using a water cooler to understand the structure and principles of fire, the fire revealed the mechanism is vulnerable to the consideration of factors, the exact cause of the fire investigation and the Assistant, manufacturing defects, and to contribute to fire prevention review should.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the most serious pest in the cultivation of various vegetables. A highly imidacloprid-resistant field population (CA-L) was collected from cucumber at Gangwha island in 4th August 2011. Even though neonicotinoid insecticides especially imidacloprid were sprayed six times during June and July, aphid density was too high to be counted. IEF and 2DE analyses revealed that general esterase isozyme (pI. 5) in CA-L were dramatically overexpressed and more isozyme spots identified in CA-L compared to susceptible (CA-S) strain. To identify differentially expressed genes in CA-L, comparative transcriptome analyses based on GS-FLX were conducted with total RNA extracted from CA-L, which generated ca. 143 Mb reads. Previously reported, comparative transcriptome analyses performed in imidacloprid resistant (CA-IR) and CA-S. The comparative transcriptome analyses re-investigated after all data sets were combined together. As previously reported, seven ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes were newly identified in A. gossypii, among which only ABCC9 gene was highly expressed in CA-IR and L. These results suggested that ABCC subfamily associated with imidacloprid resistance in A. gossypii.

The Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol was implemented in China several years ago. In spite of the significant benefits the CDM has brought to China, legal research on the CDM is relatively weak and there are many legal problems with the implementation of CDM projects in Chian. This article clarifies the legal problems of implementing the CDM in China by exploring and analyzing how to implement CDM projects, the legal relationships involved, CDM-related contracts and various key legal issues. The conclusions drawn from the above discussions could have implications for the future carbon reduction activities in China beyond 2012.

This paper presents the design and automatic control methods employed to implement a open-close mechanism for a food compression processor. The automatic open-close mechanism is intended as a robust approach in compressing incoming food that posses a wide range of physical properties. The method is based on the estimation of compression pressure through current measurement. Test results show that the proposed mechanism effectively controls the compression pressure of the processed food which results in enhanced overall system robustness.