Background: Gastrodia elata Blume is a saprophytic perennial plant in the Orchidaceae family, because of its agricultural and medicinal effectiveness, researchers focus on its genome and chemical components. However, cytogenetic information based on the chromosome structure and composition to construct chromosomal backbone for genome sequencing research and for the development and breeding of plants is very limited. Methods and Results: We determined the metaphase chromosome composition of the G. elata genome by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNAs and telomeric repeat probes. The nuclear genome of G. elata was organized into 2 n = 36, with relatively small (2.71 - 5.50㎛)chromosomes that showed gradual decrease in size. Conglutination phenomenon was observed among the metaphase chromosomes, and it was distinguished from that in other plant metaphase chromosome spreads. One pair of signal was detected for each 5S and 45S rDNA in the pericentromeric region and interstitial region on the short arm of chromosomes 10 and 4, respectively, and telomeric DNA signals were detected in the terminal region of most chromosomes. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first FISH chromosome composition result in G. elata and could be useful in more comprehensive molecular cytogenetic and genomic analyses as well as breeding programs of the medicinal plant G. elata.

Nuclear power plants in operation are composed of many electrical equipment, and various types of safety related components are installed in the electrical equipment. These internal components are repeatedly replaced due to aging and their performance improvements during the operation of nuclear power plants. Replacement of safety-related shall demonstrate that no malfunction occurs even under amplified seismic load at the level where the components are mounted on the electrical equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to derive the accurate seismic load from the level where the target components are mounted on electrical equipment through the equipment seismic analysis. To perform seismic analysis of electrical equipment, dynamic characteristics should be extracted through in-situ test and utilize to improve the electrical equipment seismic analysis model. In this study, in-situ test of typical NPP’s electrical equipment is performed to derive a natural frequency and mode shapes in the horizontal direction.

콘크리트 비파괴강도 추정식은 일반적으로 콘크리트 강도를 결정하는데 사용된다. 그러나 기존의 추정식들은 대부분 제한된 실험변수를 토대로 제안되어 배합조건, 강도특성 등이 다양한 실제 공용중 교량의 콘크리트 압축강도 추정시 많은 오류를 포함한다. 본 연구에서는 297개 공용 교량의 정밀안전진단 결과 중 콘크리트 비파괴시험 및 현장 코어강도 시험결과를 토대로 콘크리트 부재의 코어강도와 비파괴 추정강도 평가결과를 비교분석하였다. 분석결과 분석이 이루어진 기존 추정식들 중 일본건축학회 CNDT소위원회 강도계산식이 다른 추정식에 비하여 실제파괴강도와의 오차가 가장적고 상관분석의 신뢰도도 가장높은 것으로 검토되었다. 그러나 이 추정식은 코어강도가 30 MPa이상일 때 추정강도는 과소평가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 논문에서는 추정식에 의한 강도와 현장 코어강도사이의 관계를 활용하여 회귀분석을 통한 개선된 비파괴강도 추정식을 제안하였다.

Dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotype analysis was created using repetitive sequences including two types of rDNA repeats (45S and 5S rDNAs) and Arabidopsis-type telomere sequence repeats. The somatic metaphase cells of Carthamus tinctorius were observed as diploids (2n=2x=24). A symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical karyotype with seven pairs of metacentric and five pairs of submetacentric chromosomes was observed. The lengths of the somatic metaphase chromosomes ranged from 4.18 to 6.53 ㎛, with a total length of 60.71 ㎛. One locus of 45S rDNA was located on the pericentromeric regions of three pairs of chromosomes and the other pair was situated on the terminal regions of the short arms of a single pair of chromosomes. One locus of 5S rDNA was detected on the interstitial regions of the short arms of two pairs of chromosomes. Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats were detected on the terminal regions of all pairs of chromosomes. Co-localization of loci between telomeric repeats and 45S rDNA was observed in a single pair of chromosomes. The results provide additional information for the existing physical mapping project of C. tinctorius and will also serve as a benchmark to a more intricate cytogenetic investigation of C. tinctorius and its related species.

연안오염퇴적물에 함유된 유기물질과 PAHs의 현장정화를 위한 생물활성촉진제의 효능을 파일럿 규모의 현장실험을 통하여 1년간 평가하였다. 실험 해역의 수온은 계절적인 요인으로 인해 16.5°C에서 21°C까지 변화가 있었으나, 파일럿 반응조의 오염퇴적물의 pH는 8.4-8.5로 서 비교적 일정하였다. 파일럿 실험종료 후 바탕시험구와 초산, 황산이온, 질산이온을 함유한 생물활성촉진제를 주입한 오염퇴적물의 화학적 산소요구량은 각각 39% 및 79%까지 감소하였으며, 휘발성고형물은 초기 약 15 g/kg에서 7 g/kg 및 2.5 g/kg까지 각각 감소하였다. PAHs는 2- ,3- ,4- ,5-ring 과 6-ring 16PAHs를 평가하였으며, 생물활성촉진제를 주입한 오염퇴적물에서 2-ring 화합물인 나프탈렌은 실험시작 2개월 후 100%(바탕시험구의 감소율 55.6%)까지 감소되어 가장 빨랐고, 12개월 후 3-ring 및 4-ring PAHs의 감소율은 모두 100%(바탕시험구의 감 소율 46%-100%)에 달하였다. 5-ring과 6-ring PAHs의 12개월 후의 감소율은 바탕시험구와 생물활성촉진제를 투여한 오염퇴적물에서 각각 26%-87% 및 77%-100%로 평가되었다. 연안오염퇴적물에 투입한 생물활성촉진제는 유기물질 및 난분해물질인 PAHs의 제거속도를 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

Rebound hammer test, SonReb method and concrete core test are most useful testing methods for estimate the concrete compressive strength of deteriorated concrete structures. But the accuracy of the NDE results on the existing structures could be reduced by the effects of the uncertainty of nondestructive test methods, material effects by aging and carbonation, and mechanical damage by drilling of core. In this study, empirical procedure for verifying the in-situ compressive strength of concrete is suggested through the probabilistic analysis on the 268 data of rebound and ultra-pulse velocity and core strengths obtained from 106 bridges. To enhance the accuracy of predicted concrete strength, the coefficients of core strength, and surface hardness caused by ageing or carbonation was adopted. From the results, the proposed equation by KISTEC and the estimation procedures proposed by authors is reliable than previously suggested equation and correction coefficient.

however, these elements can limit plant growth. This study selected a heavy metal-tolerant plant by analyzing seed germination and biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), canola (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera), Chinese corn (Setaria italica), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense), and determined heavy metal uptake capacity by analyzing biomass, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and heavy metal contents under high external copper or zinc levels. The seed germination rate and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were higher under copper or zinc stress compared to the other three plants. The plant biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seedlings were less vulnerable under low levels of heavy metals (≤ 50 ppm copper or ≤ 400 ppm zinc). The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the maximum primary yield of PSII (Fv/Fo) decreased with increasing copper or zinc levels. Under high copper levels, the decline in Fv/Fm was caused only by the decline in Fm, and was accompanied by an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The Fv/Fm declined under high levels of zinc due to both a decrease in the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and an increase in the initial fluorescence (Fo), and this was accompanied by a marked decrease in photochemical quenching (qP), but not by an increase in NPQ. Accumulations of copper and zinc were found in both aboveand below-ground parts of plants, but were greater in the below-ground parts. The uptake capacity of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid for copper and zinc reached 4459.1 mg/kg under 400 ppm copper and 9028.5 mg/kg under 1600 ppm zinc. Our results indicate that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid contributes to the in situ phytoremediation of copper or zinc polluted soils due to its high biomass yield.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chopped and non-chopped rice straw on characteristics of silage-basedtotal mixed ration (TMR) according to the particle size, laceration, and in situ dry matter (DM) degradation. The threerice straw silages as low moisture unchopped (LMUC; 32.75% of moisture, unchopped), high moisture unchopped(HMUC; 42.05% of moisture, unchopped), and high moisture chopped (HMC; 44.71% of moisture, chopped to 30cmlengths) were tested. Samples were collected at every 5 minutes from 10 min of pre-mixing to 50 min. The percentageof >19mm in LMUC and HMC was decreased to 7.23% and 7.74% (p<0.05), respectively, and the percentage of 8mm>was increased to 5.81% and 5.24%, respectively. Furthermore, the laceration of forage by a TMR mixer showed that therewas little change in the reduction of 1.26% in HMC, but was reduced to 7.53% and 16.06% in LMUC and HMUC,respectively. The peNDF>8 was maintained 17~18.5% of the optimal requirement level for 15 to 45 min mixing in LMUCand for 30 to 50 min mixing in HMC, but it exceeded the level of peNDF>8 in the range of 21.49 to 22.53% for 50minmixing in HMUC. However, ruminal in situ DM degradation appeared as LMUC>HMUC>HMC. Therefore, theseresults suggest that the rice straw silage may be useful for high-yielding lactating cows, if it can be supplied with theadequate peNDF, and the limiting factor on DMI and DM degradation was reduced by crushing of the plant tissue, althoughthe rice straw silage was concerned to low quality forage.

A rapid chemical dewatering of the in-situ hydraulically dredged coastal sediment suspensions treated with cationic cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (CTAB) was investigated. The dewatering process consisted of coating or adsorption of the surfactant on the surface of sediment to change its hydrophobicity and hexane spraying to enhance moisture removal from the sediment surface. The dredged wet sediment sample was wet-sieved with the #450 sieve (32 μm) and synthetic sea-water made of bay salt (3.5%). The sieved sediment was settled and then freeze-dried. Considering the field process, the freeze-dried sediment was pre-treated by adding 5 M H2O2 and 0.5% Tween 80 to remove organics in the sediment and then adding 0.5% alum and 0.001% PAC for flocculation. The mean water content of the pre-treated sediment was 55.8~59.1%. The CTAB dosage was in the range of 0.001 to 1.0 g per 10 g of the pre-treated sediment (0.01 to 0.10 (wt/wt) of CTAB/sediment ratio). After addition, the sediment and CTAB mixture was mixed thoroughly by using a vortex followed by freeze-dried. For hydrophobicity test, 0.5 g of the freeze-dried samples were taken into the two-layer solutions mixed with hexane (20 mL) and deionized water (20 mL). The higher amount of the samples were migrated into the hexane layer as the CTAB dosage increased to 0.1 g (Fig. 1), indicating that the surface charge of the sediment was neutralized by electrostatic attraction of negative charged sediment particles with cationic CTAB. The additional dosage of CTAB to 1.0 g per 10 g sediment led to transfer some of the sediment back into the water layer (Fig. 1). The optimum dosage of CTAB was 0.1 to 0.2 g per 10 g sediment. The sediments with the optimum dosage were transferred onto the filter paper and treated with spraying 0.25 to 1.0 mL of hexane per 1 g sediment, resulting in the significant decrease in the water content to 21% at 1.0 mL hexane/g sediment.

A simple in-situ biomethane system to upgrade biogas was developed by using differential solubility of biogas which normally contains 35-45% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 55-65% methane (CH4) by volume. The biomethane system consists of mesophilic plug-flow sorghum digester coupled with a leachate recycle loop to an external CO2 stripper. The leachate produced in the mesophilic plug-flow digester flows to the stripper where dissolved CO2 is removed. Then the leachate that CO2 was completely stripped out is recycled back to the plug-flow reactor, resulting in absorbing CO2 and enriched CH4 contents in digester offgas from the mesophilic plug-flow digester. Offgas CH4 contents was correlated well with leachate recycle rates and alkalinity. To maintain a biogas methane content over 95%, 3 volume of leachate recycle per volume of reactor per day(3 v/v-d) and at the reactor alkalinity of 4 g/L as CaCO3 was required. Even at an intermittent stripping ratio up to 3 hours stripping(N2 sweep gas 700 ml/min) and 1 hour no-stripping, the offgas methane content over 95% was achieved. It thus resulted in a 25% reduction in the total energy and sweep gas consumption. The TVS removal efficiency of the biomethane system was 80 percent which corresponded to 96% of the control reactor. The leachate recycle rates directly affected methane productivity that appeared to be 0.71 v/v-d at 3 volume of leachate recycle per volume of reactor per day(3v/v-d) and at the reactor alkalinity of 4 g/L as CaCO3.

Genome sequencing researches for considerable numbers of crops and wild plants are being developed. Cytogenetic researches according to chromosome number and size are essential to confirm and comprehend ploidy level and genome size before genome sequencing project is actually conducted. Cytogenetic researches on six food crop plants were carried out by DAPI staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench showed 2n=2x=16, each chromosome length of 1.42㎛ to 1.77㎛, total chromosome length of 13.31㎛, and karyotypic formula of 2n=8m; Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight, 2n=2x=22, 2.01㎛ to 3.84㎛, total 28.03㎛, 2n=9m+2sm, Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara, 2n=2x=40, 1.73㎛ to 2.76㎛, total 44.36㎛, 2n=5m+13sm+2st. Chromosome sizes of the other three species such as, Panicum miliaceum L., 2n=2x=36, total chromosome length of 30.83㎛, Sesamum indicum L., 2n=2x=26, 27.39㎛, lpomoea batatas L., 2n=2x=30, total 33.51㎛ were too small for each chromosome type to be identified and analyzed. The result of FISH analysis using 5S and 45S rDNA probe showed species-specific chromosome locations in the genome. These preliminary analyses were carried out to decide which food crop to prioritize for genome sequencing. This work was supported by the “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (No.PJ009837), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

자생하는 미생물의 활성을 촉진시킴으로써 오염된 연안퇴적물을 현장생물정화하기 위하여 사용하는 미생물활성촉진제의 용출특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 미생물의 생리활성을 촉진하는 황산염, 질산염을 오염되지 않은 연안퇴적물과 혼합하였으며, 혼합물을 볼 형태로 만 든 뒤 셀룰로스 아세테이트 및 폴리설펀으로 각각 표면을 코팅하여 볼 형태의 미생물활성촉진제 2종을 제작하였다. 또한, 황산염과 질산염이 용해된 생리활성물질 용액에 입상활성탄을 침지시켜 입자상 미생물활성촉진제를 별도로 준비하였다. 셀룰로스 아세테이트로 코팅한 미생물활 성촉진제를 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 코팅층 내부는 다소 큰 공극이 불규칙적으로 존재하였으나 코팅층 외부는 촘촘한 벌집모양의 공극들 이 분포되어있었다. 폴리설펀으로 코팅한 미생물활성촉진제의 경우는 코팅층의 내부와 외부 모두 공극이 없는 치밀한 구조를 보였다. 셀룰로스 아세테이트로 코팅한 미생물활성촉진제의 생리활성물질 용출율은 폴리설펀으로 코팅한 미생물활성촉진제에 비해 증류수와 해수에서 모두 높 았으며, 입자상 미생물활성촉진제로부터의 생리활성물질의 용출율은 폴리설펀으로 코팅한 미생물활성촉진제에 비해 약 9배 이상 높았다. 미생 물활성촉진제로부터 생리활성물질들의 용출속도는 정체조건에 비해 난류조건에서 약 3배 이상 빠른 것으로 평가되었으며, 생리활성물질들 중 에서 질산염은 황산염에 비해 빠르게 용출되는 특성을 보였다.

In this study, we estimate the interannual spatial and temporal distributions of fishing grounds at night in the East Sea based on satellite and in-situ data. We observe that the 15℃ thermal front moves in the north-south direction according to the movement of the warm water (above 18℃) in the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) area, forcing the cold water area (below 10℃) to either expand or shrink. The interannual variations of sea surface temperature (SST) in winter represented by the indicator SST of 6℃ are consistent with the east-west zonal areas in the central East Sea which represented over 1℃ standard deviation of SST in February during 1990-2000. Annual SST in the fishing grounds of common squid fishing vessels, observed both by fishing vessels and satellites range from 9-22℃, with the satellite-observed data having a larger range than the fishing vessel-based ones. The interannual distributions of the common squid fishing grounds in the East Sea are mostly concentrated in the TWC area in the southwestern part of the East Sea and in the coast of southern Honshu and Hokkaido in Japan. The interannual distributions of the nighttime fishing vessels are consistent with the catches investigated from the fishing vessel.

The world-wide capacity of genebanks for ex-situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly since the 1970s, improving the access of crop breeders to landraces, and wild relatives (Wright, 1997). In south Korea, systematic seed germplasm management was begun at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 1985 and consequently genebank system was established in 1988. The RDA genebank, National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) of south Korea, preserve 173,217 accessions of plant seed germplasm and 10.7% (18,509 accessions) of whole preserved germplasm is occupied by horticultral PGR by 2011. Horticultural PGR preserved in NAC is composed with 67 genera of crops including pepper (3,817 accessions), tomato (2,040 accessions), cabbages (1,690 accessions) and etc. According to horticultural plant sub-group, fruit-vegetable is the biggest group with 60% of accession share and leafy vegetable (19%), root vegetable (10%), bulb vegetable (8%), and ornamental (3%) follow subsequently. In aspect of PGR status, landrace is dominant part of conserved accession and then developed cultivar, wild relatives, cultivated material, wild, and weedy type follow subsequently. Recently characterization and evaluation of horticultural PGR have been activated for 3 years in NAC, which are useful for breeders and users focused on disease-resistance or active ingredient. It will promote utilization of horticultural PGR and development of horticultural crop breeding program for both human being and sustainable agriculture in near future.

To improve the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA)/waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) composites, the hydroxyl group of HA was modified by urethane reactions: the hydroxyl groups of HA were reacted with aliphatic or cyclic diisocyanate, and then the modified HAs were extended by adding polyol and/or ε-caprolactone. Composites were prepared by the prepolymer process method: the modified HA was directly pured into the urethane reaction of isocyanate and polyol. The properties of modified HA/WBPU composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, tensile strength, and water resistance. The results showed that the reactivity of aliphatic diisocyanate to the hydroxy group of HA was faster than that of cyclic one. Comparing to those of pure HA/WBPU composite films, the thermal stability, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the modified composite films increased with a degree of modification of HA.

Conventional staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotypes of the non-genetically modified (GM) parental rice line, 'Nakdong' (Oryza sativa L. japonica), and its four GM rice lines, LS28 (event LS30-32-20-1), Cry1Ac1 (event C7-1-9-1), and LS28 × Cry1Ac1 (events L/C1-1-3-1 and L/C1-3-1-1) were analyzed using 5S and 45S rDNAs as probes. Both parental and transgenic lines were diploids (2n=24) with one satellite chromosome pair. The lengths of the prometaphase chromosomes ranged from 1.50 to 6.30 μm. Four submetacentric and eight metacentric pairs comprised the karyotype of 'Nakdong' and its four GM lines. One pair of 5S rDNA signals was detected near the centromeric region of chromosome g in both the parental and transgenic lines. The 45S rDNA signals were detected on the secondary constrictions of the satellite chromosome pair in both the parental and transgenic lines. There was no significant difference in chromosome size, length, and composition between 'Nakdong' and its four GM lines. This research was conducted as a preliminary study for chromosomal detection of transgenes in GM rice lines and would be useful for their breeding programs.

건강 웰빙식품의 하나로서 수요가 증가하고 있는 새싹채소류는 미생물학적 관점에서 생산단계별 위해분석과 안전성 기준이 부재한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 생산현장에서 새싹채소의 재배공정별 미생물학적 오염도를 분석 평가하였다. 새싹채소 종자의 일반세균수 및 대장균군수는 각각 3.04~5.21 log CFU/g, 1.80~3.86 log CFU/g의 범위로 나타났으며, 소독유무에 관계없이 재배기간 동안 일반세균(6.99~8.26 log CFU/g) 및 대장

In order to measure in-situ suspended particle size, volume concentration of suspended particulate matter and current speed, mooring observation was performed at the Gwangyang Bay by using of an optical instrument, 'LISST-100' and an acoustic instrument, 'ADV'(St. S1). And the sediment flux was obtained based on the concentration of suspended particulate matter and current speeds measured at three lines of Gwangyang Bay during ebb and flood tide of August 2006. To investigate the spatial variation of suspended particulate matter, profiling observations were measured difference echo intensity and beam attenuation coefficient by using of ADCP and Transmissometer (Line A, B, C). The suspended sediment flux rate at the mouth of Gwangyang Bay was observed to be higher during asymmetrical than symmetrical of current speeds. The flux of suspended particulate matter concentration and current speeds were transported to southeastern direction of surface layer and northwestern direction of bottom layer at the western area at line A of Gwangyang Bay. Small suspended particles have been found to increase attenuation and transmission more efficiently than similar large particles using acoustic intensity (ADV/ADCP) or optical transmit coefficient (LISST-100/Transmissometer). The application and problems as using optical or acoustic instruments will be detected for use in time varying calibrations to account for non-negligible changes in complex environments in situ particle dynamics are poorly understood.

강관추진공법은 비굴착공법으로써 중소규모 관로공사에 높은 시공성과 경제성을 가지고 있기 때문에 그 사용이 빈번해지고 있다. 그러나 강관추진공법의 추진과정은 원지반이 교란되고 느슨해지는 문제를 야기하고 있다. 이는 지표침하, 지반강도 저하 및 누수 등의 문제와 연결된다. 이에 본 연구는 강관추진과 동시에 그라우팅을 시행하는 그라우팅을 병행한 강관추진공법의 현장 적용성을 알아보고자 한다. 그 방법으로 그라우팅을 병행한 강관추진공법과 기존강관추진공법을 동일 지반에 시공하였다. 지표침하 계측, 현장밀도, GPR 물리탐사 그리고 대형전단실험의 결과는 그라우팅을 병행한 강관추진공법의 현장 적용성이 있음을 입증하였다.