Global warming can seriously influence on the interaction between pest and natural enemy in the agroecosystem due to the differences in optimal temperature ranges. Two aphid-ladybug systems, Myzus persicae-Coccinella septempunctata (M-C) and Aphis gossypii-Coccinella septempunctata (A-C) in the pepper crop were simulated, respectively under four different temperature scenarios including crop development over 244 days with the assumption that the average temperature is higher by 1, 3, and 5 °C than that in Seoul in 2000. Temperature-dependent functions for each aphid-ladybug system were embedded in Rosenzweig-Macathur predator-prey model to explore their population dynamics, and then Dynamic Index was used to quantify the strengths of species interactions. The result shows that the predator-prey population cycles as well as species interactions are getting shorter and stronger in both systems as temperature increased. Especially, the excessively high temperature scenario in Aphis gossypii-Coccinella septempunctata system could result in the extreme species interaction. Therefore, the increasing temperature can facilitate the effectiveness of biological control because of growing crop plant development and much stronger species interaction, although there are increases of the frequency of pest occurrences.

The pea leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an emerging pest in Korea. High population and heavy damage of this pest were observed from potato fields in the southern part of Korea in 2012. Morphological and genetic evidence confirmed the species as L. huidobrensis. The infestation was expanding throughout the country and a rich complex of parasitoid was recognized. From the exclusion study, high density infestation of leafminers reduced yield among potato varieties (Chubeak, Seohong, Goun, Dejima, and Sumi). Higher leaf damage was evident in the lower part of plants. In olfactory bioassay and feeding preference tests, leafminers choosed the Goun variety most. Given the six constant temperatures, the developmental time from egg to adult significantly decreased with increment of temperatures. From the insecticide toxicity tests, abamectin and lepimectin and spinetoram were found effective against immature stages, while cartap hydrochlorid (Neonicotinoid) was against adult insects. Overall, these studies help to pave the ways for managing this new invasive pest.

Confucianism and Taoism both played very important roles in the history of China. On the whole, such a trend can be found that when the nation is united and the society is stable, Confucianism would prevail and dominate the political orientation. However, Taoism would become the mainstream of social ideology and the main theme of thought together with Buddhism when the nation is in the state of war and there is social unrest. Therefore, it’s obviously necessary to figure out what the characteristics of the two schools are. Confucianism emphasizes on “Difference”, however “Equality” is an important part of Taoism. The refined two terms probably reflect the difference in expounding ideas and practicing theoretical path between them. Confucian politeness rule “being harmonious then respectful” (亲亲尊尊) standardizes Chinese millenarian civilization. Since the existence of Confucianism, it has great influence on each dynasty. It, meanwhile, explicitly specifies a class difference between the young and the old, and between the lower class and the upper class, which is also an equidifferent logic paradigm. On the other side, it appears that Chuang Tzu’s “On Leveling All Things”(齐物论) is unruly uninhibited. However, the “Equality” philosophy builds strong inner strength in a large context and it also has great soft influence on the social framework which is composed of Confucianism on the surface and legalism beneath the surface. Up to now, the intertexture between “Equality” and “Difference” can probably still contribute to the rebuilding of the Golden Rule by means of their distinctive characteristic of thought and profound historical accumulation.

Resonance occurrence conditions are explored by performing dynamic interaction analysis of arch bridge and KTX trains. The target bridge is a 3D tied-arch bridge having span length of 120m. KTX trains consist of two power carriages, two power and passenger carriages and sixteen passenger carriages. When KTX trains run on the target bridge with the uniform speed of 100 to 500km/h, the dynamic responses of the bridge induced by moving trains are obtained from railway arch bridge-train interaction analysis. Two resonance conditions are presented and whether the resonance phenomena occur or not at the suspicious resonance velocities is rigorously investigated through bridge deflections and accelerations and their FFT analysis.

Magnetic decreases are often observed in various regions of interplanetary space. Many studies are devoted to reveal the physical nature and generation mechanism of the magnetic decreases, but still we do not fully understand magnetic decreases. In this study, we investigate the structure of a magnetic decrease observed in a corotating interaction region using multi-spacecraft measurements. We use three spacecraft, ACE, Cluster, and Wind, which were widely separated in the x- and y-directions in the geocentric solar ecliptic (GSE) coordinates. The boundaries of the magnetic decrease are the same at the three locations and can be identified as tangential discontinuities. A notable feature is that the magnetic decrease has very large dimension, &268 RE, along the boundary, which is much larger than the size, 6 RE, along the normal direction. This suggests that the magnetic decrease has a shape of a long, thin rod or a wide slab.

As a macroscopic research for the interaction of TV Console game platform, I have analyzed the differentiation & characteristic of interaction for each platform. “Odyssey” developed by Ralph Henry Baer in Magnavox was the first console which has the propaedeutic user interaction. Development of graphical technology and the release of the Nintendo Famicom which equipped with Yokoi Gunpei cross key & horizontal Pad had provided an opportunity for the development of user interaction methods like as sound & 2D. Also, multimedia function of Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 had brought the era of 3D games and multiplay. Finally, Motion technology triggered by Wii had progressed to the gesture recognition interface throughout the Playstation MOVE of SONY & Xbox 360 Kinect of Microsoft.

제품이나 서비스에서 사용자가 예상하지 못한 의외성을 제공할 때 사용자는 만족을 넘어 감동할 수 있으며, 최근 몇몇 애플리케이션이나 웹서비스는 이러한 의외성을 제공하고 있다. 그러나 의외성 자체는 오히려 사용 용이성을 떨어뜨리는 등 문제를 야기 시킬 수 있음에도, 기존 모바일 애플리케이션 관련 연구들은 주로 사용성 중심의 만족을 다루었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 의외성으로 인한 사용자 경험의 변화를 세렌디피티(뜻밖의 발견으로부터 유발되는 예상치 못한 즐거움) 개념을 이용하여 모바일 애플리케이션의 UX 분야에서 실험적으로 확인하고, 이로부터 유발되는 요인이 사용자 만족에 미치는 영향에 대해 관찰했다. 즉, 모바일 애플리케이션의 인터랙션을 통해 유발시킨 의외성과 동시에 게임 요소를 제공한 세렌디피티, 지각된 신규성과 지각된 사용 용이성, 지각된 유용성, 그리고 만족 등의 요인들 간 관계를 살펴봤다. 그 결과 세렌디피티가 지각된 신규성에 정(+)의, 사용 용이성에 부(-)의 영향을 미치고, 지각된 신규성과 지각된 사용 용이성이 지각된 유용성에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 세 가지 요인 모두 사용자 만족에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것이 관찰됐다.

The Osmia cornifrons plays an important role in pollinating fruit trees, such as apple trees. To better understand diapause and oviposition in O. cornifrons, we investigated the correlation between the ovarian development and secretion level of OcVg protein in hemolymph. During ovarian development in wintering the number of oocytes progressively increased in comparison with the length of the ovaries and the oocytes. After emergence, the oocyte and ovary sizes developed until 6 days after emergence and declined after 6 days, but the number of oocytes decreased gradually. The secretion level of OcVg protein in hemolymph revealed that during wintering, the secretion level increased from 1 month to 2 months and then stagnated after 2 months. After diapause, the secretion level increased gradually until day 6 of the newly emerged adult from cocoon stage, and thereafter gradually declined, remaining detectable until day 30 of the adult stage. The correction analysis between ovarian development and OcVg secretion level in hemolymph found that in wintering, the number of oocytes was positively correlated to OcVg secretion level. After diapause, the ovary and first oocyte lengths and the number of oocytes showed significant changes in OcVg secretion level and positively correlated with OcVg secretion level, respectively. These results suggest that there is a significant interaction between ovarian development and the secretion level of OcVg protein and the pattern of ovarian development and secretion of OcVg protein are stage-specific in the O. cornifrons female.

Modeling is one approach to better understanding the complex interaction in the abstracted and simplified forms. Here I present the interaction of honeybee, Apis mellifera and ectoparasitic mites of Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps mercedesae. In the beginning, I provide the basic mechanism of ectoparasitic mite’s life cycle in association with the host insect life. Population behavior was analyzed as a single analytical population growth model. Then, since the carrying capacity of mite’s breeding resources are changing, I incorporated the damage function of mite to honeybee population. Incorporating the damage function into the honeybee-varroa interaction model provided more realistic behavior of both species. Simulation study showed that possible beneficial impact of hive-splitting on mite control. Also, varying the chemical spray timing and efficacies, the model simulation revealed that early spring acaricide treatment was essential for protection of honeybee from the varroa mites. At the last, this model has been expanded to include the other parasitic mite of Tropilaelaps mercedesae. For this, two species competition model was considered as well as incorporation of the host population behavior being added. Further discussion and call for collaboration were presented.

It has been suggested that only the most luminous AGNs (L ≳ 1045 erg/s) are triggered by galaxy mergers, while less luminous AGNs (L ~ 1043 erg/s) are driven by other internal processes. The lack of merging features in low luminosity AGN host galaxies has been a primary argument against the idea of merger triggering of low luminosity AGNs. But a merger, especially a rather minor one, might still have played an important role in low luminosity AGNs, as minor merging features at low luminosities are more difficult to identify than major merging features. Using SNUCAM on the 1.5 m telescope at Maidanak observatory, we obtained deep optical images of NGC 7743, a barred spiral galaxy classified as a Seyfert 2 AGN with a low bolometric luminosity of 5 X 1042 erg/s. Surprisingly, we discovered a merging feature around the galaxy, which indicates past merging activity in the galaxy. This example indicates that the merging fraction of low luminosity AGNs may be much higher than previously thought, hinting at the importance of galaxy mergers even in low luminosity AGNs.

We observed multiple CO transition lines and the HCN(1-0) line at ~ 1" (~ 34 pc) or higher resolution toward the Seyfert 2 nucleus of M51 using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) and the Submillimeter Array (SMA). All the images show very similar overall molecular gas distribution; there are two discrete clouds at the eastern and western sides of the nucleus, and the western cloud exhibits an elongated distribution and velocity gradient along the radio jet. In addition, high HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) brightness temperature ratios of about unity have been observed, especially along the radio jet, similar to those observed in shocked molecular gas in our Galaxy. This strongly indicates that the molecular gas along the jet is shocked, that the radio jet and the molecular gas are interacting, and the jet is entraining both diffuse (CO) and dense (HCN) molecular gas outwards from the circumnuclear region. This is the first clear imaging of the out owing molecular gas entrained by the AGN jet, and showing the detailed physical status of out owing molecular gas. Since a relatively high HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) ratio has been observed in the high velocity wing of ultraluminous infrared galaxies, it can also be explained by a similar mechanism to those we describe here.

Recognition of the role of radio galaxies in the universe has been increasing in recent years. Their colossal energy output over huge volumes is now widely believed to play a key role not only in the formation of galaxies and their supermassive black holes, but also in the evolution of clusters of galaxies and, possibly, the cosmic web itself. In this regard, we need to understand the in ation of radio bubbles in the hot gas atmospheres of clusters and the importance of the role that radio galaxies play in the overall energy budget of the intracluster medium. Here, we present results from X-ray and radio band observations of the hot gas atmospheres of powerful, nearby radio galaxies in poor clusters.

As a macroscopic research for the interaction of mobile game platform, I have analyzed the differentiation & characteristic of interaction for each platform. ‘Game & Watch’ was the first handheld game console released by Nintendo in 1980, the initial model was merely a combination of clock and game consoles to emphasize mobility. However, ‘Game&Watch:DonkeyKong’ which equipped with Yokoi Gunpei’s cross key provided an opportunity for the development of a full-fledged multi-screen gaming. ‘GameBoy’ was the beginning of a portable game machine in the modern sense. It has brought a lot of changes for the gameplay pattern using the contrast of color, smooth animation, as well as interchangeable cartridge system. Also, ‘NDS(Nintendo DS)’, which had several interaction system such as dual screen, voice input and touch input, had contributed to expanding the emergence of innovative game content and women game users. ‘PSP(Playstation Portable)’ by SONY in 2004 materialized 3D games using high performance and progressed to multimedia platform.

본 연구의 목적은 아동의 성장발달과정에 중요한 영향을 미치는 의미 있는 성인, 특히 부모와 교사를 대상으로 관찰을 통한 상호작용코칭 역량을 파악할 수 있는 척도를 개발하기 위한 것이다. 척도는 이소희(2015)가 개발한 TREASURE Talk 코칭모델에 기반하여 2차에 걸친 문항개발과 2차에 걸친 타당성 검증을 통하여 개발하였다. 차 문항선정은 선행연구의 고찰을 통해 본 연구의 목적에 부합하는 300문항을 먼저 선정한 다음, 아동 전문가 10명에게 중복문항, 이중질문문항, 유사문항, 적합정도에 대한 리커트 5점척도를 활용하여 내용타당도를 실시하였으며 적합정도가 3.5미만인 208문항을 제외한 92문항이 선별되었다. 2차 문항 선정은 본 척도를 사용하게 될 대상자인 부모와 교사의 의견을 반영하고자 아동에게 의미 있는 성인 279명을 대상으로 내용타당도를 실시하였으며, 적합도가 3.5미만인 48문항을 제외한 44문항이 선별되었다. 선별된 44문항의 타당성 검증은 SPSS Statistics 21을 사용하였다. 1차 타당화는 수도권에 거주하는 성인 220명을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석, 2차 타당화는 대도시권에 거주하는 성인 461명을 대상으로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 신뢰도 계수(Cronbach α) .948로 각각 17문항의 TRE모듈과 URE모듈 2개의 요인으로 구성된 34문항의 관찰을 통한 아동-성인 상호작용코칭 척도(CICAIO: Coaching Inventory of Child-Adult Interaction through Observation)가 개발되었다. TRE 모듈은 ‘질문 전 상호작용’, URE 모듈은 ‘질문 후 상호작용’으로 명명하였다.

천해역에서의 해상풍력터빈의 기초 형식으로 모노파일, 트라이포드, 재킷 등의 고정식 기초 사이의 최적의 지지구조물 선별에 대한 논의가 세계적으로 활발하게 되어왔다. 다양한 기초 형식 가운데 어떤 기초를 최종 선택하기 위해서는 경제성과 함께 동적설계 측면에서의 검토도 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 고정식 기초를 해상풍력터빈의 기초로 적용하는 경우 전체 구조물의 고유주파수에 미치는 하중 및 지반 물성치의 불확실성의 영향을 정량적으로 검토하였다. 연구결과, 모노파일의 고유주파수의 변동이 가장 심한 것을 알 수 있었고, 따라서 모노파일 기초를 설계에 반영하는 경우에는 지반 물성치의 불확실성을 최소화시키는 것이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The emergence of the video blog (vlog) and the success of so-called “YouTube celebrities” have provided luxury brands with a new marketing tool to connect with consumers. In particular, the video-sharing site YouTube, allows anyone from an amateur to a professional the opportunity to create and upload a video, which can possibly be shared by hundreds of millions of viewers instantaneously and inexpensively (Freeman & Chapman, 2007). The present study examines how video blog (vlog) influences luxury brand perceptions based on parasocial interaction (PSI) framework. PSI has been studied extensively in communication research and provides a foundational understanding for the one-way relationship experienced between a media personality and media users. PSI is often referred to as a “friendship” with a media personality (Perse & Rubin, 1989; Rubin et al., 2003; Eyal & Rubin, 2003) and media users often seek advice from media personalities as if they were friends (Rubin et al., 1985). In addition, social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) is used to explain the effect of PSI on customers’ luxury brand perceptions. According to the social comparison theory, individuals evaluate themselves by comparing what they possess and consume to that of others. Since individuals are likely to compare themselves with significant others and peers who share a similar outlook and common values, they would compare their luxury possessions and consumption to that of vloggers as PSI increases. Therefore, this study proposes influences of physical attractiveness, social attractiveness and attitude homophily of video blogger (vlogger) on PSI; and PSI effects on luxury brand perceptions (i.e., brand luxury, luxury brand value, and brand-user-imagery fit) followed by luxury brand purchase intentions. Study 1 tested the hypothesized model using structural equation modeling, and the results support the proposed model. Additionally, Study 2 investigated vlog effects on luxury brand perceptions and purchase intentions using ANOVA. The result showed luxury brand perceptions and purchase intentions for the experimental groups, who watched vlogs about review of luxury products, were higher than control group, who did not watch vlog. Overall, results of this study found general support for PSI as a brand management tool as well as the use of social media to lead to positive luxury brand perceptions.

This study aimed to analyze how game interaction affects user experience and smoking attitudes of smoking simulation game. To verify differences in smoking attitudes and user experience such as arousal, flow, spatial presence, social presence, and empathy in game interaction and simple watching, a playtest experiment was performed among 100 male smokers. The smoking simulation used for the experiment was the ‘Smoking Sims’ developed by the group of researchers from ‘Hallym University Health Communication Center’. As a result, in eliciting negative attitude toward smoking, which is a functional effect of the smoking game along with the flow, spatial presence, and social presence, active gaming behavior appeared to be more effective than the passive watching behavior. Such result has shown that game media has better communication effect than usual visual media as a tool for anti-smoking campaign.

본 논문은 디지털 시대의 참여 미술에서 달라진 매체, 주체, 소통의 조건을 분석한다. 1990년대 이후의 미술은 관계 미학과 사회적 작업으로 특징지어진다. 미술은 사람과 사람 간의 소통, 사회 문제에 대한 개입과 참여를 유도하는 보다 민주적인 방향으로 전개되었다. 21세기 들어 디지털 미디어가 미술의 영역에서 더 큰 자리를 차지하게 되었고, 이로 인해 미술작품이 관객들과 맺는 관계에도 변화가 일어났다. 본 논문은 이러한 변화에 대한 관심에서 출발하여 디지털 시대에 참여 미술을 둘러싼 변화와 조건들을 살펴본다. 20세기 초 역사적 아방가르드 이래로 참여미술은 장소와 의미화의 문제에 개입해 왔다. 21세기 디지털화된 미디어 환경으로 매체특정성의 개념이 해체된 이후 제시된 포스트미디엄 조건이 전환을 보인다. 다시 말해, 다양한 미디어를 디지털로 재매개하여 다층적인 감각 경험과 소통을 야기한다. 그 결과 참여 미술이 디지털 미디어의 상호작용성의 미학을 포함하게 되었다.

In this paper, we present a serious game that can prevent elderly people from brain illness using natural finger interaction and Fumanet exercise. As population of elderly people has continually grown in our society, brain illness like dementia can be naturally observed, which makes treatment cost up rapidly. Hence, we propose Leap-Motion based serious game for elderly people, which uses natural finger motions to interact with game contents. In our approach, we enhance finger motion recognition rate by adding auxiliary conditions that is superior to ordinary Leap-Motion APIs. Finally, we have also carried out user study and quantitative analysis to verify our methods.