This study aims to discuss measures to combat climate change pertaining to the waste sectors in the EU and Japan.The EU aims to secure 20% of its total energy consumed from renewable sources and to reduce the emission of greenhousegases by 20% by 2020. This study investigated the amount of waste-based energy produced and confirmed that it makesa significant contribution to renewable energy sources. The amount of energy produced differs according to the type ofwaste utilized and the size (population) of the country and these factors should be taken into account when establishingresponse measures. In Japan, policies have been introduced to promote the recovery of energy and to reduce the greenhousegases emitted by incinerators. In particular, the country has been promoting a high level of efficiency by differentiatingthe government subsidy funding according to the energy recovery rate. This study confirmed that the utilization of wasteresource energy has made a significant contribution to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases in the member countriesof the EU and in Japan. Korea needs to establish similar policies to increase the contribution of energy from wasteresources in the future.

This study as a part of an extensive green roof system development was carried out to assess the heat tolerance of 11 species Sedum spp. on the extensive green roof system: S. kamtschaticum, S. oryzifolium, S. polystichoides, S. sarmentosum, S. acre, S. album, S. reflexum, S. rupestre, S. sexangulare, S. spurium, and S. telephium. Electrolyte leakage evaluation was used to estimate the heat tolerance level of each Sedum at 40°C, 45°C, 47.5°C, 50°C, 52.5°C, 55°C, and 57.5°C. The critical temperatures at the midpoints of sigmoidal curves fitted through electrolyte leakage (EL) were predicted with the range of 54.0°C to 65.2°C. S. album, S. telephium, and S. sexangulare were more tolerant of high temperature than the others. In field condition, the heat tolerance of 11 species Sedum spp. applied to the suggested extensive green roof system was also estimated by EL evaluation. The EL (%) values of 11 species Sedum spp. subjected to maximum temperature (46.7°C) recorded during the experimental periods were lower than 50% except S. kamtschaticum and S. spurium. Especially, S. album, S. rupestre, and S. telephium were ranked higher than the others in heat tolerance. The most Sedum spp. would show good heat tolerance on the extensive green roof system if the maximum temperature on rooftop was below 50°C in summer season.

This study has calculated the change of wind speed according to the features of land surface roughness using the surface wind data provided by the Korean peninsula data of HadGEM3-RA and has analyzed the characteristics of the future upper wind over South Korea driven by several climate change scenarios. The simulation found that the more the time passes, the more the wind speed increases in the previous time period of upper wind and annual average wind speed time series analysis of three kinds of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The wind speed of all three kinds of RCP increased in the summer and winter but decreased in the spring and fall in the analysis of seasonal time series and spatial distribution. The wind speed would be expected to increase in most months except April and November in the analysis of the monthly mean maximum wind speed. The histogram analysis shows the mean wind speed of upper wind over 3m/s. As the time passes, the wind speed increases more than in the past. Certain areas such as the areas under the urbanization development would be anticipated to raise the wind speed throughout all months.

현재 전 세계적으로 자연적, 인위적 요인으로 인하여 이상기후가 나타나고 있다. 이상기후의 대표적인 것으로 슈퍼태풍, 극한폭설, 폭염과 같은 극한 기후현상이 초래된다. 1970년대 산업화 시대 이후 급격하게 지구의 온도가 상승하는 것을 알 수 있으며, 이로 인하여 발생하는 가장 큰 문제점은 지구 온난화이다. 지구 온난화에 영향을 미치는 온실가스의 종류로는 이산화탄소, 과불화탄소, 아산화질소, 메탄과 같은 다양한 종류의 화학성분이 존재하며 특히 이산화탄소가 약 90%의 비중을 차지하는 것을 알 수 있다. 콘크리트의 경우 건설재료로써 탁월한 내구성능을 지니고 있으며, 사회기반시설물 건설 재료로 70%이상 사용되고 있다. 그러나 콘크리트는 타설직후 물리·화학적으로 다양한 환경조건으로부터 성능저하 현상이 발생하기도 한다. 특히 대기중의 이산화탄소는 콘크리트 알칼리도 저하에 따른 철근을 부식시키고 내구성 저하를 초래하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 풍속, 일조시간에 관하여 양생 한 후 콘크리트의 탄산화 실험을 접목시켜 탄산화 깊이와 탄산화 속도 계수를 측정하고 이를 바탕으로 만족도 확률 곡선을 통하여 성능중심평가(Performance Based Evaluation(PBE))를 수행 할 것이다.

In this study, we examine the relationship between climate change and food productivity using empirical econometric methods. The existing literature shows that natural hazard caused by climate change has a negative impact on food productivity since the natural disaster devastates farmers and food supply. The conventional study however considered only the correlation between food productivity change and climate condition such as optimum air temperature rather than the association between food productivity and climate change. Agricultural area, crop per unit area and crop productivity are known as the most important factors in food productivity. Thus, we explore the relationship between the three factors and climate change. We analyze the carbon dioxide concentration level in the atmosphere as a proxy for the climate change since the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects global temperature. We found that agricultural area, crop per unit area and crop productivity are negatively associated with climate change.

It is the first evaluation model that explains the capabilities of natural disasters and crisis matters by subdividing the evaluation model for organizational management of existing public institutions. This paper improves the capabilities associated with climate change in the future weather systems, including the typhoon and cold weather changes, operational systems, and reflux systems, by carrying out the evaluation of the results. This evaluating model which is response capacity to future climate change, supports the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Delphi to calculate the weight of the evaluation model. Using the crisis management of the evaluation model or domestic public institutions, it can be utilized to derive the improvement of capabilities and Risks of typhoon and cold weather.

The economic geography has not secured climate change and its effects as certain study realms. In order to overcome this limitation, discourse which builds the logic of knowledge about climate change and its effects is required above all things. This study, therefore, was to suggest new study realms and subjects of economic geography on climate change and its impacts. New study realms of economic geography on climate change and its impacts are: the natural resource inputs entering into the economic process; the environmental loads in economic process ; environmental costs to overcome the effects of climate change; the development of environmental technologies; and policy development on the impact of climate change. Study subjects are: negative and secondary effects of climate change and its impact on economic process; commercialization of climate change and its impacts itself; and alternative policy development based on sustainable development etc.

The objective of this study was to predict land use change based on the land use change scenarios for the Hwangguji river watershed, South Korea. The land use change scenario was derived from the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The CLUE (conversion of land use and its effects) model was used to simulate the land use change. The CLUE is the modeling framework to simulate land use change considering empirically quantified relations between land use types and socioeconomic and biophysical driving factors through dynamical modeling. The Hwangguji river watershed, South Korea was selected as study area. Future land use changes in 2040, 2070, and 2100 were analyzed relative to baseline (2010) under the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Binary logistic regressions were carried out to identify the relation between land uses and its driving factors. CN (Curve number) and impervious area based on the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios were calculated and analyzed using the results of future land use changes. The land use change simulation of the RCP4.5 scenario resulted that the area of urban was forecast to increase by 12% and the area of forest was estimated to decrease by 16% between 2010 and 2100. The land use change simulation of the RCP8.5 scenario resulted that the area of urban was forecast to increase by 16% and the area of forest was estimated to decrease by 18% between 2010 and 2100. The values of Kappa and multiple resolution procedure were calculated as 0.61 and 74.03%. CN (Ⅲ) and impervious area were increased by 0-1 and 0-8% from 2010 to 2100, respectively. The study findings may provide a useful tool for estimating the future land use change, which is an important factor for the future extreme flood.

본 연구에서는 고해상도 기후시나리오를 이용하여 국내 대표 도시 지역인 서울특별시를 대상으로 기준기간(1971～2000년) 대비 미래기간 2020s (2011～2040년), 2050s (2041～2070년), 2080s (2071～2100년)의 기후변화에 따른 배수시스템의 영향을 평가하 였다. 이를 위해 과거 관측 강수량 자료는 기상청 관할 기상관측소와 자동기상관측망 자료를 이용하였으며, 기후변화 시나리오는 RegCM3과 Sub-BATS 기법을 통해 역학적 상세화된 5 × 5 km 해상도 기반의 시단위 강수량 자료를 생산하였다. 과거기간 대비 미래기간 확률강우량의 변동성을 비교한 결과 과거기간 대비 2080s의 확률강우량 증가율은 28～54%로 나타났으며, 특히 지속시간 3시간, 6시간, 24시간 확률강우량의 증가폭이 크게 나타났다. 또한 배수시스템의 기후변화 영향을 직접적으로 분석하기 위해 XP-SWMM을 이용하여 유출해석을 수행하였다. 평가 결과, 강우강도 증가로 인해 과거기간 대비 미래 3기간에 공릉1, 서초2, 신림4 배수분구의 침수발생 맨홀 수와 월류량이 크게 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 현재 구축되어 있는 서울시 배수시스템은 기후변화 에 취약함을 나타내고 있으며, 이에 대응하기 위해 다양한 기후변화 적응대책이 요구됨을 의미한다.c

As occurrence of gradually increasing extreme temperature events in Jeju Island, a hybrid downscaling technique that simultaneously applies by dynamical method and statistical method has implemented on design rainfall in order to reduce flood damages from severe storms and typhoons.As a result of computation, Case 1 shows a strong tendency to excessively compute rainfall, which is continuously increasing. While Case 2 showed similar trend as Case 1, low design rainfall has computed by rainfall in A1B scenario. Based on the design rainfall computation method mainly used in Preventive Disaster System through Pre-disaster Effect Examination System and Basic Plan for River of Jeju Island which are considering climatic change for selecting 50-year and 100-year frequencies. Case 3 selecting for Jeju rain gage station and Case 1 for Seogwipo rain gage station. The results were different for each rain gage station because of difference in rainfall characteristics according to recent climatic change, and the risk of currently known design rainfall can be increased in near future.

Centennial- to millennial-scale climate change since the last glacial needs to be revealed to improve the overall predictability of future environmental change. Special attention has been paid to short-term climate oscillations because they usually occurred rapidly enough to cause noticeable change in the average expected lifespan of human. Recently, short-term climate change during the late last glacial was successfully reconstructed from Hanon maar paleolake in Jeju island. In this study, centennial- to millennial-scale climate signals transferred via atmospheric teleconnection were detected for the first time in South Korea. Possible future presence of abrupt climate shifts such as Younger Dryas or 8.2 ka event would not seriously influence the Korean peninsula, especially not Jeju island, due to the Kuroshio warm currents. The study of climate variabilities in Korea could provide essential paleoclimatic information for the entire East Asian monsoon region since the climate of the Korean peninsula is driven significantly by coupled land-atmosphere-ocean dynamics.

The necessity of climate change adaptation has steadily increased due to the increasing meteorological disasters. The authority supports the vulnerability assessment tools for tuning the local governments’ countermeasure. However, the results by the vulnerability assessment tools have not been clear enough. The current study aims to collect and analyse a variety of raw data for proving the unclear assessments. The paper identifies climate change-vulnerable areas by overlapping the modified results and pervious results. The climate change-vulnerable areas included the regions having high impacts on meteorological disasters. In a nutshell, the paper contributes to the identification of the vulnerable areas for the local government’s planning the provision against climate change. The local governments are obliged to establish the climate change action plan by 2015. The results of the current paper would help providing reliable data and planning the countermeasure against climate change. Korea is exposed to the climate change vulnerability such as increasing elderly population, high density of urban areas. In order to respond the climate change vulnerability efficiently, this study potentially suggests a primary research method for resolving the climate change vulnerability.

본 연구에서는 황룡강 유역에 유역모델 HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program - Fortran)를 적용하여 기후변화에 따른 오염부하 유출 변화량을 분석하였다. 황룡강 유역을 7개 소유역으로 분할하고 2011년에 관측된 유량, SS, BOD, TN, TP 농도자료를 이용하여 모델 보정 및 검정을 실시하였다. 기후변화에 따른 황룡강 유역의 환경변화를 예측하기 위해 RCP 4.5와 8.5 시나리오를 이용하였으며, 과거 기간 동안의 강우와 기온에 대한 모의치와 관측치간 월별 평균을 비교하여 미래 기상 자료에 대한 편의보정을 수행하였다. 기후변화 시나리오의 기상 자료 분석 결과, 21세기 전반기와 비교하여 중, 후반기에 상대적으로 많은 연강수량과 연평균기온을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 기후변화에 따른 황룡강 유역에서의 오염물질 유출량 분석 결과, RCP 4.5 시나리오에서는 2020년대 대비 2080년대에 평균 연간 강우, BOD, TN, TP 유출량이 각각 47%, 24%, 21%, 27% 증가율을 보여 21세기 후반기로 갈수록 연간 오염부하 유출량이 전반적으로 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. RCP 8.5 시나리오에서는 2020년대 대비 2050년대에 평균 연간 강우, BOD, TN, TP 유출량이 각각 34%, 20%, 20%, 21% 증가율을 보이며 21세기 중반기에 연간 오염부하 유출량이 상대적으로 가장 많이 증가할 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 연강수량 변화와 동일한 패턴의 변화로서 기후변화에 따른 강우량 변화가 오염물질 유출량에 그대로 반영된 결과를 보여준다. 한편, 월별 오염물질 유출량은 RCP 4.5에서는 9월에, RCP 8.5에서는 2월에 상대적으로 크게 증가할 것으로 분석되었다.

The impacts of climate change and land use change are still causing changes in natural patterns as increase of temperature, rainfall intensity, and frequency of rainfall. Also, urbanization is well known to impact hydrology of basins because of its creation of impervious surfaces. This study has been investigated developing method being able to estimate changes of hydrological properties and assessing these changes on each city. For this study, it used three land use scenarios in 1975, 1990, and 2009 for considering impervious changes and future climate change scenario based on RCP 8.5 for impacts of climate change. Three clusters by k-means clustering method were formed by variables shown high correlations from results of Spearman’s order-rank method and Kendall Tau for various variables as rate of each land cover over area of each subwatershed on 145 subwatersheds in Nakdong River, difference of rate of land cover area and CN (Curve Number) between scenarios based on scenario in 1975, and rate of hydrological properties like rate of evaporation, surface runoff, and groundwater. An assessment method using the results from correlation and cluster analysis was developed for deriving the weighted index in accordance with sensitive degree of hydrological property and increase of impervious area. The assessment method for sensitive city applied principal component analysis (PCA) method. Results show that Daegu is greatly sensitive on impacts of hydrological property and increase of impervious area. Consequently, linear regression equations on Daegu are derived by analysis of hydrologic response unit. Urbanization appeared to increase of surface runoff and decrease of evaporation and groundwater in accordance with change of land uses, also the results are considerably important and useful in case of development and design of city.

Present day, 1.1 billion people face the lack of water; 1.3 billion people cannot access modern energy and 1.02 billion people are still starving. Meanwhile, the number of human population keeps increasing and this will induce the water, energy, and food scarcity in the future even worse. Increasing the stock or finding new alternative resources of water, energy and food individually is the most practical way to avoid the scarcity. Behind this improvement, it must be realized that these resources are connected each other. Water needs energy to be treated and distributed; in opposite way energy production requires water for cooling system or as the sources in hydropower plant. Food is in needed water and energy for growing, producing and delivering. Food can also become new energy source from biofuel but the food intensification will deteriorate water quality. Therefore, the integrated development and management, known as Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus, is needed to reach the balance and optimal development. Fulfilling the human need faces another challenge when the climate change influences the availability of these resources. Many researchers report that climate change causes increase in the earth temperature alters the rainfall pattern and magnitude which affect the safe water availability. Further, it can affect the food and energy production. Taking an inappropriate use of water, energy and food will threaten the amount of resources itself. As it is a complex and complicated interconnection, it is difficult to determine the appropriate uses solely based on human judgment. Many researchers have developed computer models to simulate the correlation between each element and aid the decision maker. Due to its complexity, most of models only focus on one or two elements such as water-energy or water-food and put other element as the secondary parameter. This study provides overview of the WEF Nexus and inter-connections among the three elements. Furthermore, we will envision a development of an evaluation model that can simulate and optimize the use of water, energy and food efficiently under the climate change condition. If succeed, this model could be a decision support system for government or stakeholder to implement a regulation related to efficient use of water, energy and food.

Future climate change is expected to raise the mean sea level of Korea by about 0.85m-1.29m. Consequently, flood damage in the coastal area would likewise increase and the scale of damage would also become much larger. Various researches have been conducted to efficiently respond to natural disasters caused by climate change. However, there haven’t been many researches related to the analysis and evaluation of coastal area flood vulnerability caused by the rise in sea level. Hence, this study selected Gilsan River basin, a branch of Geum River as the subject matter and tried to evaluate the effect of sea level rise caused by climate change on the coastal area and adjacent rivers. This study also calculated the change in water quantity in the coastal area by considering the sea level rise as well as the future precipitation according to climate change. It also prepared/compared the relevant flood inundation map. The study result showed that the overall flood level increased as the elevation of the water surface rose due to the rise in sea level. In addition, the extent of increase in flood level caused by sea level rise was greater at a location nearer the outlet and it was smaller at a place farther from the outlet. Based on this result, it could be verified that in coastal rivers, climate change can have an effect not only on the precipitation increase but also on the flood water level and flood inundation due to the rise in sea level. The result of this study could be used as basic data for creating technology that would assess the flood vulnerability of coastal urban regions and evaluate preventive measures for coastal disaster risks.

According to a recent analysis of NASA, the year 2014 now ranks as the warmest on record since 1880. Africa is widely held to be highly vulnerable to future climate change related hazards, and Ethiopia is often cited as one of the most extreme examples. The country’s economy is highly exposed to climate variability and extremes and the nature of agriculture, primarily rain-fed is sensitive to fluctuations in rainfall, which forms the basis of the economy supporting roughly 42% GDP and 85% employment. Wahlström M (2009) reported that over the last two decades (1988-2007), 76% of all disaster events were hydrological, meteorological or climatological in nature. In this review, a great concern is given for extreme conditions (flood and drought) particularly climate change related hazards and tries to look at the challenges, mitigation and policies. Climate change, drought and flood will continue to be a primary concern for many Ethiopian and even agricultural production and water supplies will become more severely diminished. Starting from 1970-1996 droughts and the resulting food shortage have affected millions and cause for the death of a significant number of people and in 2009 Ethiopia has experienced a delay in the main rainy season, particularly in northeastern areas, resulting in 50-70 % of agricultural land being sown for cropping. Ethiopia has also experienced a major flood in 1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 2006 and climate change, including extreme events like drought and flood affected areas will likely become more widely spread. Recently, flash floods affected big cities, including Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa (death of 300 people) and result in considerable damage to lives, livelihoods and property. Despite the hugely damaging effect that natural and man-made disasters have on Ethiopia’s economic development, little is done to prevent them. There are significant challenges to reduce climate change related hazards, but linking of climate change adaptation with disaster risk reduction and effective strategies to prevent hazards from becoming disasters and managing those disasters that do occur would make a lasting contribution to the quality of life and sustainable livelihoods. Several factors contribute to Ethiopia’s high vulnerability to disasters, but here the authors will focus on institutional frameworks and policy. There are several NGO and governmental climate change actors in Ethiopia. The country’s National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (NPDPM) was prepared in 1993. Ethiopia has also ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and under the mechanism, a National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) was produced in 2001 with an ambition to identify ‘immediate and urgent’ adaptation activities that address current and anticipated adverse effects of climate change and extreme climate events. The Environmental policy of Ethiopia indicates that environmental sustainability to be recognized in policies and strategies as a key prerequisite. In line with this the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was established and mainly assumes a regulatory role and coordinates various activities and included policy on climate change and pollution, particularly on promoting climate monitoring programs as the country is sensitive to changes in climate, identifying a firm and demonstrable commitment to the principle of containing climate change and fostering to use hydro, geothermal and solar energy to minimize an emission of greenhouse gases.

최근 극심한 기후변화로 인하여 재해기상 현상의 발생 빈도와 강도가 증가하고 있다. 우리나라의 자연재해 피해는 대부분 극한 강수 현상과 연관되어 있기 때문에 미래 재해 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 기후변화로 인한 극한 강수 현상의 변화를 정확히 예측해야 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 지역기후모델을 이용하여 생산한 한반도 상세 기후변화 시나리오의 미래 극한 강수 지수 변화를 분석하였다. 5개의 지역기후모델로 생산한 현재 25년 실험값과 RCP8.5 기후변화 시나리오 기반의 미래 25년 실험값을 비교해 STARDEX 극한 강수 지수의 변화를 산출하였다. 지역기후모델이 모의한 격자 강수값을 230개 시군구 단위로 2중 선형 내삽한 후, 각 단위의 STARDEX 극한 강수 지수를 계산하였다. 그 결과 기상청 HadGEM3-RA 모델을 제외한 4개의 지역기후모델이 남한지역의 미래 극한 강수가 현재보다 증가한다고 예측하였는데, 특히 한반도 남부 지역에서 증가폭이 크게 나타났다. 또한 중부 지방의 가뭄지속기간이 현재보다 더욱 길어질 것으로 모의되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 산출된 미래 극한 강수 지수의 변화가 남부 지방의 집중 호우와 중부 지방의 가뭄과 같은 풍수해 대책 수립에 중요한 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

최근 증가하는 강우강도와 강우량으로 인해 건설된 지 수십년이 지난 소규모 농업용 저류지는 과거 건설당시의 설계빈도와 비교하여 현재의 기준과 비교하면 안정성이 확연히 낮아지고 있다. 이러한 노후되고 안정성에 문제가 있는 전국의 약 17,531여개의 소규모 농업용 댐과 저수지는 현재의 강화된 설계기준으로 재검토가 필요하며, 치수능력의 증대방안으로 여수로 및 수문을 보강할 필요가 있다. 최근들어 발생하는 저수지의 붕괴사고가 이러한 노후된 저수지의 안전성을 평가하고 저수지의 치수능력을 증대시켜야 할 필요성을 강조하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소규모 농업용 저수지유역의 강우분석을 실시하여 200년 빈도의 120%증대된 기준으로 현재의 저수지의 안전성을 평가하여 부족한 치수능력을 증대시키기 위한 저수지 증고, 여수로 증설 및 수문 설치방안 등을 검토하였다. 이러한 치수능력을 증대하여 기존의 저수지의 안정성을 확보하고 하류지역의 홍수에 대한 안정성을 확보 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 기준으로 농업용 저수지의 치수능력을 평가하여 전국에 산재된 수많은 농업용 저수지의 치수능력을 증대함으로 인해 지방하천, 대하천 유역의 홍수저감 효과를 증대시키고 저수지 하류의 안전을 확보하고자 한다.