한국기업이 중국에 진출하면서 많은 성과를 내고 있지만, 중국근로자들의 몰입을 이끌어내는 인사관리는 여전 히 과제로 남아 있다. 조직몰입에 관한 연구는 많지만 다국적기업의 근로자들을 비교적 관점에서 연구할 필요에 대해서도 최근 문제제기가 되고 있다. 이에 본연구는 조직공정성과 개인-조직 적합성이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향에 대해 재중 한국계기업과 중국민영기업을 대상으로 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 조직공정성은 조직 몰입에 유의한 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 개인-조직 적합성이 조직몰입에 미치는 정(+)적인 영향이 유의한 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 기업의 속성(재중한국기업 vs. 중국 민 영기업)은 조직몰입에 차별적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 먼저, 재중 한국기업과 중국 민영기업 근로자들의 조직몰입 수준에는 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 기업의 속성은 조직공정성과 조직몰입의 관계 및 조직적합성과 조직몰입의 관계를 조절하였다. 구체적으로 조직공정성과 개인-조직 적합성이 조직몰입에 미치는 효과는 중국 민영기업에서보다 재중 한국기업에서 더 미약한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 중국에 진출한 한 국기업들에서 근무하는 현지 중국인들의 경우 조직공정성의 이슈와 개인-적합성에 대한 민감도가 떨어진다는 점 을 나타내지만, 이러한 결과가 조직에 대한 기본적인 신뢰와 믿음이 부족한데서 기인할 수 있다는 점에서 재중 한국기업에서의 기본적인 신뢰관계 형성에 더 많은 노력을 기울여야 한다는 시사점을 주기도 한다.

중ㆍ한 문화교류는 이미 오랫동안 발전한 역사를 가지고 있으며 미래에도 계속 발전할 것이다. 더욱 인터넷 매체의 발전과 폭넓은 응용은 중ㆍ한 문화 교류에 새로운 특징을 드러내고 있다. 그리고 이러한 변화는 새로운 도전을 직면하고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 중ㆍ한 문화교류의 필요성과 함께 현황ㆍ 내용ㆍ형식 그리고 인터넷 매체에 의한 중ㆍ한 문화교류의 새로운 특징과 새로운 도전을 분석하였다. 예를 들면, 인터넷 매체에 의한 중ㆍ한 문화교류의 구체적인 경로를 제시하였다. 이는 중ㆍ한 문화교류의 장기적 발전을 위하며 아울러 이론적 기초를 수립하고자 함이다.

신흥시장 다국적 기업의 국제 인수합병에 대한 참여와 관심이 증대되는 가운데, 본 연구는 2000년부터 2014년까지의 기간 동안 중국과 인도의 다국적 기업들이 완료한 433건의 인수합병 거래를 대상으로 상대적 크기, 문화적 거리, 제도적 거리가 인수합병 성과에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 상대적 크기는 인도 기업의 인수합병 성과에 U자형의 비선형적 영향을 미쳤으나, 문화적 거리와 제도적 거리는 인도 기업의 성과에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면, 중국 기업 인수 합병 성과의 경우, 상대적 크기에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 받지 않았으나, 문화적 거리와 제도적 거리에 각각 음(-)의 영향과 양(+)의 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the introduction of Smart Factory by domestic SMEs through AHP analysis and tried to provide implications for the introduction of Smart Factory. It was confirmed that the manufacturing and introduction group, the non-manufacturing introduction group, and the already introduced group had the highest weight in the cost reduction in the first hierarchy standard. At this time, it can be seen that the weight for cost reduction is relatively high in the manufacturing introduction group and the introduction group, and the weight for the productivity improvement is relatively high in the non-manufacturing introduction group. It can also be seen that the portion of marketing enhancement does not have a significant impact on smart factory choices. It was confirmed that image enhancement is the highest in the manufacturing introduction group and the non-manufacturing introduction group in the first hierarchy standard, and the marketing has the highest weight in the introduction group. In the two - tiered standard, customer - friendly and proper inventory maintenance weights were relatively high in all the introduced groups, except for the high rankings.

Looking at recent safety accidents in buildings, most of them due to lack of FM expertise, and this is due to human resources. In each all industry areas, some companies are competitive, representational, and leading in the market through long-term expertise and research in their respective fields. In the field of FM industry, some companies offer core-competencies in internal and external innovative building management through competition with others. However, old custom and old management form still exist in the FM field. However, an old custom and old management system still exist in the FM field; it forces cost-cutting and caused by carelessness in technical development competitiveness and safety measures. The government control by safety inspection and facility inspection through legislation of building management, but the management is still weak as a side of in the facility management section due to inspect sth as a mere formality and submit a paper report. These facts exist different kind of usage of the building have a three-party encounter between a building owner, user, and FM enterprises. In this research identify survey, especially building owner (manager)’s choice perception priority for optional factors to choose FM enterprises. Based on this, FM enterprises will be forced to seek a new dimension for better building management. In this light, the purpose of the research is to shape changes in the FM market culture safely and providing better service in building management and understanding building owner's insight through this research's information.

This study is to develop a diagnostic model for the effective introduction of smart factories in the manufacturing industry, to diagnose SMEs that have difficulties in building their own smart factory compared to large enterprise, to identify the current level and to present directions for implementation. IT, AT, and OT experts diagnosed 18 SMEs using the "Smart Factory Capacity Diagnosis Tool" developed for smart factory level assessment of companies. They analyzed the results and assessed the level by smart factory diagnosis categories. Companies' smart factory diagnostic mean score is 322 out of 1000 points, between 1 level (check) and 2 level (monitoring). According to diagnosis category, Factory Field Basic, R&D, Production/Logistics/Quality Control, Supply Chain Management and Reference Information Standardization are high but Strategy, Facility Automation, Equipment Control, Data/Information System and Effect Analysis are low. There was little difference in smart factory level depending on whether IT system was built or not. Also, Companies with large sales amount were not necessarily advantageous to smart factories. This study will help SMEs who are interested in smart factory. In order to build smart factory, it is necessary to analyze the market trends, SW/ICT and establish a smart factory strategy suitable for the company considering the characteristics of industry and business environment.

본 연구는 2011년과 2013년 중소기업기술통계 조사에 응답한 4,000개 기업 중 본사가 부산에 소재한 중소기업(5인 이상 300인 미만) 481개사를 대상으로 기업의 혁신전략에 따른 민간 연구개발 투자에 미치는 영향요인을 살펴보았다. 기업의 혁신전략과 관련해서는 R&D 포트폴리오, 연구개발조직 및 인력, 조직의 혁신전략 방향 설정자로서의 CEO 역할을 독립변수로 제시하였다. 또한, 산업을 제조업 기술수준별 4개 그룹과 지식서비스업 등 총 5개로 구분하고, 종속변수 민간 연구개발 투자비에 대한 영향을 선형 회귀 분석하였다. 이에 따른 분석 결과는 기업의 혁신전략 중 복합적인 R&D포트폴리오, 체계적인 연구조직 보유, 연구인력 증가는 모두 민간 연구개발비 투자에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 이를 산업별로 구분 하여 분석하여도 연구개발 조직과 연구인력 보유가 유의미한 영향요인으로 나타났다. 위의 결과를 살펴볼 때, 지역 중소기업의 민간 연구개발투자를 활성화하기 위해서는 다양한 R&D 포트폴리오를 갖추고 체계적인 연구개발 조직과 충분한 연구인력을 확보한 기업을 중심으로 R&D 투자가 확대할 수 있도록 산업별 특성을 고려한 정책 지원이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

In recent years, the foreign direct investment (FDI) of Republic of Korean enterprises in China’s Shaanxi province has increased rapidly, which drives the trade growth between Shaanxi and Republic of Korea and makes South Korea the largest trading partner of Shaanxi province. There are many researches on this economic phenomenon, but few people focus on the promotion of Republic of Korean direct investment on Korean Language talent education in colleges and universities in this region. This study takes Shaanxi Baoji University of Arts and Sciences as the case, adopts case analysis method, and points out the promotion effect of direct investment of Republic of Korean enterprises (FDI) on the education of Korean language talents in colleges and universities through the research on the development of second foreign language teaching, international exchange, faculty reserve and foreign student education in this university. At the same time, combined with the theoretical basis of linguistic economics and research results, this paper reveals the internal mechanism of FDI and language talent education, which has certain practical guiding significance to the policy makers for the language policy making and to the language learners for promoting their learning motivations.

본 연구는 특허출원이 기업 성과에 영향을 미친다는 가정 하에 중소중견 기업을 위한 산업별 맞춤형 특허 활동성 제고 전략 5가지를 제안함으로서 향후 중소 중견기업의 특허활동 성과 제고에 기여하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 특허 활동이 활발한 25개 산업을 대상으로 2010년부터 5년간의 특허 활동성 통계자료와 2014년도 기준 기업성과 통계자료를 활용하였다. 연구절차는 DEA-BCC 효율성 분석과 특허 활동성 분석, 그리고 특허 포트폴리오 분석을 각각 실시한 후, 이를 종합한 특허 활동성 제고 전략을 제안하는 순으로 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 특허 활동성이 높고 IRS(규모 수익체증)형태를 보인 5개 산업의 경우, 특허 효율성이 높은 산업으로서 기업성과 향상에 실질적인 도움이 되고 있음을 확인하였다, 반면, 특허 활동성은 높으나 규모수익 이 IRS(규모수익체중)/DRS(규모수익체감)형태로 나타난 12개 산업을 비롯, 특허 활동성도 낮고 규모수익이 DRS(규모수익체감)형태, CRS/IRS 혼합형태, 그리고 IRS 형태 로 나타난 8개 산업 모두, 산업별 특성에 따라 특허 효율성도 다양한 형태로 나타날 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are being faced with rapid changes in their business environments due to evolution of technologies and innovation in societal eco-systems. Particularly, dynamic interactions between such environments and enterprise activities have become significant, so technology planning, which is a process of identifying appropriate directions regarding product and technology development, has received much attention to cope with such dynamics proactively. However, SMEs typically have limits in performing independent, strategical and systematical technology planning activities due to the lack of human, material and financial resources. This paper proposes the development of a product roadmapping method so that SMEs carry out efficient technology planning activities with interconnections of external business environments. The present work provides product roadmap templates that directly accommodate the influence of business environments on the product’s system and its associated super/sub-systems with the use of external environment analysis techniques including TRIZ methodology, PEST and 5Forces analysis. These templates are useful to efficiently forecast the directions of product’s development and evolution, which arise from changes in external environments. Consequently, the present work enables SMEs to flexibly cope with the era of the next R&D generation, which pursues value creation through mutual interconnection between business environments and technology development.

선행연구에 따르면, 기업의 국제화를 위한 중요한 요인은 입지 전략 요인이다. 본 논문의 목적은 다중 사례 연구를 통해 신흥시장 다국적 기업이 선진국으로 국제화를 고려할 때 사용하는 입지 전략 패턴을 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위해 다중 사례 연구 결과, 입지 결정 요인에서 신흥시장 다국적 기업이 선진국 다국적 기업과 비교할 때 다양한 지역 기반 투자 동기에 주로 집중하는 경향이 있음을 확인하였다. 즉, 신흥시장 다국적 기업이 선진국으로 국제화를 진행할 때 입지 고려 과정 중 전략적 자산 추구 동기에 의해 좌우되는 것으로 보인다. 또한, 기존 외국 기업의 투자와 지리적 통합을 적절히 형성한 지역 특성은 신흥시장 다국적 기업이 해외 진출을 고려할 때 주요하게 영향을 받는 요소이다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 본 논문에서는 신흥시장 다국적 기업이 국제화 과정에서 고유한 입지 기반 우위를 찾기 위한 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있는 입지 기반 전략 개발의 이론적 체계를 위한 시사점을 제공하였다.

본 연구에서는 정태적 패널모형 중 고정효과모형을 활용하여 지역 내 총생산액 대비 국유기업 생산 비중이 지역경제 성장에 주는 영향을 분석하였다. 기존 연구에 의하면 중국의 국유기업은 지속적인 개혁에도 불구하고 비효율적인 운영과 생산수준을 보이고 있으나, 지역별 개발정책에 따라 지역경제에 주는 영향은 상이할 것으로 생각된다. 이에 지역을 4대와 8대 권역으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 4대 권역에서는 동부지역만 국유기업의 생산비중과 지역경제 성장 간, 음(-)의 관계를 보였고, 동북부 및 중부, 서부에서는 양(+)의 관계로 나타났다. 8대 권역별 분석에서는 동부연해, 북부연해, 서남지역에서 국유기업 생산비중이 커질수록 지역경제 성장에 음(-)의 영향을 주고, 동북, 황하중류, 장강중류, 서북, 남부연해에서는 양(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 다만, 남부연해지역은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다.

Introduction In the modern society, online shopping has been expanding and become part of people's lives. With the development of online shopping, people's online shopping awareness have increased. In the purchase process, people focus on the information, especially online evaluation. Online shopping population is becoming more aware of the negative online evaluation, businesses are more and more attention to the negative comments, but sellers lack strategies and methods to deal with negative evaluation, and the reply function offered by site are rarely used. Compared with traditional Mouth Marketing, Internet Word of Mouth Marketing(eWOM) has such characteristics as anonymity, non confrontation, wide spread and fast spread. However, it is difficult to imagine the impact of all the internet word-of-mouth information on the consumer's willingness to buy. They need to criticize and screen the information before they are used because of the large amount of information that consumers have come into contact with. Online product evaluation (abbreviated evaluation) is a kind of internet word-of-mouth. As a new means and platform for network communication, it has its own unique characteristics. With the rapid development of electronic commerce in China, the content of evaluation has become an important basis for the purchase decision of Internet consumers. In the field of marketing, Gao Xiang finds that consumers usually think that negative information is more judgmental value than positive information, so they will rely more on the negative information when buying decisions. Therefore, it is of great significance to the research of negative online evaluation. In the field of marketing, Gao Xiang found that consumers generally think that negative information is more judgmental than positive information, so they rely more on negative information for decision making in purchasing. Therefore, the research of negative online evaluation is significance. Whether the business can deal with negative evaluation effectively becomes the key to success in sales volume. Burnkrant and Consineau believes that the herd effect is the process of psychological change that people consciously and unconsciously take the opinions of the majority as the criterion to make judgments and make impressions. Group characteristics, such as scale, and the proportion of others' opinions, will affect the herd effect. The current research shows that the more people hold the same view, more people will agree with this view. In other words, the individual will be affected by the majority of the group's opinions. Businesses reply with negative evaluations in various ways as a result of the negative impact of negative reviews. It takes the C2C's largest platform, Taobao, as an example. Some seller cooperate with illegal companies to harass buyers who do not modify the review, and coerce buyers to modify the evaluation. This kind of problem has been a hot issue in society for some time. At the same time, the C2C network platform provides a function that the seller can respond to the buyer's evaluation. But few seller use it. Theoretical Development Businesses reply with negative evaluations in various ways as a result of the negative impact of negative reviews. It takes the C2C's largest platform, Taobao, as an example. Some seller cooperate with illegal companies to harass buyers who do not modify the review, and coerce buyers to modify the evaluation. This kind of problem has been a hot issue in society for some time. At the same time, the C2C network platform provides a function that the seller can respond to the buyer's evaluation. But few seller use it. This study further deepens the related research on the negative evaluation of the network. More attention has been paid to the negative evaluation itself and the analysis of its content, publisher characteristics and evaluation results. There are few studies on how to respond to negative evaluations and to use the business response function of a website. This paper studies the relationship between the response of the merchant to the negative online reviews and the customer's purchase intention and the internal influence mechanism, and deepens the previous research. At the same time, it provides some inspiration for the follow-up internet word-of-mouth research. This study also enriches the related research on consumer perceived risk. Previous studies have shown that consumers' purchase behavior and willingness to purchase will be affected by perceived risk. And communication with the seller can reduce perceived risk to a certain extent. Research Design Based on the above background, this paper make a study about the sellers’ reply of negative evaluation and potential purchasing intention. Based on the online reviews of consumer perception of risk, the basis of relevant literature consumer consumption and purchase willingness, combined with consumer behavior theory, service recovery theory, empathy theory and attribution theory, build research model in this paper. On this basis, this paper collected and analyzed the data through literature research, experimental scenarios, questionnaires and statistical analysis, and verify hypothesis based on data analysis. Results and Conclusion Through data analysis, the main conclusions are as follows: The reply to the negative comments can affect consumers' perceived risk and purchasing intention; consumers' perceived risk plays an intermediate role between the reply to the negative and purchasing intention. Product type plays a regulating role between the way of reply and consumers' perceived risk. For Search goods, external and internal attribution explanatory reply made no significant difference in affecting consumer consumers' perceived risk. Perceived risk under external attribution is lower than under the internal attribution. On the basis of research, this paper put forward online communication strategies for C2C business and help sellers do business better.

In this study, a correlation between execution of quality management activities and their results was verified by applying the Malcolm Baldrige model (hereafter referred to as the MB model) as a quality management performance measurement indicator for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Korea. To achieve this goal, we need to determine whether the categorical requirements in the MB model are recognized consistently in SMEs, as a prerequisite. To this end, factor analysis was conducted for measurement variables in each category, which revealed that the process indicator was made up of six factors and the outcome indicator was made up of five factors, like those configured in the MB model. This result can be interpreted to mean that the requirements in each category of the MB model were well produced and recognized consistently throughout SMEs in South Korea. In addition, the analysis of causality between the process indicator (quality management activities) and the outcome indicator (management results) showed high causality between them. Although the quality management levels of SMEs in South Korea are inferior to those of conglomerates or other national quality award-winning companies, this study is significant in that the causality between quality management activities and results was verified, since this study targeted SMEs in South Korea as the target of investigation. Thus, it is empirically proven that the MB model can contribute to improved management results for SMEs in Korea.

As the competitiveness of SMEs (small and medium enterprises) is getting more and more improved and globalized, the government provides various consulting services to secure the competitiveness of small and medium firms and support stable growth. However, the assessment of the result from the government’s support is generally focused on non-financial factors, such as customer satisfaction and analysis of improvement effect. This paper is in regards to the statistical analysis of how much the government’s support in the form of providing consulting services contributes to financial outcomes in terms of profitability and growth. ROA (return on asset) and ROS (return on sales), which are investment profitability and sales profitability respectively, are chosen as an indicator of profitability. For analysis of growth, sales revenue and total asset growth are used. The samples are 44 corporations which are supported by government, and 150 corporations which are selected for comparison, with corporate growth support center program by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy chosen as the consulting model. After gathering the yearly balance sheets and income statements of the samples from CRETOP, Korea Enterprise Data, the analysis is conducted in the way of identifying the statistical significance of financial difference in the same period between corporates taking consulting services and corporates which have not, and the difference of financial outcomes from the corporates taking consulting services before and after consulting services. As a result, in terms of business growth, it is turned out to have positive difference both in growth ratio and profitability compared to the compared corporations at the significant level. Therefore, it is obvious that the consulting program which government provides to SMEs have direct influence practically to the corporates’ management performance.

Competitiveness of small and medium companies often rely on the competency of their employees. Many employees however try to move to better environments if possible, which results in high uncertainty in maintaining solid human resources. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influencing factors of turnover intention and organizational loyalty of the early experienced, especially three to five years experienced, employees in the small and medium enterprises. A survey had been conducted using both LMX (Leader Member eXchange) and TMX (Team Member eXchange) as an effort to test the impact of strategic human resource management factors on turnover intension and organizational loyalty. It has been observed that the level of LMX is critical on the turnover intension, while the levels of LMX and TMX are positively related to the organizational loyalty. Especially significant mediation effect affects on the organizational loyalty for TMX via LMX in the serial structure. The human resource management factors become effective under the circumstances where leader and team members exchange activities are activated. These findings can be used in reducing turnover intention and increasing organizational loyalty of early experienced employees by enhancing the leadership training of middle level managers of the small and medium enterprises organizations. Besides, a set of active communication channels should be provided for the young employees so that they can share their work experiences and difficulties within the organization. The key results of this study may help the practitioners set up a management plan to maintain a low turnover rate for their organizations.

This paper was to evaluate social enterprises’ management efficiency with Data Envelope Analysis (DEA). The data was based on the 168 social enterprises’ of annual performance reports published in 2015. The research focused on to measure both financial efficiency and social impact of the companies simultaneously. To apply DEA, the paper classified the enterprises into seven types based on types of socal impacts which each company provides before the estimation of the efficiency. The research results showed that group D, which employes disadvantaged people, provides social services and shares resources was the most efficient group and had higest net worths in Pure Technical Efficiency. In contrast, Group B, which only employs social advantage people and provides social service, was the least efficient one. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. Because the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency does not open business reports which social enterprises submit each year, there are basic limitations on researchers attempting to analyse with data from all social enterprises in Korea. Thus, this study dealt with only 10% of the social enterprises which self-published their performance report on the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency’s web site. Regardless of these limitations, this study suggested substantial methods to estimate management efficiency with the self-published reports. Because self-publishing is increasing each year, it will be the main source of information for researchers in examining and evaluating social enterprises’ financial performance or social contribution. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. The research results suggest not only list of efficient enterprises but also methods of improvement for less efficient enterprises.

Currently, Korea is actually increasing and increasing demand for leisure such as parts for A/S of automobile parts of the car, as well as trends in borrowing and finished parts are also required a steady increase in automobile traffic daetsu. There is one car and want to be driving a car A/S parts supplier smoothly for many years and that it is often the case if it is not supplied in a timely fashion, it is a reality that many eonseong hear from customers. These symptoms can be confirmed that the logistics systems of a system of selling auto parts supplier but above all a problem for several reasons, which will be considered as areas for improvement should be done urgently. Enterprises internally cooperation automotive supplier, but the need to get out to re-examine urgently complemented by the logistics system of systems to allow better respond to complex environmental changes of our customers grow, and now also the proliferation of small ship-run screen and Darvin , there is increasing distribution and logistics services, including logistics costs as a lack of work force that the company is itgetda can be called by the reality that the chances of getting a lot of jeyakreul own growth. Given this situation, the procurement of logistics enterprises. In-house logistics. Classified as sales logistics examined the long-term improvement of logistics distribution networks based on this part to derive into the problems of logistics and parts distribution system of Korean auto parts dealer.

Smart Manufacturing Factory is a paradigm of the future lead to the fourth industrial revolution that led Germany and the United States. Now the automation of the production facility and won a certain degree, and through the process of integrating the entire process, including planning, design, distribution of information and communication technology products in emerging as a core competitiveness of the national economy. In particular, the company accelerated the smart factory building in order to improve the manufacturing industry, cost savings and productivity simply to incorporate internet of things(IoT),Robot, artificial intelligence, big data technology as a factory automation level of sophistication of the system and out to progress to the level that replaces human labor have. In this we should look at the trend of promoting domestic and foreign factories want to present these smart strategies for Korea.