Background: The muscles associated with tension-type headache (TTH) are connected to the scalp fascia, which is firmly attached to the superciliary ridge of the frontal bone. However, there is a paucity of data on treatments for TTH that directly target the scalp fasciae. Objectives: We aimed to validate a new manual therapy to treat TTH by applying myofascial relaxation techniques to the scalp and to examine the changes in quality of life and headache characteristics after treatment. Design: pretest-posttest control group design study. Methods: Total 24 participants with TTH (10 males, 14 females) participated in the study. Manual therapy group (MT) received standard manual therapy and scalp myofascial release technique group (SMT) received scalp myofascial release technique twice per week for 4 weeks. Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Headache Impact Test (HIT) for quality of life, headache frequency, duration, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for intensity were assessed at the pre- and post-treatment. Results: There was a significant improvement within groups in headache frequency (MT P<.05, SMT P<.001), duration (MT P<.05, SMT P<.01), VAS (MT P<.01, SMT P<.001), HIT (MT P<.001, SMT P<.001), and BPI (MT P<.001, SMT P<.001) between the pre- and post-treatment. Group differences were significant for headache duration (P=.027), but the others were not. MT and SMT reduced the impact of headaches on daily life. Also Headache frequency, duration, intensity, and BPI were improved. Conclusion: MT and SMT reduced the impact of headaches on daily life. Also Headache frequency, duration, intensity, and BPI were improved. It has been suggested that both MT and SMT can be used as a non-invasive treatment to treat the TTH, and to improve the quality of life.

Several countries, including Korea, are considering the direct disposal of spent nuclear fuels. The radiological safety assessment results published after a geological repository closure indicate that the instant release is the main radiation source rather than the congruent release. Three Safety Case reports recently published were reviewed and the IRF values of seven long-lived radionuclides, including relevant experimental results, were compared. According to the literature review, the IRF values of both the CANDU and low burnup PWR spent fuel have been experimentally measured and used reasonably. In particular, the IRF values of volatile long-lived nuclides, such as 129I and 135Cs, were estimated from the FGR value. Because experimental leaching data regarding high burnup spent nuclear fuels are extremely scarce, a mathematical modelling approach proposed by Johnson and McGinnes was successfully applied to the domestic high burnup PWR spent nuclear fuel to derive the IRF values of iodine and cesium. The best estimate of the IRF was 5.5% at a discharge burnup of 55 GWd tHM−1.

Attention has been paid to the source term released after Chernobyl and Three Mile Island (TMI), which were the representative accidents of nuclear power plants, and has been studied several times in order to predict and evaluate radiation source term, which can be released in the event of a virtual accident. In particular, the impact of the accident was assessed on the basis of Deterministic Safety Analysis (DSA) and after the WASH-1400, the technology of the Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) was introduced, supplementing safety by taking into account the existence of uncertainty. After the Fukushima accident, a SOARCA report was published to evaluate the specific classification of each type of accident, the realistic progress of the accident, and the leakage of radioactive materials. In this paper, the evaluation methodology and results of the source term of severe accident before and after the Fukushima accident were compared, and the evaluation methods applied to domestic nuclear power plants were compared. Prior to the Fukushima accident, the behavior of the accident and source term were evaluated for Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA), which led to design based accidents, Total Loss of Feed Water (TLOFW) followed by Station Blackout (SBO) the results were compared to Chernobyl and TMI based on the resulting data to evaluate safety and reliability. After the Fukushima accident, the Interfacing System Loss of Coolant Accident (ISLOCA) and the Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR), which is classified as containment’s bypass accident, were included for predictive assessment. This is due to the analysis that the risk of cancer and early mortality are affected. MACST facilities and strategies were added to domestic nuclear power plants, and accidents with a high core damage frequency were mainly interpreted. In addition, source term was evaluated with the addition of a Basement Melt-Through (BMT) accident that had not previously been considered as a focus. As a result of the comparison of source term evaluation, accidents can be caused by a number of unidentified problems, and Korea’s experience on Level 2 and 3 has not been accumulated, making it difficult to predict the results of source term evaluation or lack of reliability.

The Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Units 1, commercial reactors in South Korea, were permanently shut down due to the expiration of their design lifetime. Therefore, nuclear power plants that have been permanently shut down must be dismantled, and the site must be finally released after removing the remaining radionuclides. Domestic regulatory standards for site remediation should not exceed 0.1 mSv per year based on effective dose. In addition, it is necessary to calculate the preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Levels (DCGL) to prove that the conditions are met. Therefore, in this study, the input factor considering the geological characteristics of the site of Kori Unit 1 was investigated, and the preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Levels were calculated and compared with the results of previous studies. As a result of comparative analysis, 60Co, 134Cs, and 137Cs, which are gamma-ray emitting radionuclides, had similar values to DCGL of previous studies A and B. However, 63Ni, a beta-rayemitting nuclide, was 5.94×104 Bq·g−1 in this study and 8.47×101 Bq·g−1in previous study B, resulting in a difference of about 700 times. In addition, in the case of 90Sr, this study and previous study A were derived similarly, but this study was 5.34×101 Bq·g−1 and previous study B was 1.18×10−1 Bq·g−1, resulting in a difference of about 450 times. This difference is judged to be because, unlike this study using only the industrial worker scenario, in the case of previous study B, the resident farmer scenario was mixed and used, which considers the internal exposure caused by ingestion of food produced in the contaminated area. In this study, it was confirmed that DCGL according to the change of geological factors of the site did not have a significant effect on gamma-ray-emitting nuclides. However, it was confirmed that considering the intake of food affects the DCGL of beta-ray-emitting nuclides. Therefore, there is a need to conduct future studies applying intake input factors that meet domestic conditions.

Colloid-facilitated migration has been significantly concerned with the acceleration of the radionuclide mobility in the HLW repository. In the repository system, the compacted bentonite, which is the buffer material, could be the major source for colloid generation; hence, the understanding of colloid generation from the bentonite is the essential to expect the colloid-facilitated radionuclide migration. This study aimed to investigate the colloid generation using a bentonite-based micro-scale flow path system, which called microfluidics. In order to fabricate the microfluidics, direct milling method was applied to make a mold by computer numerical control. The fabricated mold applied to prepare the microfluidic chip by Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), in which the size of microchannel was designed to be one micrometer. Initially, sylgard 184 and curing agent mixed and stirred for 10 min, afterwards the bubbles in the paste was removed in the vacuum desiccator for 30 min. Then the paste was poured into the mold, and finally dried for 4 hours at 80°C in a dry oven. The compacted Ca-bentonite chip was prepared by the cold isostatic pressing (CIP) method with the dry density of 1.6 g·cm−3. The microfluidic chip and compacted bentonite chip were assembled by an acryl jig, the flow rate was adjusted by 20 mL syringe equipped syringe pump. The degree of colloid generation accompanied with the erosion of bentonite was gravimetrically examined after the experiment. The effect of the pH and ionic strength on the colloid formation was investigated through the particle size, stability and aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first examination for the colloid generation using microfluidics; these results would give information to understand the colloid formation from the compacted Ca-bentonite in the HLW repository system.

In KAERI, the nuclide management technology is currently being developed for the reduction of disposal area required for spent fuel management. Among the all fission products of interest, Cs, I, Kr, Tc are considered to be significantly removed by following mid-temperature and high-temperature treatment, however, a difficulty of spent-fuel thermal treatment experiment limits the development of such thermal treatment. In this study, we applied our previously developed two-stage diffusion release model coupled to UO2 oxidation model to the development of optima thermal treatment scenario. Since the formation of cesium pertechnetate should be avoided and the fission release behavior is considerably affected by the extent of oxygen, we obtained oxygen-content dependent model parameters for two-stage fission release model and applied the model to the evaluation of fission release behavior to different oxygen content and thermal treatment procedure. It was found that the developed fission release model closely describes the experimental behavior of fission product of interest, implying a validity of model prediction and the thermal treatment condition reducing the chemical reaction between cesium and technetium could be developed.

Barrier effect model developed by CRIEPI is used for the estimation of rate of radioactive material release from a transport cask submerged in the ocean. If the containment boundary of cask is broken in an accident during maritime transportation, the sea water comes into the cask cavity and the leaching of radioactive material occurs. If the release of radioactive material thorough the opening of the containment boundary of cask is less than the leaching rate of the radioactive material inside the cask, then the release rate is controlled by the saturation limit of the sea water inside the cask cavity. In this study, the release rate estimation using the barrier effect model is compared with the model used in other codes, such as MARINRAD. And by parameter study, important factors that affect the releaser rate are identified and prioritized. It is shown that the gap generated in the containment boundary is the key parameter that determine the release rate of the radioactive material and the leaching rate is the dominant parameter to determine the saturation time of the cavity sea water.

Plant-derived compounds have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory abilities contained inhibited β-hexosaminidase, ROS and NO release. Essential oils are natural volatile complex compounds that are characterized by a strong scent and produced by aromatic plants as various plant-derived compounds. The essential oil extracted from Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai (Z. coreanum) has various functional properties; however, little information is available regarding its anti-allergic inflammatory. A total of 17 compounds were detected in Z. coreanum oil, and the main component was estragole (50.86%). The tested Z. coreanum oil and estragole statistically inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase induced by antigen stimulation in RBL-2H3 cells. This Z. coreanum oil and estragole may stimulate the secretion of active oxygen (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) which are considered to involved in anti-inflammatory events. Moreover, it is suggested that Z. coreanum oil and estragole may negatively control the production of SNARE proteins (VAMP7) at the tran-scriptional and translational levels in common. These results demonstrate that Z. coreanum oil and its major component, estragole, possess potent anti-inflammatory abilities that are coupled with antioxidant properties.

In this study, a comparative dissolution experiment was conducted between an immediate-release and a controlled-release vitamin C tablet applied with a technology to control the dissolution of vitamin C to maintain the vitamin C level in the human body. In order to confirm the dissolution rate (%) of vitamin C tablets, HPLC determination was conducted based on the dissolution test methods in the ‘Korean Pharmacopoeia (No. 2020-88),’ ‘Guidelines on Specifications of Dissolution Tests for Oral dosage Forms,’ and ‘Standard and Specifications for Health Functional Foods (No. 2020-63)’ from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). In addition, the dissolution pattern between the immediate-release tablet and the controlled-release tablet was comparatively analyzed. The analysis result confirmed that the immediate-release vitamin C tablet was 100% dissolved after 45 minutes, while the controlled- release vitamin C tablet was 100% dissolved after 480 minutes (8 hours). Furthermore, the dissolution rate (%) at 60 minutes was slower than that of the immediate-release vitamin C tablet. Based on these results, this study confirmed that the dissolution rate (%) test and development of controlled-release tablets containing vitamin C as the main component a re possible.

Background: Individuals with calf muscle shortening may have decreased dynamic balance. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mobilization with movement (MWM) and myofascial release (MFR) on kinematic changes in dynamic balance in individuals with calf muscle shortening. Methods: Thirteen participants were randomly assigned to the MWM or the mobilization with movement added myofascial release (MWM-MFR) group. The MWM group received treatment with only MWM, whereas the MWM-MFR group was treated with MWM and MFR. Pre- and post-intervention passive range of motion (PROM), maximum reaching lengths, and modified star excursion balance test (MSEBT) results were compared for all participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed significant within-group differences in ankle PROM, but no significant between-group differences. The maximum reaching length in the MWM-MFR group in the posterolateral direction was significantly different before and after the intervention (p = 0.005). This group also showed significantly reduced ankle abduction in MSEBT during the posteromedial direction section 3 (p = 0.007) and posterolateral direction section 5 (p = 0.049) compared with the MWM group. Conclusion: Combined MWM and MFR intervention improves ankle stability in the coronal plane during the posteromedial and posterolateral forward mo

조건부 석방제도가 시행되면 헌법상 신체의 자유를 보장할 수 있고, 형사소송법상 이념인 불구속수사의 원칙과 무죄추정원칙을 준수하여 피의자의 방어권 보장의 충실을 기하게 될 것이다. 또한, 불구속 수사로 과밀수용 해소와 가족복지 촉진, 아동복지 촉 진, 여성복지 촉진, 의료복지, 교정복지, 장애인복지 등을 실현할 수 있다. 조건부 석방제도에 대해 판사, 변호사 등은 시행에 찬성하는 입장이지만 검사는 부정적 입장이다. 검사가 반대하는 주된 이유는 피의자가 불구속 상태에서 증거인멸 가능성이 있기 때문이다. 범죄자의 증거인멸은 증거재판주의에서 범죄자에게 면죄부를 주는 셈이 된다. 따라서 관계 당국은 충분한 논의를 거쳐 시행되어야 한다. 조건부 석방제도가 시행되어 잘 정착되기 위해서는 다양한 형태의 조건부 석방제도 가 도입되어 운영되어야 하고, 시행에 따른 법률상 흠결부분에 대해 개정작업이 이루어져야 하며, 객관성과 공정성을 담보할 방안이 마련되어야 한다.

Background: Although it has been reported that both self-myofascial release (SMR) with foam rolling (FR) and active static hamstring stretching (e.g., jackknife stretching) are effective in improving hamstring flexibility, no study has compared the effects of these exercises. Objectives: To compare the effects of SMR with FR and jack-knife stretching on hamstring flexibility. Design: A Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Subjects with hamstring tightness were divided into the SMR with the FR group (n=12) and the jack-knife stretching group (n=12). Subjects groups performed SMR with FR or jack-knife stretching according to group assignment. To identify changes in hamstring flexibility, the finger-to-floor distance (FFD) test, active knee extension (AKE) test, and passive straight leg raising (PSLR) test were performed at pre- and post-exercise. Results: Significant increases occurred in knee extension angle during the AKE test and hip flexion angle during the PSLR test after exercise in both groups (P<.001). Additionally, FFD and anterior pelvic tilt during the FFD test significantly increased (P<.001); however, we observed no significant interaction and main effects for the groups (P>.05). Conclusion: Both SMR with FR and jack-knife stretching are effective in improving hamstring flexibility in subjects with hamstring tightness.

The simultaneous use of KOH and nitrogen to manufacture carbon materials provides these materials with properties that the presence of only one of these additives would not give them, such as high porosity and reactivity. However, it is difficult to obtain nitrogen-doped carbon materials with both high porosity and high nitrogen content, as the KOH significantly reduces the nitrogen content. In this review the complex relationships between nitrogen content and nitrogen precursor amount, KOH amount and the activation temperature are discussed, with a focus on the different N-functional groups and the porosity of the fabricated carbons. Generally, increasing activation temperature and increasing KOH amount decrease the nitrogen content due to reactions with the N-containing substructures of carbon, resulting in the release of nitrogen as N2, HCN and other N gases. Increasing these parameters can also result in the reduction of pyridine-N while the amount of quaternary-N increases simultaneously. Besides this, an increase in the amount of nitrogen precursor leads to an increase in the porosity of N-doped materials. However, too high amounts of the nitrogen precursor generate an excess of nitrogen which blocks the pore system and consequently reduces the porosity of the doped carbons.