The SnSe single crystal shows an outstanding figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 at 973 K; thus, it is considered to be a promising thermoelectric material. However, the mass production of SnSe single crystals is difficult, and their mechanical properties are poor. Alternatively, we can use polycrystalline SnSe powder, which has better mechanical properties. In this study, surface modification by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is chosen to increase the ZT value of SnSe polycrystalline powder. SnSe powder is ground by a ball mill. An ALD coating process using a rotary-type reactor is adopted. ZnO thin films are grown by 100 ALD cycles using diethylzinc and H2O as precursors at 100oC. ALD is performed at rotation speeds of 30, 40, 50, and 60 rpm to examine the effects of rotation speed on the thin film characteristics. The physical and chemical properties of ALD-coated SnSe powders are characterized by scanning and tunneling electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results reveal that a smooth oxygenrich ZnO layer is grown on SnSe at a rotation speed of 30 rpm. This result can be applied for the uniform coating of a ZnO layer on various powder materials.

코로나19는 선원교대를 지연시키면서 선박과 선원의 안전에 위협을 가하고 있다. 선원의 승선환경에 있어 해운기업과 정부가 놓치고 있는 사각지대는 존재하고 있다. 선원의 안전을 위협하는 비상체제 상황에서 인적사고를 유발할 가능성을 제거하기 위해 효과적인 교대방안을 구상해볼 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 전직 및 현직 선원을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행한 결과, 승선생활에서 가장 중요하게 생각하는 요인은 안전이었으며 비상체제 상황에서 가장 필요한 것은 임금 및 복지의 향상보다 선원의 원활한 교대방안이 우선적으로 확보되어야 한다고 응답하였다. 국적해운기업의 대륙별 주요 항로를 분석하여 기항 횟수가 많고 항공연계성지수가 높은 항만을 거점항만으로 선정하였다. 또한, 국제해운에 승선하는 국내 선원의 효과적인 교대를 위한 이동경로를 구상하였다. 그를 위해 비상 시 선원의 안전한 본국 귀환 및 이송을 위하여 선박과 항만, 항공을 연계한 이동경로 구축은 다른 나라와의 협의가 필수적이다. 또한, 국제해사기구의 협 력을 통해 선원교대의 어려움에 처해있는 선원들을 위해 함께 노력할 필요가 있다. 이를 시작으로 국적 선원이 승선하는 정기선과 부정 기선의 귀항로 및 불귀항로 정보와 선원 수에 대한 모니터링 체계를 갖추어 상시 확인할 수 있어야 한다. 그러한 체계가 갖추어진다면 비상체제 발생 시 우리나라의 정책 대응방향을 보다 빠르게 결정할 수 있을 것이다. 선원들의 처우를 개선하기 위한 해운기업의 노력과 더 불어 개정이 필요한 국내법을 검토하고 선원에 대한 인식을 개선하기 위한 국민적·사회적 관심이 필요할 것이다.

최근 GAN(Generative Adversarial Network) 등장 이후 얼굴 표정 재연(face reenactment)의 연구가 활발해지고 있다. 얼굴 표정 재연은 입력으로 주어진 얼굴 이미지를 원하는 표정의 이미지 혹은 표정 정보를 갖는 벡터(vector)을 입력으로 주어 원하는 표정으로 합성하는 기술이다. 본 논문은 GAN 아키텍쳐(architecture)를 기반으로 회전 모듈 (rotate module)과 다양한 각도의 게임 캐릭터 표정을 표정 정보를 갖는 AUs(Action Units) vector를 통해 재연시키 는 방법을 제안한다. 입력으로 다양한 각도의 게임 캐릭터 얼굴이 주어지면 회전 모듈을 통해 정면화(frontalization) 시킨 이미지를 합성한다. 이를 통해, 다양한 각도의 게임 캐릭터들은 각도의 영향에서 벗어날 수 있다. 정면화 이미지는 원하는 표정으로 합성하기 위해 표정 정보를 갖는 AU벡터와 함께 생성자(generator)에 입력으로 주어진다. 이 때, 표정 정보를 갖고 있는 벡터는 AUs를 사용함으로써 다양한 표정과 세기(intensity)를 표현할 수 있다. 생성자는 표정 정보에 대한 관심 지역을 의미하는 관심 마스크(attention mask)를 생성하고 색상 정보를 의미하는 색상 마스크(color mask)를 생성한다. 이를 통해, 게임 캐릭터의 특징과 기타 부착물을 보존하며 표정을 재연한 이미지를 합 성할 수 있다. 관심 마스크와 색상 마스크를 이용하여 원하는 표정으로 재연한 재연 이미지를 합성하고 다시 회전 모듈을 통해 기존의 입력 이미지의 각도로 재회전하여 원하는 결과 이미지를 얻을 수 있다.

In this paper, the dynamic response was analyzed by performing linear dynamic analysis using historic earthquake loads on twisted-shaped structures and fixed structure among free-form high-rise structures with atypical elevation shape following prior studies. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the analysis models according to the plane rotation angle of the twisted structure were compared and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, as the plane rotation angle of the twisted structure increased, the interlayer deformation rate increased in the high-rise part of 50th floors or more. The story shear force and the story absolute acceleration were similar in the entire structure. In the case of the story shear force, the response of the twisted shape model was rather reduced in the middle part. As a result of analyzing the dynamic response, the vulnerable layer where the response amplification of the twisted structure occurs was found to be 31st story.

Background: Based on the understanding of the muscle activation relationship between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles to according to the angle of motion during external rotation on glenohumeral joint, effective shoulder joint strengthening exercise for the prevention and rehabilitation of shoulder injury due to muscle strength imbalance can be performed by achieving the ideal muscle activity ratio during exercise. Objectives: To compare and analyze the muscle activation changes and activity ratio of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles according to the glenohumeral external rotation angle. Design: Quasi-randomized trial. Methods: The study included 48 healthy male and female adults who provided informed consent for participation in the study. All the subjects performed isometric glenohumeral external rotation by setting the angle of motion to 30°, 45°, and 60° using a 5 kg resistance weight pulley. On surface electromyography, the differences in muscle activation and activity ratio between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles were investigated. Results: A significant difference in muscle activation was found in the comparison between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles according to the glenohumeral external rotation angle (P<.05). The muscle activation levels of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles were highest at the external rotation angles of 30° and 60°, respectively. The muscle activity ratio between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles also showed a significant difference (P<.05) and was highest at the shoulder external rotation angle of 30°. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that muscle activity is the highest at the shoulder external rotation angle of 30° in healthy individuals.

Background: Posterior shoulder tightness, which is a problem mainly seen in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome, disrupts the scapulohumeral rhythm between the humerus and scapulae. Objects: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of joint mobilization and stretching on shoulder muscle activity and internal rotation range of motion (ROM) of the glenohumeral joint in patients with impingement syndrome with posterior shoulder tightness. Methods: The research subjects included 22 in-patients with impingement syndrome with posterior shoulder tightness. They were randomly divided into two groups: one group (12 patients) was treated with joint mobilization and the other group (10 patients) was treated with stretching for the posterior shoulder tightness. Each treatment was performed five times a week for two weeks, and there were 15 sessions for each treatment. The ROM of the internal rotation and muscle activities of shoulder joint were evaluated pretest and posttest in each group. Electromyography data were collected from the upper, middle, and lower trapezius and serratus anterior during shoulder abduction of 90°, 120°, and 150°. Results: Both the joint mobilization and stretching groups showed significant decreases in muscle activity in the upper, middle, and lower trapezius on the posttest (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in serratus anterior at 150° (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between group in post-hoc analysis (p > 0.025). The internal rotation ROM was significantly increased in the stretching group compared to that in the joint mobilization group (p < 0.025). Conclusion: This study found that both joint mobilization and stretching for posterior shoulder tightness were effective in muscle activity during arm abduction, also in order to increase internal rotation ROM of shoulder joint, stretching was effective in patients with impingement syndrome with posterior tightness.

Background: The bridge exercise targets the gluteus maximus (Gmax) and gluteus medius (Gmed). However, there is also a risk of dominant hamstring (HAM) and erector spinae (ES) muscles. Objects: To analyze the muscle activity the of Gmax, Gmed, HAM and ES during the bridge exercise with and without hip external rotation in different degrees of knee flexion. Methods: Twenty-three subjects were participated. The electormyography (EMG) activity of the Gmax, Gmed, HAM and ES muscles was recorded during the exercise. The subjects performed the bridge exercise under four different conditions: (a) with 90˚ knee flexion, without hip external rotation (b) with 90˚ knee flexion, with hip external rotation (c) with 135˚ knee flexion, without hip external rotation (d) with 135˚ knee flexion, with hip external rotation. Results: There was no significant interaction effect between the degree of knee flexion and hip external rotation. There was a significant main effect for degree of knee flexion in Gmax, HAM muscles activity. Gmax muscle activity was significantly greater in the 135˚ knee flexion position than in the 90˚ knee flexion position (p<.001). While HAM muscle activity was significantly less in 135˚ knee flexion position than in the 90˚ knee flexion position (p<.001). ES muscle activity was significantly less in the 135˚ knee flexion position than in the 90˚ knee flexion position (p=.002). The activity of both the Gmax and Gmed muscles was significantly greater with hip external rotation (p<.001 and p=.005, respectively). Conclusion: For patients performing the bridge exercise, positioning the knee in 135° of flexion with hip external rotation is effective for improving Gmax and Gmed muscle activity while decreasing HAM, and ES muscle activity.

대기 대순환을 결정하는 주요 인자로는 남북방향 온도 경도와, 지구 자전으로 인한 코리올리 힘이 있다. 남북방향 온도 경도에 따른 경압성 차이로 인한 대기 대순환의 변화는 지금까지 많이 연구되어 왔으나, 자전속도에 따른 대기 대순환의 반응은 크게 연구되어 오지 않았다. 때문에 본 연구에서는 현 지구보다 느리거나 빠른 자전속도 범위를 모두 포괄하여 이에 따른 해들리 순환과 제트의 변화를 확인하였다. 이 연구에서 우리는 지구의 자전속도가 빨라질수록 해들리 순환 경계와 제트의 위치가 적도에 가까워지고, 제트와 해들리 순환의 세기가 약해진다는 것을 발견하였다. 해들리 순환 경계와 제트의 위치는 자전속도가 매우 빠르거나 느린 경우를 제외하면 준선형적인 관계를 가졌다. 특히, 해들리 순환 경계는 자전속도가 현재보다 1/8에서 8배의 자전속도 범위에서 자전속도보다 그 제곱근에 더 잘 반비례하는 경향성을 보였다. 단, 이러한 자전속도에 따른 변화는 해들리 순환 세기와 제트의 세기에 대해서는 뚜렷하지 않았다. 이는 대기 대순 환의 위치 구조 변화는 지구 자전속도와 관련이 큰 반면, 세기의 변화는 자전속도로 설명되지 않음을 의미한다.

Background: Uncontrolled lumbopelvic movement leads to asymmetric symptoms and causes pain in the lumbar and pelvic regions. So many patients have uncontrolled lumbopelvic movement. Passive support devices are used for unstable lumbopelvic patient. So, we need to understand that influence of passive support on lumbopelvic stability. It is important to examine that using the pelvic belt on abdominal muscle activity, pelvic rotation and pelvic tilt. Objects: This study observed abdominal muscle activity, pelvic rotation and tilt angles were compared during active straight leg raise (ASLR) with and without pelvic compression belt. Methods: Sixteen healthy women were participated in this study. ASRL with and without pelvic compression belt was performed for 5 sec, until their leg touched the target bar that was set 20 ㎝ above the base. Surface electromyography was recorded from rectus abdominis (RA), internal oblique abdominis (IO), and external oblique abdominis (EO) bilaterally. And pelvic rotation and tilt angles were measured by motion capture system. Results: There were significantly less activities of left EO (p=.042), right EO (p=.031), left IO (p=.039), right IO (p=.019), left RA (p=.044), and right RA (p=.042) and a greater right pelvic rotation angle (p=.008) and anterior pelvic tilt angle (p<.001) during ASLR with pelvic compression belt. Conclusion: These results showed that abdominal activity was reduced while the right pelvic rotation angle and anterior pelvic tilt angle were increased during ASLR with a pelvic compression belt. In other words, although pelvic compression belt could support abdominal muscle activity, it would be difficult to control pelvic movement. So pelvic belt would not be useful for controlled ASLR.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of lumbar rotational mobilization under the single-leg standing (SLS) position. Fifteen healthy individuals were recruited, and randomized to agroup of trunk rotational exercise (TRE) and lumbar rotational mobilization (LRM). Trunk twist rotational exercise was performed to the TRE group, and mobilization was applied to the LRM group on the lumbar spine. Velocity of the center of pressure (VCOP) and center of pressure (COP) for each participant were measured through SLS. COPs were not significantly increased or decreased after treatment in both groups. VCOPs also did not change considerably except on the right side when the eye was closed. There was no significant difference between COPs and VCOPs in two groups. This study suggests that trunk rotation exercise and lumbar rotation mobilization would have similar effects on balance ability.

Background: The hamstring muscles in the lower extremity are highly important for knee joint stability and can be classified into medial and lateral hamstrings according to the anatomical position, which have some different functions. To measure the strength of the individual hamstring muscles, manual muscle testing is clinically performed by dividing rotation postures into internal and external postures. However, this has no sufficient scientific background. Objects: This study aimed to test the difference that the tibial rotation would cause in the muscle activity of the medial and lateral hamstrings. Methods: The muscle activities of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus were measured in a total of three different postures (neutral position and internal and external rotations) with 3 replications. During the maximal isometric contraction, resistance was constantly provided by the string attached to the strap, not by manual resistance of the examiner. Before and after electromyography measurements, the participants underwent hamstring flexibility measurement using the active knee extension test in the supine position on the treatment table Results: The semitendinosus had a 12.56% reduction in muscle activity in external rotation as compared with that in neutral position. The biceps femoris and semimembranosus showed reduced muscle activities in both external and internal rotations as compared with those in neutral position. Only the women showed significant decreases in the comparison between pre and post-active knee extension. Conclusion: Only the semitendinosus muscle was consistent with the anatomical speculation. However, the reduction in the muscle activity of the semitendinosus as compared with that in neutral position was only 12.56%, the clinical value of which may be difficult to justify.

Background: Alignment of the lower limb is an important factor, influencing balance and gait in kinematics and kinetics, in patients with and without a flat arched foot. Flat arched foot are associated with the range of motion (ROM) of the hip and alignments of the knee joints, is strongly influenced. Objects: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between hip joint ROM and quadriceps angle (Q-angle), by dividing them into two groups according to the presence or absence of flat feet, using a navicular drop test (NDT) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Methods: Forty elderly patients were allocated to the experimental group (flat foot group, n1=20) or the control group (non-flat group, n2=20). Universal and digital goniometer, tractograph and tape measure were used to determine the related changes in the hip ROM, Q-angle, NDT and RCSP. joint (right, r=.803, p<.001), (left, r=.951, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with Q-angle (right, r=.562, p=.019), (left, r=.757, p<.001). Passive internal ROM of the hip joint (right, r=.742, p=.001), (left, r=.922, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with RCSP (right, r=-.530, p=.029) and with Q-angle (right, r=.710, p=.001), (left, r=.698, p=.002) in the flat foot group. However, no strong correlation among the hip ROM, NDT, RCSP and Q-angle were found in the non-flat foot group. Conclusion: This research may provide evidence of the correlations between hip internal ROM and flat foot.

We used the upland field rotated from matured rice paddy field, which have been used as a rice paddy field long time, for three years from 2015 to 2017. Therefore, this study was conducted for three main purposes. The first was to investigate yearly changes of growth and yield for waxy maize in the organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system, the second was to investigate yearly changes of soil physical and chemical characteristics of rice paddy field soil in organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system and the third was to select the suitable varieties for organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation. The test varieties were that 8 varieties of waxy maize of Mibaek 2, Ilmichal, Daehakchal, Chalok 4, Miheukchal, Eolrukchal 1, Heukjinjuchal, Heugjeom 2. For yearly yield, the highest yield was obtained in the first year of 949.6 kg, the second highest was in the third year of 680.6 kg 10a-1, while the second year was the lowest yield (675.4 kg 10a-1). Both varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal showed the highest yield with about 900 kg 10a-1 in the threeyear average of 8 varieties. Solid phase of deep soil was 10% higher than that of top soil. Porosity rate of the top soil (54.7%) was higher than that of deep soil (49.4%), and the porosity in the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. Soil organic matter content was significant different between soil depths and between three years. Soil solid and liquid phase decreased by 1.6% and 4.3%, respectively, compared to the first year, and the gas phase increased by 4.3%. The porosity of the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. The soil organic matter content was 9.5 g kg-1 in the third year compared with 12 g kg-1 in the first year. It has also trend to decrease as the number of years rotated from rice paddy field increased. In the three-year average yields of Ilmichal and Chalok 4 were 898.1 kg 10a-1 and 891.6 kg 10a-1 respectively and the yield of Chalok 4 was greater than the other 7 varieties. We compared and selected the two best waxy maize varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal for rice paddy-upland rotation. When we look at the yearly variation for waxy maize, Waxy maize yield was the highest in the first year and decreased year by year. Therefore, it would be better to restore upland field to rice paddy fields after the first year.

본 연구는 스탠스 자세와 운동면의 차이가 어깨돌림동작 시 활동근의 %MVIC를 비교분석하여 어깨강화운동을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 남성 8명을 무선배정하여 두발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세, 런지자세와 이마면, 수평면, 시상면에서 회전동작을 10회씩 수행하였다. 수행 중 가시위근, 가시아래근, 작은원근, 앞세모근, 배곧은근, 척수세움근, 큰가슴근, 넓은등근의 근활성도를 측정하였다. SPSS 22.0 통계프로그램을 사용하여 반복측정 일원분산분석(repeted one-way ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 첫째, 이마면에서 바깥돌림 동작 시 척추세움근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시위근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 수평면에서 바깥돌림 동작 시 앞세모근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세과 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시아래근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났으며, 큰가슴근에서는 한발지지 자세보다 두발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세가 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 시상면 바깥돌림 동작 시 배곧은근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시위근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 가시아래근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자 세에서 높게 나타났다. 배곧은근에서 두발지지 자세와 런지자세보다 한발지지 자세에서 높게 나타났고 척추세움근은 한발지지 자세보다 두발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 스탠스와 어깨의 운동면의 차이가 어깨위팔관절의 돌림운동 시 활동근들의 근활성도에 미치는 영향은 스탠스자세와 운동면에 따라서 다른 양상이 나타났으며, 이를 어깨 강화 운동프로그램에 적용한다면 보다 긍정적 효과를 기대할 수 있는 운동프로그램이 될 것으로 생각 된다.

수도권매립지 내 간척지에서 단벌기 목재에너지림 조성에 적합한 우수수종 및 클론을 선발하기 위하 여 이태리포플러, 미류나무, 현사시나무의 각 3개 클론을 1년, 2년 및 3년 수확구별로 목재에너지림을 조성하였다. 바이오매스 생산량을 추정하였고, 염분 흡수력, 활착율, 조기낙엽, 천공충 및 병·해충에 의한 피해율을 조사하였다. 클론별 연평균 바이오매스 생산량은 1년 수확구에서는 미류나무 97-18클론 이 5.97ton ha-1 year-1의 수확량을 나타내어 우수한 것으로 추정되었고 2년 및 3년 수확구에서는 미류 나무 97-19클론이 각각 9.33ton ha-1 year-1과 13.73ton ha-1 year-1으로 나타나 우수한 것으로 추정 되었다. 클론별 염분 흡수량은 미류나무 클론(Ay48, 97-18, 97-19)의 체내 Na+ 함량이 타 수종과 비교하여 높은 것으로 나타났다. 3개 수종 및 클론간의 평균 활착율뿐만 아니라 조기낙엽, 식엽충 및 천 공충의 피해도는 유의한 차이를 나타나지 않았다. 바이오매스 생산능력과 활착율 등을 토대로 적응능력 을 추정하였을 때, 미류나무 클론 97-18과 97-19의 적응능력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 간 척지에 적응능력이 우수한 수종은 미류나무, 이태리포플러 및 현사시나무 순으로 나타났고 모든 수종 및 클론에서 3년 수확구가 바이오매스 생산에 유리할 것으로 추정되었다.

The occurrence characteristics of major insect pests infesting organically cultivated maizes, millets, sorghums, and soybeans were surveyed from 2015 to 2017 in paddy-upland rotation and continuing upland fields. In grain fields, the main damage of maizes and sorghums was caused by Ostrinia furnaclais and Helicoverpa spp. The occurrence pattern of O. furnacalis was 3 times and that of Helicoverpa spp. was 3-4 times. In soybean fields, Riptortus clavatus was the most important, but the pest was not observed at geumhwajaerae and bongeui varieties. Interestingly, the more high the invasive rate of lepidopteran larvae was, the more low the yield of maizes and sorghums was. The surveyed results indicate that the focused management on lepidopteran larvae or hemipteran pests in maizes and sorghums or soybeans cultivated in paddy-upland rotation and continuing upland fields is an important strategy.