Currently, the commercialization of the 5th Generation (5G) service is becoming more prevalent in domestic communication network technology. This has reduced communication delay time and enabled large-capacity data transmission and video streaming services in real-time. In order to keep pace with these developments, K-water has introduced a smart process control system in water purification plants to monitor the status of the water purification process. However, since wireless networks are based on the public Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, communication delay time remains high, and high-resolution video services are limited. This is because communication networks still have a closed structure due to expense and security issues. Therefore, with 5G in its current form, it is very difficult to accommodate future services without improving the infrastructure of its communication networks. In recognition of these problems, this study implemented the authentication and management function of wireless networks on a wired network management system in the K-water Bansong water purification plant. The results confirmed that wired Local Area Network (LAN) services give a higher security performance than an expensive commercial wireless LAN system. This was achieved by using an Internet Protocol (IP) address management system of wired networks and the packet filtering function of the Layer2 (L2) switch. This study also confirmed that it is possible to create a wireless LAN service that is 3.7 times faster than the existing LTE communication network.

Introduction In an age of rapid development at the information technology front, the viability of ‘smart travel destinations’ is increasingly becoming a reality (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014, 2015). Advances in mobile technology have allowed travel destinations to leverage the location-based wireless tracking capabilities afforded by 3/4G telecommunication networks, Bluetooth connectivity, GPS and Wi-Fi networks (Choe & Fesenmaier 2017; Eriksson, 2002). The benefits of these wireless tracking technologies include precise information on spatial behaviour (Edwards, Dickson, Griffin, & Hayllar, 2010), relevant location-based services (LBS)(Pedrana, 2014), navigational services (Eriksson, 2002), as well as recommender services (Tussyadiah & Wang, 2016). With this kind of data available to them, destination management organisations (DMOs) are able to develop more customise tourist engagement strategies which will help them communicate specifically tailored results to tourists (Edwards & Griffin, 2013). While the focus of current tourism research has been the benefits of these wireless tracking technologies (WTTs) to the destination, little research has been done to examine tourists’ perceptions of these technologies. The current exploratory study will investigate tourist perceptions of three prominent kinds of WTTs with differing levels of control at a travel destination: (1) wireless tracking only (WT only; low control); (2) Wi-Fi wireless tracking (Wi-Fi WT; moderate control); and (3) application-based tracking (App; high control). Theoretical development The current study applies the Expectancy-Value Theory in examining tourist perceptions of WTTs at a travel destination. The Expectancy-Value Theory suggests that motivation for a behaviour is determined by the desirability of the outcome i.e. benefits to the tourist (Sparks, 2007). In the context of this study, perceived personalisation and perceived innovativeness serve as benefits to tourists. Perceived personalisation is defined as the ability of a DMO to recognize and treat its tourists as individuals through personal messaging, targeted banner ads, special offers on bills, or other personal transactions” (Imhoff, Loftis, & Geiger, 2001). Perceived innovativeness reflects the degree to which a new product is seen to possess new and unique attributes and features (Fu, Jones, & Bolander, 2008). Studies have shown that perceived personalisation and perceived innovativeness positively impact on attitudes toward the product (Baek & Morimoto, 2012; Fu & Eliott, 2013), which in the context of this study relates to both the WTT itself as well as the destination. However, mere presence of WTTs can often provoke concerns about manipulative intent (Lee-Wingate & Xie, 2010) and privacy (Shilton, 2009). Inferences of manipulative intent is defined as tourist perceptions that a company is attempting to persuade via inappropriate, unfair or manipulative means (Campbell, 1995). Privacy concerns refer to the degree to which a tourist is worried about the potential invasion of the right to prevent the disclosure of personal information to others (Baek & Morimoto, 2012, p. 63). Inferences of manipulative intent and privacy concerns have been found to negatively impact on attitudes toward the product (Lee-Wingate & Xie, 2010; Shilton, 2009). Thus, the ability of a travel destination to emphasise the pros and minimise concerns for the cons of WTTs will result in more positive attitudes towards the WTT as well as the destination, which in turn, will positively impact on intention to visit the destination (based on arguments in tourism research suggesting that both attitudes toward products and the destination itself may have an impact on intention to visit e.g. Elliot, Papadopoulos & Kim 2011; Lee & Lockshin 2012). The hypothesised model for this study can be seen in Figure 1. Methodology The conceptual model was tested using data from the United States via the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. A total of 750 responses were acquired but only 615 were included for analysis (responses were excluded due to incomplete data or straight-lining). A between-subjects experimental design was implemented respondents viewing a stimulus for either (1) wireless tracking only (WT only; low control); (2) Wi-Fi wireless tracking (Wi-Fi WT; moderate control); or (3) application-based tracking (App; high control). A pretest of the stimulus confirmed the levels of control proposed by the researchers. Respondents were first told to imagine their next travel destination and were then shown a stimulus. In the WT only condition, respondents were told that the destination was tracking the movement of tourists when their smartphones wireless, Bluetooth or mobile reception was turned on. In the Wi-Fi WT condition, respondents were informed that the destination would track tourists logged on to the destination’s Wi-Fi network. In the App condition, respondents were notified that the destination has an app system which allows the destination to track tourists and send them personalised push notifications. The difference between these three conditions was the level of perceived control that tourists had over the tracking of their location within the destination. Respondents then rated the WTT and destination with regards to inferences to manipulative intent, privacy concerns, perceived personalisation, perceived innovativeness, attitude toward the WTT, attitude toward the destination, and intention to visit the destination. The measures for each of these scales were chosen for their reliability and relevance to the current study. Structural equation modelling then examined the hypothesised relationships for significance. Results and discussion Exploratory and factor analysis was conducted to ensure the unidimensional of the scales. Composite reliabilities ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 and the average variance extracted scores ranged from 0.70 to 0.87, suggesting strong internal validity for all scales. All measures were also tested for convergent and discriminant validity which were both supported. Then, the hypotheses were examined using a multigroup analysis with structural equation modelling in AMOS 22. The goodness-of-fit indices for the structural model was deemed acceptable (χ²/df=1.67; RMSEA=0.03; CFI=0.97; NFI=0.94; IFI=0.90) (model comparisons revealed no significant differences at a model level suggesting that the model applied across the different groups). The results of the path analysis revealed five hypotheses which were fully supported (H1a, H2a, H3a, H3b and H6b). The remaining six hypotheses (H1b, H2b, H4a, H4b, H5 and H6a) were only partially supported with significant parameter estimates noted for either one or two of the conditions. The full result of the path analysis can be seen in Table 1. The results suggest that inferences of manipulative intent significantly decreased attitude toward the WTT, highlighting the need for destinations to be transparent about the reasons for tracking tourists. Specifically, the concealed tracking of tourists’ movements was particularly damaging to attitude toward the destination. Privacy concerns also negatively impacted on attitude toward the WTT for all conditions, but surprisingly privacy concerns appeared to significantly increase attitude toward the destination under the App condition. A potential explanation for this is the fact that despite potential for privacy infringements, tourists possess control over usage of the application, thereby moderating the ability of the destination to track them. However, this result warrants greater investigation in future studies. Perceived personalisation was noted to positively impact on attitudes toward the WTT and destination suggesting that tourists positively regarded the benefits of personalisation that the WTT afforded them. Further, perceived innovativeness appeared to positively impact on attitude towards the WTT for the App condition, but more interestingly, positively impacted on attitude toward the destination for the WT only condition. This may potentially suggest that while tourists did perceive manipulative intent in the wireless tracking of their whereabouts they also perceived this to be an innovation. Theoretically, this study extends the tourism literature with regards to the installation or application of wireless tracking technologies. It highlights the aspects that appeal to tourists as well as the concerns that they may have. From a managerial perspective, the results suggest a need for transparency as well as the empowerment of tourists to choose the degree to which their whereabouts are tracked within the destination. It offers further insights into which technologies are best suited to be leveraged in order to develop stronger tourist engagement at the destination. The implications of these results apply to destination managers, marketers as well as policy makers. A successful balance between obtaining valuable information about tourists and providing them with a choice whether or not to be tracked is crucial in ensuring favourable perception of the travel destination.

Over the past decade, the advances in the Internet of Things has allowed WiFi infrastructure to track the movement and location of smart devices. This innovative technology is sometimes referred to as wireless analytics or offline / in-store visitor analytics. Similar to an offline or instore version of website analytics, wireless analytics can infer instore shopping behavior from analyzing the dwell time, movement, and behavior of a smart device within a designated vicinity. The study was carried out at an activation area of food trucks at an Australian metropolitan university. Visitor analytics were gathered by using a wireless analytic modem that was configured to ping and pick up wireless signal emitted by smart devices within the radius of the food truck area. Challenging past research on pop-stores, our findings show that novelty of pop-up food trucks may not necessarily predict their success and consumers tend to prefer familiar food trucks at the Australian metropolitan university. In fact, the presence of novel food trucks may encourage consumers to walk-by without any interaction with the food trucks.

본 논문에서는 안테나의 소형화, 이득 및 방사패턴을 개선한 초고속 통신망 시스템을 효과적으로 사용하기 위해 3.3 [GHz], 5 [GHz] 대역에서 동작하는 WLAN/UWB 통신용 안테나를 설계 및 제작을 하였다. 대역폭의 개선을 위해 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나를 선택하였고 각 단계마다 이론적인 근거에 의한 수식을 이용하여 슬롯의 폭, 길이, 전송선로의 폭 등을 계산하였다. 설계된 안테나의 시뮬레이션 결과 반사손실이 3.3 [GHz]에서 -14.053 [dB]이고 5 [GHz]에서 -13.118 [dB]의 값을 보여주었다. 이득은 3.3 [GHz]에서 2.479 [dBi]의 값과 5[GHz]에서 3.317[dBi]의 수치를 보여주었다. 또한 3D 설계가 가능한 CST Microwave Studio 2014 프로그램을 이용하여 최적화 한 후, 이를 바탕으로 제작한 안테나의 특성을 측정하여 성능을 확인하는 방법으로 연구를 진행하였다. 최근 다양하고 발전이 계속 이루어지고 있는 무선 기술인 WLAN과 해당 기술 이용자의 수요 증가에 따른 기술의 주파수 대역도 역시 증가하고 있는 추세의 통신 기술인 UWB을 초고속 무선 통신 시스템으로 사용하는 데 있어 불편함 없도록 해당 이용자를 위한 원활한 통신이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

AIS는 상대선박의 식별 및 정보 등의 전송을 담당하는 주요 항해통신설비이지만, 최근 AIS 활용도의 증가로 과부하 문제 등 문제점이 대두되고 있다. 정부는 SMART-Navigation 사업 추진의 일환으로 연안 100 km에 무선 LTE망을 도입하는 계획을 수립 중에 있고 해양사고예방 및 환경보호 등 주요 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 이러한 Platform 위에 이용 가능한 서비스의 지속적인 개발·보급이 필요할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 서비스 개발의 기반이 될 수 있는 차량용 무선통신기술(WAVE)을 해상에 적용하고자 실선 해상실험을 통 해 WAVE 환경성능 평가를 실시하였다. 연구 수행 결과, 도로교통에서는 최대 1 km 내로 서비스가 제한되었지만 해상에서는 약 5마일 정 도의 통신범위에서 신뢰성 높은 Data 전송이 가능한 것으로 도출되었다. 이러한 실험 결과에 따라 추가적인 연구를 통해 충돌 회피 및 선박간 해양안전정보 전송 등 해양사고 예방에 WAVE 통신기술이 다양하게 활용 될 것으로 기대된다.

Recently, measuring instruments for SHM of structures had being developed. In general, the wireless transmission of sensor signals, compared to its wired counterpart, is preferable due to its absence of triboelectric noise and elimination of the requirement for cumbersome cable. However, the research on the tall buildings with relatively small vibration levels is insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we used the wireless MEMS sensor and iPad to compare and analyze the vibration measurements of three tall buildings and two towers.

Tram had been widely used in South Korea until 1960s; however, introduction of automobiles made the tram disappear. KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute) has developed wireless tram in order to enhance transporting capacity in large city. Continuously supported and embedded track system supports load from a wireless tram. The track system is composed of concrete slab or precast concrete and groove rail. Surface of the track is usually constructed by asphalt concrete. The asphalt concrete layer is about 5 cm in depth and constructed between rails of which width is 1435 mm. Adhesion between concrete slab and asphalt concrete layer and constructability, which affects performance, were investigated through actual construction and testing at test-bed. Four different types of mixtures and structures were used. After construction, adhesion tests were performed including basic material tests. Guss-asphalt with SMA showed the best adhesion and constructability.

Wireless MEMS sensors have common features such as wireless communication, data measurement, embedded processing, battery-based self-power, and low cost, and increased measurement effectiveness. Wireless MEMS sensors enable efficient SHM without interfering with location because there is no requirement for triboelectric noise and cumbersome cables. However, there is little research on the communication distance with sensors and data. For instance, existing researches have limited communication distance experiments in civil engineering bridges. It is also necessary to investigate the characteristics of dynamic behavior and the communication distance of architectural structures with different wireless transmission/reception environments. Therefore, in a building structure with walls and slabs instead of open spaces, MEMS sensors and data loggers were used as distance experiments where communication disturbance between the vertical slab and the horizontal wall could actually be communicated.

Recently, measuring instruments for SHM of structures had being developed. In general, the wireless transmission of sensor signals, compared to its wired counterpart, is preferable due to its absence of triboelectric noise and elimination of the requirement for cumbersome cable. Preliminary studies on the continuous vibration measurement of high-rise buildings using MEMS sensors have been carried out. However, the research on the low-rise buildings with relatively small vibration levels is insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we used the wireless MEMS sensor to compare and analyze the vibration measurements of three low-rise buildings.

Magnetostrictive actuator is fabricated with powder nano bonding method instead of sputtering method. Fabrication process and experimental measurement method for magneto-mechanical characteristics is proposed. For the design of highly flexible magnetostrictive actuator, TbDyFe nano powder bonding with Teflon substrate is adopted. The fabrication process for Teflon substrate and nano powder bonding is suggested and magnetostrictive behaviors are investigated. Variable magnetic field is applied to measure the magnetostrictive characteristics and magnetostriction is measured with different waves and different magnitude of magnetic field.

In mobile communication systems, location management deals with the location determination of users in a network. One of the strategies used in location management is to partition the network into location areas. Each location area consists of a group of cells. The goal of location management is to partition the network into a number of location areas such that the total paging cost and handoff (or update) cost is a minimum. Finding the optimal number of location areas and the corresponding configuration of the partitioned network is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem. This cell grouping problem is to find a compromise between the location update and paging operations such that the cost of mobile terminal location tracking is a minimum in location area wireless network. In fact, this is shown to be an NP-complete problem in an earlier study. In this paper, artificial bee colony (ABC) is developed and proposed to obtain the best/optimal group of cells for location area planning for location management system. The performance of the artificial bee colony (ABC) is better than or similar to those of other population-based algorithms with the advantage of employing fewer control parameters. The important control parameter of ABC is only ‘Limit’ which is the number of trials after which a food source is assumed to be abandoned. Simulation results for 16, 36, and 64 cell grouping problems in wireless network show that the performance of our ABC is better than those alternatives such as ant colony optimization (ACO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).

The electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding sheet of grid pattern for the wireless charger has been designed by using grid pattern metal sheet, PET & DST stacking and laminating technology. For this purpose, the twisting protection and the bubbling prevention device, the automatic position adjustment controller, the visual sensors and the motor actuator for controller, the EMI shielding sheet cutting device and the main control system have been developed for manufacturing the apparatus. As the study result, the development on manufacturing the equipment and shielding sheet of the EMI shielding sheet of grid pattern for the wireless charger having the lamination productivity of 27.4m/min exceeded the target of 8m/min in this study. In addition, the magnetic induction and the applicable shielding sheet were prepared in the magnetic resonance system, all of the two wireless charging system. The power with a band of average 6.87MHz of shielding sheet was greater than the target of 30dB to 32.57dB. The available frequency with a band of average 7.95MHz the target was exceeded by a 7.00MHz.

Seamless transfer of electronic information/data between ship-to-shore and vice versa and between ship-to-ship and shore-to-shore is being developed in the IMO e-Navigation strategy implementation plan (SIP). We have been focused on wireless LAN for ship-to-ship radiocommunication. In a former field radiocommunication trial, omni-directional antennas were used and a few hundred kbps throughput between two ships was measured, which was not enough for our research target (over 1Mbps). In order to get faster throughput, a field radiocommunication trial was carried out again with a few types of directional antennas and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) and the throughput between two ships was measured simultaneously. As a result, multi-path (2-path) model affected by the reflection of the sea surface was confirmed and also the characteristics of the directional antennas such as half-power angle were confirmed, but the measured throughput was fast enough to meet our expectation.

The purpose of this study was to develop a grid forming equipment of the electromagenetic interference(EMI) shielding sheet for use in a wireless charger. In addition, the present study was to form a lattice in the surface of the thin metal ribbon to exert an electromagnetic wave shielding performance of the precision small electronic devices such as smart phones. For this, grid forming presses such as manual pressurized press, automatic pressurized press, heat pressurized press, and continuous grid forming equipment with cylinder roll type, and a grid inspection and grid uniformity inspection devices have been developed. Finally, the cylindrical roller-type continuous grid forming equipment showed the best suited.

The grid pattern electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding sheet for the wireless charger has been designed using grid pattern metal sheet, PET & DST stacking and laminating technology. Also, an automatic manufacturing system of the grid pattern EMI shielding sheet for the wireless charger is developed. This metal sheet with grid pattern is an effective shield against EMI that can not shield completely by existing single metal sheet. And the developed automatic manufacturing system having a laminated productivity exceeds the 8m/min can stack and lamination thin metal sheets without any wrinkles.

기술 표준은 기술적 특성과 사양에 대한 일종의 사회적 합의로서 기술의 발달 과 함께 모든 산업에 걸쳐 존속되어 왔으며 최근에는 정보통신 기술의 발달과 함께 기술의 상호호환성을 제공하고 시장의 우위를 선점할 수 있는 전략적인 요소로 각광받고 있다. 이에 기술 표준 연구(표준화 연구)는 기술 표준의 채택 과정과 이로 인한 경제적 효과를 분석하여 이론적 및 정책적 함의를 도출하는데 그 의의가 있다. 그러나 기존의 연구에서는 기술 고유 의 가치와 상호호환성에 대한 고려가 부족하다는 점에서 기술 중심의 분석 결과를 도출하는 데 있어 구조적 한계를 드러낸다. 본 연구는 기술 네트워크 분석을 통해 도출한 기술 차별화 정도와 기업별 기술 선호도 함 수를 두 단계 게임 이론 분석 방법에 반영하여 새로운 기술 중심 표준 연구 방법론을 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 그 실증 사례로 사물인터넷의 무선 팬 기술을 선정하였으며, 본 연구 방법론을 통해 해당 시장의 기술 구조 및 표준 관련 함의를 도출하였다.

In these days, hazards in laboratories are consistently increasing due to high technological advance in modern science. Efforts to prevent accidents in laboratories became law named [ACT ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFE LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT]. The law made laboratories more safely but it’s not enough to keep up laboratory safety in advanced countries. To improve laboratory safety, this study reformed laboratory emergency response flow chart based on each emergency scenarios and its evaluated hazards in laboratories applied wireless hazard detecting equipments.