다수의 선박이 조우하였을 경우, 충돌 피항을 위해 상대 선박의 의도를 파악하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 또한 다수의 선박의 의도를 동시에 고려하여 충돌 피항 계획을 세우는 것은 항해사에게 큰 부담이 될 수 있다. 이를 위해 분산 알고리즘이 제안 되었다. 분산 알고리즘은 각각의 선박이 다수의 상대 선박과 정보 교환을 통해 안전한 코스를 탐색할 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문에서는 분산 알고리즘의 하나인 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘을 선박 충돌 피항에 적용하였다. 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘에서 선박은 비용 감소가 가장 큰 코스와 기존의 코스를 확률과 제한 조건에 따라 선택한다. 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘은 확률과 제한 조건에 따라 다섯 가지 종류로 나눠진다. 본 논문에서는 다섯 가지 종류의 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘을 선박 충돌 피항을 위해 적용하였으며 선박 충돌 피항에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 어떠한 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘이 충돌 피항에 적합한지를 실험하였다. 실험 결과 다섯 가지 버전의 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘에서 A와 B방식이 효과적으로 선박 충돌 피항을 수행하였다. 본 알고리즘은 분산 시스템 환경에서 선박 충돌 방지를 위해 적용 가능할 거라 기대된다.

The proportion of collision in the total marine accidents is high. The main causes of collisions are navigation rule violation, safety speed violation, neglected watch-keeping and improper collision avoidance action. There are two main ways of avoiding collision situations during maritime navigation: the method of altering course and reducing ship’s speed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the result of the collision avoidance action of the reserve officer in case of encountering a multiple number of ships using the ship handling simulator. Full-mission ship handling simulator was used to experiment the situation scenarios that encountered multiple ships. After the experiment, the questionnaire about the experiment was investigated. A total of 50 subjects were participated in the experiment. Experimental results showed that the number of the experimenters who used the engine was 11 and the number of the experimenters who did not use the engine was 39. In the case of using the engine, there were 0 collision accident, 1 grounding accident, and 10 no accidents. However, when the engine was not used, there were 28 collision accidents, 2 grounding accidents, and 9 no accidents. The causes of these results can be found in the survey results. 74 % of the non used engine participants said they were hesitate to use the engine. As can be seen from these results, the reserve officer are hesitant to use the engine and need a way to get correct of it. Maritime course subject can emphasize the importance of using ship’s engines and case study also can be it. So, It is considered that various case study scenario will need to developed by various tools in the future.

Mosquitoes are transmit many dangerous disease such as malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever. So far, chemical insecticides such as DEET have been mainly used to control mosquitoes, but there are many side effects. This study used ultrasonic sounds as an alternative to chemical insecticides. We found that Culex pipiens, which are common in Korea, exhibit avoidance behavior in a specific ultrasonic frequency. Through electrophysiological recording, we have inferred that avoidance behavior is caused by different from each other mechanisms depending on the ultrasonic frequency. Using immunohistochemical staining, we analyzed the expression pattern of auditory related genes in the chordotonal organ. Quantitative real time-PCR was used to compare the expression levels of auditory related gene depending on the time of exposure to ultrasonic sounds.

All elements evolution of Chinese was very intensive from Han to Tang dynasty. The interruptive interrelationship about the shapes, sounds and semantics of Chinese language and characters could be reconnected through the social material object. Stone inscriptions about ancient China are valuable material for the study of language and culture. Basing on a large amount of stone inscriptions from Han to Tang dynasty, this paper straightened out the development and evolution of “Qu” (去) as preposition in ancient China. We discussed Writing style reflected in epitaphs and the avoidance of word‟s repetition in stone inscription.

본 연구에서는 단거리 영역 내에서 대상물표의 정확한 위치를 파악하여 물표와의 충돌을 방지하기 위한 시스템을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 물표를 속도 모델과 가속도 모델로 표현하여 초기위치로부터의 움직임을 프로세스 잡음과 측정 잡음이 있는 상태에서 위치, 속도 및 가속도를 추정하였다. 추정기법으로는 칼만필터를 적용하였고 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안기법의 유용성을 확인하였다. 다음으로는 레이저센서를 적용하여 이동하는 물표와의 거리를 계측할 수 있는 시스템을 제작하여 물표의 이동 정보를 검출하였다. 이동 물표를 대상으로 속도 모델과 가속도 모델을 적용하여 실험을 수행하였고, 각각의 실험을 통해 불연속적인 측정데이터가 필터링을 통해 매끄럽고 연속적인 측정값으로 얻어지는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 물표 데이터의 계측과 디스플레이를 위한 UI를 구축하였으며, 물표가 일정거리 영역이내에 접근했을 경우 시각, 청각적인 경보를 울릴 수 있는 기능을 부가하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 저가의 장비로 물표 위치의 추정 성능이 뛰어난 시스템을 구축할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical education avoidance factors and the types of them for seeking the efficient teaching methods of physical education and making an appropriate learning environment which result in vitalized physical education. For this purpose, this study is planned to gain specific evidences. From May to July in 2013, the research has been conducted in Gangseo, Yangcheon, and Mapo area of Seoul. Among 420 of female middle school students who are the subjects originally, 349 of students are used as a data of spss 12.0 statistics. The conclusion is deducted by one-way ANOVA, corelation analysis, and multiple regression analysis based on the analysis contents and purpose. the conclusions were as follows; Firstly, as examining the avoidance factors of female middle school students from the background variables, the second grade students of middle school recognize the avoidance factors highest among sub factors based on the grades. In respect of the avoidance factors based on the school form, female students of coeducation school perceive the avoidance factors more than ones of girls' middle school. While female middle school students taught by male teachers are more aware of students factors, course contents factors, and weather factors, the students who are taught by female teachers recognize facility-instrument factors, teacher-teaching factors highly. In the avoidance factor based on whether a school has gym or not, middle school female students without gym perceive course content factors, teaching factors, and weather factors highly. On the other hand, middle school female students who do not have gym recognize student factors more than others. Secondly, in the case of avoidance types of middle school female students, second graders mark the highest states on not only the active avoidance but the passive one. While first graders are higher than third graders on the active avoidance, third graders appear highly on the passive avoidance compared to first graders. According to the types of school, middle female students in coeducation school avoid more on both active and passive avoidance. Based on the gender difference of the teachers, middle school female students who are taught by male instructors show the higher passive avoidance than ones taught by female instructors. Inversely the latter show higher avoidance on the active avoidance. Middle school female students who don’t utilize a physical training facility turn out having high tendency on both the active and passive avoidance. Thirdly the meaningful positive relationship between the physical education avoidance and the avoidance types exists. In the case of the active avoidance of physical education, students are influenced by teaching and weather factors meaningfully. Students factors, course content factors, and weather factors have meaningful influence on the passive avoidance. From all the features above, middle school female students have different avoidance factors based on the background variables. Also their avoidance types of physical education vary depending on the background variables. The avoidance factors of physical education have effects on the types of the avoidance.

본 연구의 목적은 스마트폰 사용자의 모바일 광고에 대한 물리적 회피와 인지적 회피에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하는 것이다. 본 연구의 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 모바일 광고에서 느끼는 오락성과 개인성은 광고인식에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 침입성에 대한 인식에는 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 둘째, 스마트폰 사용자의 미디어 이용 동기와 미디어 이용능력은 광 고인식과 침입성인식모두에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 모바일광고의 침입성과 광고인식은 각각 모바일 광고의 회피 행동에 유의미한 영 향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 물리적 회피에 있어서 침입성 인식은 정적인 영향 을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 광고 인식은 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 인지적 회피에서는 침입성 인식과 광고 인식 모두 유의미한 영향을 미치 는 것으로 나타났다. 침입성 인식은 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 반 면 광고 인식은 인지적 회피 행동에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

선박의 충돌회피동작의 전 단계로서 위험영역을 설정하고, 이 영역을 기준으로 위험영역과 안전영역을 경계지우기 위한 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구는 가변 위험영역을 설정하기 위하여 시간의 함수로서 주어진 접근 파라미터 분석을 통하여 적절한 충돌회피 동작을 위 한 필요한 목적함수를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 종래의 연구방법들이 가질 수 있는 DCPA 및 TCPA에 기반을 둔 위험영역의 설정 및 충돌회피 의 설정법이 가질 수 있는 문제점의 보완은 실 환경에 적용 가능한 충돌회피 알고리즘 개발의 토대를 이룬다. 단순한 DCPA 및 TCPA에 따른 충돌회피 동작의 판단은 주어진 항해상황에 적정하지 못 할 수 있다.

In recent, the ISO has suggested a new guideline by using an avoidance behavior of soil invertebrates for the use of screening tools in the evaluation of soil contamination. In this study, we used a collembolan, Paronychiurus kimi which is native to Korea, as a test species because of its ecological relevance to Korean soil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether the exposure time (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) and cadmium concentration (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of dry soil) affect the avoidance behavior of P. kimi. Twenty collembolans were introduced to the center of the soil which divided into two sections; cadmium untreated soil was placed in one of the section, and the cadmium treated soil was placed in the opposite section. To minimize soil structural effect on the avoidance behavior, the both soils were compacted by applying unidirectional force to the soil surface. The avoidance behaviors of P. kimi were not significantly affected by cadmium concentrations after 24 and 48 h of exposure, but were significant after 72-120 h. There results showed that avoidance behavior appears to be a good endpoint for the use in evaluation of soil contamination with 72 h of exposure duration.

해상교통시스템은 국내의 경제 활동을 촉진하고 국가 간의 운송에 많은 역할을 담당하고 있다. 해상교통시스템의 가능이 유지되고 더욱 발전하기 위해서는 해상에서의 선박교통흐름에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 지금까지의 해상교통에 대한 연구는 일정기간의 선박 입출항 데이터를 기초로 한 통계적인 분석이 주로 수행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 피항판단평가함수에 의하여 자동 피항이 이루어지는 선박교통흐름을 재현하였다. 모델 구축을 위하여 상대선박의 동작에 따른 본선의 피항판단영역의 설정과 피항판단평가의 함수를 고려한 충돌회피 알고리즘을 구성하였다. 또한 선형구성, 속력 및 발생시간간격 등을 고려하여 다수 선박군내에서의 흐름을 재현하는 통합프로그램을 구축하였고, 시뮬레이션을 실시하여 선박 발생 및 그 피항 관계를 검증하였다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in assessing Korean patients with low back pain. We performed translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire and enrolled 52 patients (18 males and 34 females) with low back pain. The subjects completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire that included the FABQ assessment along with evaluations for the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and Beck depression inventory-Korean version (K-BDI). The reliability of the obtained data was determined by evaluating the internal consistency on the basis of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Cronbach's alpha values, while the validity of the data was examined by correlating the FABQ scores to the VAS, ODI, SAS, and K-BDI scores. The translated versions of the FABQ showed good test-retest reliability: ICC (3, 1)=.90 (FABQ for physical activity) and .97 (FABQ for work) these values were statistically significant (p<.01). The Cronbach's alpha value for FABQ was .90 (p<.01). FABQ moderately correlated with pain, disability, anxiety, and depression (p<.01). The results of this study indicate that the Korean version of the FABQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring fear-avoidance beliefs in Korean patients with low back pain.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between fear-avoidance beliefs and functional status in individuals suffering from low back pain, and to identify factors that influence on fear-avoidance beliefs, functional status and pain. A cross-sectional study included 214 individuals with low back pain. Each of subjects completed a fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) which divided into two subscales, FABQ for physical activity (FABQ-PA) and FABQ for work(FABQ-W), Oswestry disability index (ODI) and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Individuals with radiating pain were significantly higher in FABQ-PA, FABQ-total, and ODI scores than with no radiation pain (p<.05). Individuals who had received surgery were significantly higher in FABQ-PA, FABQ-total, ODI and NPRS scores when compared with individuals who had not received it (p<.05). And individuals with taking medication were significantly higher in all variables (FABQ-PA, FABQ-W, FABQ-total ODI and NPRS) than individuals not taking medication (p<.05). In correlation analysis. age appeared to be significantly correlated with FABQ-PA, FABQ-total and ODI scores (p<.05), and all variables was significantly correlated with each other (p<.01). These findings indicate that individuals suffering from low back pain have psychosocial problems such as fear-avoidance beliefs as well as functional status and pain. Fear-avoidance beliefs may contribute to aggravate physical symptoms, and therefore it should be carefully considered for the management of individuals with low back pain.

The Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) constructs webs over leaf surfaces and usually lives under the webs. T. kanzawai produces two types of excreta, black and yellow pellets, and uses its webs as a place for excretion. T. kanzawai also uses its webs as a refuge when the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is present. To clarify what factors deter N. womersleyi from foraging on T. kanzawai webs, I experimentally examined the effects of T. kanzawai excreta on its own fitness (fecundity) and the foraging behaviour of N. womersleyi. When the excreta of T. kanzawai was put on leaf surfaces, the fecundity of T. kanzawai adult females was reduced by the black but not the yellow faecal pellets. On the other hand, predation by N. womersleyi was reduced by the yellow but not the black pellets. Although this effect of the yellow pellets on N. womersleyi did not last on leaf surfaces, it deterred N. womersleyi from staying on the webs regardless of its freshness. These results suggest that T. kanzawai deposits black pellets on webs to avoid its negative effect on their own fitness, and yellow pellets are deposited on webs to reduce the risk of predation.

선박의 충돌회피조선에 있어서 조종성능은 중요한 요소이다. 일반적으로 사용되는 조종성능은 심수역을 대상으로 작성되며, 천수역을 항주하는 선박의 조종성은 일반적으로 선회성은 저하되고 침로안정성 또는 추종성은 향상된다. 이러한 선회성의 변화는 충돌회피에 있어 위험을 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 천수역의 조종성능을 반영함과 동시에 충돌위험정도를 쉽게 파악할 수 있도록 하기 위한 가변안전경계영역의 새로운 적용기법을 제시하였다. 수학적 수치시뮬레이션 검증을 통하여 새롭게 제안된 기법의 유용성을 확인하였다. 따라서 선박충돌위험에 대한 충분한 충돌회피 조선을 지원할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

최근 국내 선박충돌사고는 전체 해양사고의 약 20%~34%를 차지하며, 그 구성비 또한 매년 증가하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 선박충돌회피를 효과적으로 지원하기 위해, 선박충돌회피에 큰 영향을 주는 선박조종성능과 근접상황 충돌회피지원을 위해 연구된 CCAS-Model(Close Quarters ship Collision Avoidance Support Model . 근접상황 충돌회피지원모델)을 기반으로 한 선박충돌회피지원 프로그램 개발을 목적으로 수행 되었다. 이 프로그램은 선박의 다양한 조우상황을 비교하고, 자선의 선회특성을 이용하여 상대선박의 침로, 속도 유지에 대한 충돌회피 가능영역과 방법을 나타냄으로써 근접상황에서도 신속한 피항동작의 검토 및 결정을 가능케 하며 효과적인 충돌회피 조선을 지원할 것이다.