Activated carbon was prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke. Textural properties were determined from studies of the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the surface chemistry was obtained using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer technique and the Boehm titration process. The adsorption of three aromatic compounds, namely phenol (P), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and benzoic acid (BA) onto APC in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH, initial concentration of solutes and temperature. Active carbon APC obtained was found to possess a high surface area and a predominantly microporous structure; it also had an acidic surface character. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well; also, the intraparticle diffusion was the only controlling process in determining the adsorption of the three pollutants investigated. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The uptake of the three pollutants was found to be strongly dependent on the pH value and the temperature of the solution. Most of the experiments were conducted at pH 7; the pH(PZC) of the active carbon under study was 5.0; the surface of the active carbon was negatively charged. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for APC revealed that the adsorption of P was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, while PNP and BA showed no-spontaneity of the adsorption process and that process was endothermic in nature.

0.4μm의 세공크기를 갖고 있는 평막이 침지된 연속회분식 반응기에서 유입 유기물 농도가 영양염류 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 분리막의 여과성능과 영양염류 제거효과를 규명하기 위하여 유입 유기물의 농도를 200 mg/L (Run-1), 400 mg/L (Run-2) 및 800 mg/L (Run-3)로 연속적으로 변화시키면서 실험하였다. COD/N 및 COD/P의 비가 증가할수록 T-N 및 T-P의 제거율은 모두 증가하였다. Run-1, Run-2 및 Run-3에서 T-N의 평균 제거율은 각각 28.1, 32.6 및 90.4%이었으며, 투과수의 T-N 평균 농도는 각각 32.0, 30.0 및 4.3 mg/L 이었다. 또한 Run-1, Run-2 및 Run-3에서 T-P의 평균 제거율은 각각 13.6, 35.3 및 93.1%이었으며, 투과수의 T-P 평균 농도는 각각 3.11, 2.33 및 0.25 mg/L이었다.

농업생태계의 환경별로 깔따구류의 분포를 밝히고 우점종을 이용한 유기물 분해능을 평가하고자 대단위경작지, 친환경농업지, 생활하수 유입지, 축산폐수 유입지 및 주변수로 등의 5개 서식처별로 나누어 '04~'06년까지 각 구획을 대표하는 총 78개 지점에서 깔따구과 및 공서 무척추동물을 정량 채집하였다. 그 결과, 농업지대의 깔따구류는 총 16종으로 동정되었다. 서식지 유형별로 출현한 종수를 보면, 축산폐수 유입지에서 11종, 대단위 농경지는 8종,

In this study, a new cleaning process with a low cost of ownership (CoO) was developed with ozonated DI water (DIO3). An ozone concentration of 40 ppm at room temperature was used to remove organic wax film and particles. Wax residues thicker than 200 Å remained after only a commercial dewaxer treatment. A DIO3 treatment in place of a dewaxer showed a low removal rate on a thick wax layer of 8000 Å due to the diffusion-limited reaction of ozone. A dewaxer was combined with a DIO3 rinse to reduce the wax removal time and remove wax residue completely. Replacing DI rinse with the DIO3 rinse resulted in a surface with a contact angle of less than 5˚, which indicates no further cleaning steps would be required. The particle removal efficiency (PRE) was further improved by combining a SC-1 cleaning step with the DIO3 rinsing process. A reduction in the process time was obtained by introducing DIO3 cleaning with a dewaxing process.

광촉매 반응이 자연유기물에 의한 나노여과막의 오염에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 광촉매 분해공정은 자연유기물의 분해와 변형에 효율적이었으며 이산화티타늄과 고정화 비드를 광촉매로 사용하였다. 광촉매적 특성을 비교하기 위하여 칼슘 이온 존재 시의 휴민산의 광분해를 모델 반응으로 설정하였다. 광분해 전에는 치밀한 막오염층이 형성되어 막오염을 가속화시킨 반면, 광분해 후에는 막오염이 크게 감소하였다.

유기증기에 대한 PDMS의 단점을 보완하기 위해 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)와 1,4-butanediol(BD)를 이용하여 poly(dimethylsiloxane)를 기초로 한 polyurethane-polysiloxanes (PU/PDMS)를 합성하였다. 그리고 poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)를 다공성 지지체로 이용하여 복합막을 제조하여 SEM 분석으로 코팅층의 존재와 두께를 확인하였다. 증기투과실험에서 투과온도와 feed의 농도가 증가할수록 flux는 점차 증가하였고, separation factor는 이와 반대로 점차 감소하는 'trade-off'현상을 보였다. 본 연구에서의 PU/PDMS는 soft segment의 함량보다는 비교적 hard segment의 함량이 높기 때문에 투과온도의 증가에 따른 영향이 크지 않았던 것으로 사료된다. PU/PDMS막은 VOCs와 상대적으로 높은 친화도를 가지고 있기 때문에 PU/PDMS 균질막과 비교하여 복합막의 형태에서도 향상된 flux와 높은 separation factor를 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 광촉매 반응과 막분리 기술을 접목시킨 혼성 고도 정수처리 공정에서 소독 부산물의 전구체로 알려진 자연산 유기물을 효과적으로 제거하고자 하였고 다양한 운전 조건에서 시스템의 성능을 비교 평가하였다. 자연산 유기물은 흡입여과 방식의 분리막과 TiO2 광촉매를 이용하여 광분해하였을 때 광촉매 투입량의 증가에 따라 반응속도가 증가하였지만 과량의 촉매 주입시에는 반응 속도 향상에 오히려 부정적으로 작용하였다. 자연산 유기물을 보다 효과적으로 제거하기 위해 산화철 주입, TiO2 표면처리, 분리막 표면코팅을 시도하여 제거특성 및 운전에 따른 막여과 특성을 평가하였다. 산화철 주입은 초기에 흡착작용으로 인해 제거율 증가를 보였으나 반응이 진행됨에 따라 산화철 입자에 의한 광산란으로 광분해 효율이 오히려 감소되었다. 산화철 입자에 의한 광산란을 제어하고자 TiO2 표면을 광처리와 열처리 방법을 이용해 철을 직접 부착시킨 경우 긍정적인 효과를 얻지 못했다. 그러나 산화철로 막표면을 코팅하여 광산란 효과를 배제시킨 경우에는 향상된 결과를 보였다 막투과 플럭스 15 L/m2-h에서 정밀여과를 수행하였을 때 TiO2나 산화철에 의한 막오염은 거의 일어나지 않았고 안정된 막투과도를 나타내었다.

원자력시설에서 방사성요오드 제거용으로 사용되는 TEDA 첨착활성탄의 고온공정에서치 메틸요오드의 제거성능을 은이온제올라이트(AgX)와 상호 비교하였다. 3-40 온도범위에서 온도에 따른 메틸요오드의 흡착량 및 탈착후 잔존량을 측정한 결과, 비첨착활성탄의 흡착성능은 온도가 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하지만 TEDA 첨착활성탄의 흡착성능은 10 부근에서도 AgX-10과 거의 유사한 값을 나타내었고, 탈착후 잔존량은 25 까지도 비첨착활성탄에 비하여 매우 높은 값을 유지하였다. 또한 10 이상의 고온공정에서 AgX 및 TEDA 첨착활성탄을 충전한 고정층 파과특성을 상호 비교한 결과 10 이상에서 AgX-10의 메틸요오드 흡착량 및 잔존량은 TEDA 첨착활성탄에 비하여 평균 30%정도 높은 값을 나타내어 고온에서 더 흡착성능이 우수함을 보여주고 있다. 흡착반응 후 생성된 기체의 성분을 분석한 결과를 토대로 AgX-10 흡착제를 충전한 고정층에서 메틸요오드 제거 메카니즘을 제안하였다.

농촌배수처리용 자연습지내의 생물상 및 유기물 제거효율을 조사하였다. 습지내에서 출현한 수생식물의 종조성은 13과 22종으로 나타났으며, 현존량이 가장 많은 종은 갈대로 약 35%, 고마리, 애기부들, 가막사리 및 돌피가 12~19%의 고른 분포를 보였으며, 나머지가 1%를 차지하였다. 습지 내에서 출현한 대형무척추동물은 복족강, 빈모강, 거머리강, 거미강, 갑각강, 곤충강이 조사되었으며, 그 중에서 곤충강이 7목 18과로 나타났다. 채집된 개체수로는 곤

Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)(PTMSP), poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) 막 및 PTMSP-g-PDMS막 등의 균질 치밀막을 제조하여 chloroform, trichloroethylene(TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE) 등의 유기염소계 화합물에 대한 투과증발 분리성능을 평가한 결과 PCE 대해 가장 높은 선택성을 나타내었다. PTMSP 막들의 경우는 시간이 지나면서 투과특성이 현저히 감소하였으나 PTMSP-g-PDMS 막은 지속적인 투과특성을 나타내어 시간이 경과되어도 물리적 노화현상은 거의 없었다. 또한 접촉각 측정 결과 본 연구에 사용된 고분자막들은 모두 분리대상 용질에 대해 친화성을 보였으며 균질 치밀 막들에 대한 상대적 팽윤도가 클수록 신택도가 증가하였다.

Porous asymmetric membranes were prepared from polyetherimide polymer by the phase-inversion technique under different conditions. The performance of the membranes was tested for the removal of acetone vapour from nitrogen. A membrane which showed a high acetone permeability and a high selectivity was chosen and tested further for the separation of different organic vapours from nitrogen. The molecular structure of organic vapours and the selectivity were correlated. A strong correlation was also found between the chromatographic retention time of the organic vapour and the selectivity. These experimental results led to the conclusion that the sorption is the factor governing the separation of volatile organic compounds from nitrogen. A membrane was also prepared by coating the surface of a porous polyetherimide membrane with silicone rubber. The performance of membranes with and without silicone rubber coating was compared.

인체에 해를 일으키는 유기염소계 탄화수소화합물로 오염된 폐수 및 음용수에서 미량의 유기성분을 분리하기 위하여 투과증발법에 의한 정수를 여러가지 막을 사용하여 살펴보았다. 유기염소계 탄화수소 화합물들은 발암성 추정물질들로서 미량이 체내에 있어도 암을 유발시킬 가능성이 있다. 물속에 미량 녹아 있는 유기염소계 화합물들을 분리하기 위해 본 실험에서는 물은 배제시키고 유기용제에 대해서는 친화성을 가질 것으로 예측되는 소수성 고무상 막인 폴리이소부틸렌막, 폴리에테르아미드막 및 폴리디메틸실록산 복합막을 사용하였다. 이들 막의 분리 대상용질에 대한 친화성 여부를 접촉각을 측정하여 검토하였다. 투과증발법을 사용하여 물에 미량 녹아 있는 트리크로로에틸렌, 클로로포름 및 퍼클로로에틸렌에 대한 분리를 실시한 결과, 분리 선택도가 최소 34에서 최대 19100의 값을 나타내었으며, 투과유량은 최소 19.7g/m2hr에서 최대 140g/m2hr의 우수한 결과를 얻었다

This study investigated the use of a hydroxyl-radicals-generated microbubble/catalyst (MB/Cat) system for removing organic pollutants, nitrogen, and phosphorous from liquid fertilizer produced by livestock wastewater treatment. Use of the MB/Cat system aims to improve the quality of liquid fertilizer by removing pollutants originally found in the wastewater. In addition, a reduction effect has been reported for antibiotics classified as representative non-biodegradable matter. Samples of liquid fertilizer produced by an aerobic biological reactor for swine wastewater treatment were first analyzed for initial concentrations of pollutants and antibiotics. When the MB/Cat system was applied to the liquid fertilizer, TCOD, TOC, BOD5, and NH3-N, and PO4-P removal efficiencies were found to be approximately 52%, 51%, 30%, 21%, and 66%, respectively. Additionally, Amoxicillin hydrate was removed by 10%, and Chlortetracycline HCl and Florfenicol were not present at detectable levels These findings confirm that the MB/Cat system can be used with livestock wastewater treatment to improve liquid fertilizer quality and to process wastewater that is safe for agricultural re-use.

This study investigated the effect of leaf form or phenotype and light intensity on the toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene removal of three foliage plants. Green and variegated forms of Ardisia pusilla, Scindapsus aureus, and Hedera helix plants were grown under 10 and 20 μmol･m-2･s-1 light intensities for 8 months and were tested for their volatile organic compound (VOC) removal efficiency for 15 h. In general, variegated forms of the plant species have higher VOC removal after 15 h of VOC exposure than green plants, particularly when grown in 10 μmol･m-2･s-1. This is more evident in A. pusilla and S. aureus than in H. helix. The highest rate of toluene, m-, p-, and o-xylene removal per hour by plants grown under 10 μmol･m-2･s-1 was achieved by variegated A. pusilla, while for ethylbenzene, variegated A. pusilla and variegated H. helix had the highest removal rate per hour. In plants grown in 20 μmol･m-2･s-1 light intensity, variegated and green H. helix have the highest removal rate per hour of toluene and m-, p-, and o-xylene. For ethylbenzene, variegated A. pusilla and green and variegated H. helix had the highest removal rates per hour. The plant with the lowest removal rate per hour for all five VOCs was green S. aureus grown under both light intensities. The percentage VOC removal rate of variegated over green plants was 22% higher at a lower light intensity

This study investigated the effect of organic materials (Bordeaux, Loess-sulfur) and the removal of apical shoot against downy mildew disease on cucumber cultivated in greenhouse. Five kinds of Bordeaux were made by adjusting mixing ratio of lime and copper sulfate in order to elucidate the optimal combination. The 4-6type Bordeaux was selected as the most effective combination for controlling cucumber downy mildew. Loess-sulfur showed inhibitory activity against cucumber downey mildew, but it was less effective than Bordeaux. It was confirmed that apical shoot cutting could reduce the incidence of cucumber downy mildew disease by 56.3%. When apical shoots of susceptible cucumber variety were cut at different leaf stages, disease incidence by early apical shoot cutting treatment was lower than that of late apical shoot cutting treatment. However in a resistant variety, ‘Heukryungsamcheok’, disease incidences of all cucumber apical shoot cutting treatments were lower than that of non-cutting treatment, but there was no differences between apical shoot cutting treatments due to low disease incidences. In addition, when organic materials and apical shoot cutting treatment were carried out in parallel, the combined treatments of organic materials and apical shoot cutting showed low disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew compared to untreated control. The lowest disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew was recorded in the combined treatment of 4-6type Bordeaux and apical shoot cutting. This study confirmed that apical shoot cutting can reduce the disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew and the combined treatment of apical shoot cutting and organic materials showed higher suppressive effect against cucumber downy mildew

Adsorption using highly porous and highly functionalized sorbents is a straightforward removal technology currently being employed, however the range of contaminants is limited. A novel sorbent was synthesized from activated carbon and Zr-based UiO66 metal organic framework to remove both cationic and oxyanionic metals from aqueous solutions. The composite was characterized using FSEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and TGA, and showed successful integration of UiO66 on the surface of activated carbon. Batch adsorption tests with ICP-OES reveal that the composite has removal efficiency >95% for Pb (II), Cu (II), Se (IV), and As (V). The hybrid material is a promising sorbent for the removal of both cationic and oxyanionic metals for wastewater purification.

This study aims to increase the organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies than the conventional method and meet higher effluent water quality standards by co-culture with bacteria in activated sludge in the aeration tank. By the co-culture in mixotrophic conditions through metabolic characterization of Scenedesmus dimorphus and bacteria in the aeration activated sludge, assessed how the impact on the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate. In addition, the study was to determine if it is possible to supply the oxygen necessary for the bacteria through the photosynthesis of algae without aeration. To test the synergistic effects of the co-culture, we compared co culture with S. dimorphus - only, Bacteria - only as a controls. In the co-culture condition inoculation ratio is based on the TSS concentration S. dimorphus and bacteria 1 : 5 (w / w), 5 : 5 (w / w) at a ratio. The growth rate of S. dimorphus - only condition was higher, which was 10 times and 2 times lower compared to B : A (5 : 1), B : A (5 : 5) respectively. Organic carbon removal rate of S. dimorphus - only condition was lower than other conditions, the remaining conditions were consumed at a similar rate. In the co-culture of Mixed bacteria and S. dimorphus, ammonium and phosphate removal rate has been high. But, nitrate removal rate showed a tendency to decrease compared to the Bacteria-only condition. When considering the Ammonium, nitrate and phosphate removal rate, N, P removal efficiency which is most excellent in terms of bacteria, such as S. dimorphus ratio (5 : 5) were co-cultured in the conditions. DO was maintained at 3 mg/L or more under all conditions. So, implying co-culture has the potential to decrease aeration costs.

Ocean dumping of all of the land waste was banned from 2014 by the London Convention. Therefore, the development of new technology to handle the huge amount of food waste are urgently sought. In particular, we were able to handle the garbage by using the Hermetia illucens by 2013 Presidential Decree. During this situation, we've been studied how to remove food waste by using Hermetia illucens as Environmentally harmless insect. In this study, four kinds of sample as a food waste, pork, bean-curd and boiled rice and mixed waste were selected. We tried to find efficiencies with different type we selected respectively. Efficiency of pretreated food waste with the form of the porridge was compared to rarefood waste efficiency.

도계량을 현재의 2배까지 증가시킬 예정인 닭 가공 업체인 A사의 생물학적 처리조를 대상으로 하여 처리효율을 2배까지 높이는 방안을 모색하였다. 이를 위해 MLSS 농도가 증가할 경우 이에 따른 유기물 및 질소 제거 효율 증가에 대한 근거를 확보하고자 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 닭 가공 폐수를 1차 화학 처리한 가압부상처리수를 대상으로 진행되었으며 SBR 형태로 진행되어 호기조 상태 25시간 운전 후, 무산소조 상태 5시간으로 운전되었다. MLSS 12,700mg/L로 진행된 실험 결과 호기조 상태 25시간 이내에 질산화가 완벽하게 일어났으며 C/N비 3:1 이상 실험군에서의 탈질 효율도 90%를 초과하였다. 후에 진행된 MLSS 농도 대비 유기물 및 질소 제거 효율 비교에서는 MLSS 농도를 5,600에서 12,700mg/L까지 변화시켰으며 MLSS 농도 10,800mg/L 실험군에서 유기물과 총 질소 농도 모두 배출허용기준치를 만족하는 결과를 보였다.