목적 : 안경 렌즈의 사용 기간에 따른 재질별 자외선과 가시광선의 투과율에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 5개사 총 118개의 사용자가 사용한 무색 단초점 안경 렌즈를 사용하였다. 사용 기간은 1년 미만, 1년 이상 2년 미만, 2년 이상 등 총 3개로 나누었다(1년 미만: 38개, 1년 이상 2년 미만: 46개, 2년 이상: 34개). 재질별 로는 중굴절(medium index, 1.55~1.56), 고굴절(high index, 1.60), 초고굴절(ultra high index, 1.67~1.74) 로 나누었다(중굴절: 32개, 고굴절: 66개, 초고굴절: 20개). 안경 렌즈의 광투과율은 Topcon사의 TM-1을 사용 하여 자외선(200~380 nm)과 가시광선(380~780 nm) 영역을 측정하였다. 결과 : UV, UVA, UVB 및 가시광선 투과율 측정값을 사용 기간별로 재질에 따라 비교한 결과 사용 기간이 1년 미만인 안경 렌즈의 재질에 따른 투과율 측정값은 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.189, p=0.197, p=0.081, p=0.073). 사용 기간이 1년 이상 2년 미만인 안경 렌즈의 재질에 따른 UV, UVA, 가시광선 투과율 측정값은 유의한 차이를 보이는 결과를 확인하였다(p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.003). 사용 기간이 2년 이상인 안경 렌즈의 재질에 따른 투 과율 측정값은 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.673, p=0.674, p=0.982, p=0.138). 결론 : 본 연구 결과 사용한 안경 렌즈의 사용 기간에 따른 재질별 투과율에서 차이가 나타났다. 따라서 안경 렌즈의 재질과 사용 기간 선택에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigates the historical development of English education in South Korea regarding the fourth and fifth National Curriculum Period. By analyzing the newspaper articles in five major newspapers in Korea, we focused on the characteristics of English education in each period. The research questions are: 1) what are the characteristics of the fourth National Curriculum? 2) what are the characteristics of the fifth National Curriculum?, and 3) what is the implication of these previous curricula on the current English education in South Korea? During the fourth National Curriculum Period, after the successful hosting of the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, the importance of communication skills in English spread throughout the country. Accordingly, the need for early English education emerged. In the fifth curriculum, various social factors, including the liberalization of overseas travel, led positive washback effects on English education. In elementary schools, English instructions were conducted as a special activity. In secondary schools, various changes in the educational environment were involved, including the introduction of listening tests and recruitment of native English teachers, which still affects English education in 2020. This paper concludes with educational implications and future research directions.

Discrete-time Queueing models are frequently utilized to analyze the performance of computing and communication systems. The length of busy period is one of important performance measures for such systems. In this paper, we consider the busy period of the Geo/Geo/1/K queue with a single vacation. We derive the moments of the length of the busy (idle) period, the number of customers who arrive and enter the system during the busy (idle) period and the number of customers who arrive but are lost due to no vacancies in the system for both early arrival system (EAS) and late arrival system (LAS). In order to do this, recursive equations for the joint probability generating function of the busy period of the Geo/Geo/1/K queue starting with n, 1≤n≤K, customers, the number of customers who arrive and enter the system, and arrive but are lost during that busy period are constructed. Using the result of the busy period analysis, we also numerically study differences of various performance measures between EAS and LAS. This numerical study shows that the performance gap between EAS and LAS increases as the system capacity K decrease, and the arrival rate (probability) approaches the service rate (probability). This performance gap also decreases as the vacation rate (probability) decrease, but it does not shrink to zero.

This study examined the status of food specialties in Korea during the Japanese colonial period through『Specialities of Joseon (朝鮮の特産)』. The book recorded a total of 164 areas and 317 specialties, focusing on five railway lines and branch lines on the Gyeongbu, Honam, Gyeongui, Gyeongwon, and Hamgyeong. Among the specialities, 211 species were included, excluding overlapping ones. The food specialties accounted for 100 kinds in 159 regions or 47.4 percent of the specialties. There were 47 food specialties in 47 areas of the Gyeongbu Line, 21 food specialties in 20 areas of the Honam Line, 32 food specialties in 40 areas of the Gyeongui Line, 26 food specialties in 15 areas of the Gyeongwon Line, and 33 food specialties in 42 areas of the Hamgyeong Line. Among the specialties, the amount of fish and their workpiece was overwhelmingly the largest. Next came processed goods of fruits, grains, and vegetables. In modern factories, corn, tomatoes, blueberries, and sardines were made of processed goods. Factories have been constructed for glass noodles, sugar, and soju. Specialities and processed goods produced in each region were brought to Japan during the Japanese colonial period.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in articles published in the Journal of Korean Society for Simulation in Nursing (KSSN) and to provide future directions for improvement. Method: The study analyzed data collected from 57 research articles published in KSSN between 2013 and 2018. A descriptive analysis was conducted with a focus on frequency and percentage for quantitative data. Results: The proportion of articles on quantitative research was 80.7%, while the proportion of articles on qualitative research was 15.8%. The majority of the quantitative research was focused on experimental study (47.4%). The prevailing data collection settings were school (75.4%), and for the data analysis, descriptive statistics (71.9%), t-test (50.1%), ANOVA (19.3%) and chi-square test (17.5%). The analysis results based on the simulation education research showed that the most frequently used scenario topics were delivery care and postpartum hemorrhage. The most frequently used variables measured were clinical performance (43.8%), problem-solving process (31.3%), self-confidence (31.3%), and self-efficacy (28.1%). Conclusion: Especially in the case of simulation nursing, there is a need to encourage research into utilizing a variety of research methodologies and simulations.

독일 괴팅겐 대학교 동아시아 연구소 한학과 학생들은 첫 해에 번체자를 배우고, 다음 학년 학기에는 번체자를 계속 쓰거나 간체자로 전환하는 것 둘 중 하나를 선택할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 간체자를 선택한 학생은 이 때 쓰기에서 번체를 간체자로 전환하는 것을 학습하였는데, 이 때 이들만의 독특한 한자 오류가 나타남을 확인할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 전에 배운 번체자의 영향을 받아 여행을 뜻하는 간체자 旅游를 번체자인 旅遊로 쓰거나, 亲眼을 親見眼 으로 쓰는 것과 같은 예이다. 필자는 이 전환 시기에 출현한 한자 쓰기 오류가 외국 국적의 학습자가 범하는 오류와 상이함을 발견하였고, 이것이 필자의 연구 동기가 되었다. 본 연구는 중국어를 학습한 독일 국적 학습자들이 번체자에서 간체자로 한자 사용이 전환되는 시기에 발생하는 다양한 한자 오류 현상을 위주로 연구를 진행하였다. 대상은 독일 괴팅겐대학교 동아시아 연구소의 한학과 학생이었으며, 연구 자료는 대상 학습자가 매주 한 편씩 지은 글 총 42편을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 문제의식은 두 가지이다. 하나는 '이러한 과도기에 생긴 한자 오류 현상은 무엇?'이며, '먼저 번체자 학습을 완료한 학습자가 다시 간체자를 학습할 경우, 건의할 학습 방법이 어떤 것이 있는가?'이다. 연구 절차는 대상 학생이 간체자를 이용하여 한 달 내에 쓴 글을 수집하고 쓰기에서 나타난 한자 오류들을 분석하여 귀납하는 방법을 사용하였으며, 마지막으로 이를 토대로 교학 건의를 도출하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 한자 오류 유형은 필기오류, 부건 오류, 同音字와 音近字의 잘못된 대체 오류, 번체자의 잘못된 대체 오류, 그 외 다양한 종류의 기타 오류들이다.

This paper explores the historical development of English education in Korea regarding the second and third National Curriculum period. By using the historical research method which analyzes newspaper articles in four major newspapers in Korea, we compared the similarities and differences between these two periods. The research questions are: 1) what are the characteristics of the second National Curriculum? 2) what are the characteristics of the third National Curriculum?, and 3) what is the implication of these previous curricula on the current English education in Korea? It was found that the second National Curriculum Period showed steady development in English education in terms of its emphasis on oral skills instead of the traditional emphasis on reading and grammar skills. However, the lack of coherence among various English textbooks, the lack of English teachers fluent in English, and the exam-oriented social atmosphere were the significant challenges in fully implementing the second National Curriculum. The third National Curriculum Period overlaps with the Yushin Regime propagated by the late President Park Junghee. During this period, a systematic effort to introduce communicative language teaching continued, whereas the exam-orientation persisted which made the English class employ teacher-centered grammar-translation methods. This paper concludes with educational suggestions and future research directions.

Although milk, which is a representative western food, has a more than 100-year history in Korea, the preference is controversial. This study examined the milk history of Choseon in 1884~1938. This period was divided into 4 periods regarding the westerner’s records and advertisements. Westerners who visited Choseon in 1884~1895 (1st period) recorded the eating habits of Choseon,i.e., no milk consumed, even in insufficient food situation. Among the westerners, medical missionaries began to show or/and recommend condensed milk for sick children. In 1896~1909 (2nd period) newspapers, general shops in Hanseong for westerners showed advertisements of dairy products. In the 1900s, condensed and raw milk were advertised through newspapers. Domestic ranching systems to produce raw milk were established at that time mainly by Japanese. In the 1910s (3rd period), raw milk and condensed milk were advertised in newspapers. Since the mid-1920s (4th period), dairy products were bisected into condensed and powdered (dried) milk. Moreover, many Japanese manufacturers appeared in the advertisement in the 1920s. These results suggest that milk has been recognized as a symbol of an enlightenment food in Korea since the late 1900s, but the old negative wisdom, unfamiliar taste, and high price of milk at that time limited its appeal.

This study attempted to analyze how dancheong for palace tablets during the Joseon period was designed as related to what plans and what materials were being used. It also investigated how this unique culture formed. The results found the following: First, the tablet dancheong unveiled through literature was designed using diverse techniques such as jinchae and yeokcheongchil. In jinchae, shell powder was applied to the tablet as the first lacquering, and then was colored. Second, in lacquer, maechil, chaesaekchil and jeohyeoptaechil were used. In yeokcheongchil, vegetable black, oil ash and perilla oil were applied to bitumen. Third, during the Joseon Dynasty, dancheong was applied to a tablet after first lacquering just like the danpihoe lacquering of Jiangsu Sheng, China. This tablet dancheong technique was developed based on a unique Korean lacquering culture that had been handed down from ancient times.

국제적 멸종위기종인 산양 암컷(n=6)의 출산시기 행동권 분석을 위해 2007년 3월부터 2014년 5월까지 설악산국립공 원, 월악산국립공원 2지역에서 GPS collar 발신기를 이용하여 연구 수행하였다. 분석결과 출산시기에 따라 행동권의 변화를 확인하였다. MCP 95%에서 봄 1.00±1.00km2 > 가을 0.66±0.30km2 > 여름 0.61±0.40km2 > 겨울 0.50±0.10km2 (F=4.240, p<0.05)로 분석되었으며, 월별분석은 5, 6, 7월에 급격이 행동권이 작아지는 특징을 보였으며, 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(F=24.261, p<0.01). 이렇듯 행동권의 급격한 변화를 보인개체들은 새끼를 출산한 개체로 확인 되었고, 행동권이 급격히 작아지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 평균 이용고도는 615.77±173.508m이며 출산개체와 비출산 개체 모두 큰 차이는 없었다. 이러한 분석을 통하여 출산 시기 등을 고려한 개체관리 및 복원에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

승무원의 피로는 해양사고의 주요 원인으로 인식되고 있다. 해양사고 원인의 대부분을 차지하는 인적오류를 예방하기 위한 다양한 방안이 강구되고 있으나 인적요인에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 승무원의 피로에 관한 체계적인 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 교원·학생·직원, 그리고 남성·여성과 같이 다양한 승선경력 및 업무 형태를 가지고 있는 실습선 한바다호 승무원 128명을 대상으로 87일간의 해양실크로드 항해탐험 동안 이들의 피로도 변화를 분석하였다. 승선기간에 따른 승무원의 피로도 변화는 설문조사와 간호사의 개별 면담을 통해 이루어졌고, 수집된 데이터는 정량적인 통계 처리를 실시하여 피로도 요인으로 분류한 후, 승선 집단별로 피로도 요인의 변화를 비교하였다. 연구 결과 승무원의 피로도 요인은 정신적 피로도, 생리적 피로도, 신체적 피로도로 분류되었고, 승선기간에 따른 직위별, 성별 피로도 변화에 대한 반복측정 분산분석 결과, 직위별로는 교수·부원 집단이 학생 집단보다 정신적, 신체적 피로도를 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났고, 성별로는 여성 승무원이 남성 승무원에 비해 신체적 피로도를 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다.

가스 생산용 해양플랜트 설비의 경우 폭발의 위험에 노출되어 있으며, 폭발사고는 구조물의 안전성에 치명적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서, 이러한 폭발사고에 의한 피해를 최소화하기 위해서는, 폭발하중에 의한 구조부재의 동적응답 특성을 명확히 파악할 필요가 있다. 폭발하중의 경우 매우 짧은 시간 동안에 구조물에 가격되었다가 소멸되기 때문에 구조부재의 고유주기 및 폭발하중의 지속시간을 고려한 동적응답 평가가 필수적으로 요구된다. 일반적으로 가스 폭발하중의 경우, 부 압력단계가 전체 하중 이력에서 상당 부분 존재하며, 본 연구에서는 이러한 부 압력단계의 형상에 따라 총 하중 지속시간을 결정하는 하중 모델을 제안하였다. 방화벽은 폭발사고 시 장비 및 인명 피해를 방지하고자 FPSO 탑사이드 모듈 사이에 배치되는 구조부재이므로 폭발하중에 의한 응답이력 특성 분석이 반드시 필요하다. 때문에 무 감쇠 단 자유도 모델에 가스 폭발하중을 적용하여 변위응답 특성을 분석하였으며, 평판으로 구성된 방화벽의 FE 모델을 이용한 하중 지속시간과 구조부재들의 고유주기를 고려한 응답 특성을 분석하였다. LS-DYNA를 이용한 선형/비선형 구조해석 분석결과, 부 압력단계의 지속시간이 구조물의 동적응답에 큰 영향을 주는 것을 보였다.

PURPOSES : The travel times of expressway buses have been estimated using the travel time data between entrance tollgates and exit tollgates, which are produced by the Toll Collections System (TCS). However, the travel time data from TCS has a few critical problems. For example, the travel time data include the travel times of trucks as well as those of buses. Therefore, the travel time estimation of expressway buses using TCS data may be implicitly and explicitly incorrect. The goal of this study is to improve the accuracy of the expressway bus travel time estimation using DSRC-based travel time by identifying the appropriate analysis period of input data. METHODS : All expressway buses are equipped with the Hi-Pass transponders so that the travel times of only expressway buses can be extracted now using DSRC. Thus, this study analyzed the operational characteristics as well as travel time patterns of the expressway buses operating between Seoul and Dajeon. And then, this study determined the most appropriate analysis period of input data for the expressway bus travel time estimation model in order to improve the accuracy of the model. RESULTS: As a result of feasibility analysis according to the analysis period, overall MAPE values were found to be similar. However, the MAPE values of the cases using similar volume patterns outperformed other cases. CONCLUSIONS: The best input period was that of the case which uses the travel time pattern of the days whose total expressway traffic volumes are similar to that of one day before the day during which the travel times of expressway buses must be estimated.

In the design of urban rail traffic entrances and ventilation pavilion in the city of Zhengzhou, Henan province, this study tries to explore a kind of regional appearance about the subway entrances and ventilation pavilion design in the new period through the combination of sustainable building ideology [ 1] and local culture. The creation inspiration of the design is from the aspects of humanism, and the design tries to make the building have distinct regional characteristic in the premise of the contemporary feeling with the rational method. The building is located in the central plains , where the cultural resources are very rich. The design tries to choose clements that are from the famous cultural heritage and appeared appropriately in the plan, which to read and promote culture with the perspective of modem style architecture, and also make the subway entrance building have local differences and the identify ability. In the deepening of the design, the green and sustainable thought is the main exploration direction. The design tries to use High-tech building materials, and shows the building texture with the Combination of ETFE (ethylene-tetra-fluoric-ethylene) and steel skeleton, which appear the structure and the form of the building in the new period with the eco-friendly style. At the same time, the design discusses the way of Subway Entrances and the ventilation pavilion in central plains under the constraints of geography, climate and function.

This paper focuses on the spatial analysis of traditional houses in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing period in China. It first reviews the spatial characteristics of the houses in Huizhou. Typical configurations, spatial elements and spatial compositions of the houses are briefly examined. It then discusses how those spatial characteristics are applied to the houses. To do so, the review of existing research and literature on the houses was conducted. For a detailed analysis of the houses, a field survey was performed to collect research materials of the houses and to assess the application of the characteristics in the houses. At times, the plans of the houses were redrawn for a further analysis of the spatial compositions of the houses. Attempts have been made to understand the underlying principles of their spatial organization. For example, Jin (2010) examined the spatial organization of unit plans. Boyd (1989), Berliner (2003) and Dan (2005) similarly categorized the organizational typology of its varying designs. Son(1995) further interpreted the spatial relations of the variety of houses in a comprehensive manner. Nevertheless, their analytic methodology falls short of a complete explanation of the spatial expansion and transformation in the houses. Therefore, this paper examines the basic principles behind the spatial expansion and transformation of a variety of traditional houses in Huizhou. In doing so, it strives to make logical sense of design variations in the houses and reveal the theory behind them.

In the design of urban rail traffic entrances and ventilation pavilion in the city of Zhengzhou, Henan province, this study tries to explore a kind of regional appearance about the subway entrances and ventilation pavilion design in the new period through the combination of sustainable building ideology 【1】and local culture. The creation inspiration of the design is from the aspects of humanism, and the design tries to make the building have distinct regional characteristic in the premise of the contemporary feeling with the rational method. The building is located in the central plains，where the cultural resources are very rich. The design tries to choose elements that are from the famous cultural heritage and appeared appropriately in the plan, which to read and promote culture with the perspective of modern style architecture, and also make the subway entrance building have local differences and the identify ability. In the deepening of the design, the green and sustainable thought is the main exploration direction. The design tries to use High-tech building materials, and shows the building texture with the Combination of ETFE (ethylene-tetra-fluoric-ethylene) and steel skeleton, which appear the structure and the form of the building in the new period with the eco-friendly style. At the same time, the design discusses the way of Subway Entrances and the ventilation pavilion in central plains under the constraints of geography, climate and function.