본 연구는 동계 무가온 3중 및 4중피복 plastic house내에서 고추를 육묘하여 이들 육묘환경조건에서의 고추유묘의 생장반응을 파악하고 육묘환경의 차이에 따른 묘의 소질과 정식이후의 생장과의 관련성을 검토하고자 수행한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초장, 엽수, 엽면적 및 각 기관별 건물중은 3중피복구가 4중피복구에 비하여 50%의 감소를 보였다. 가장 큰 차이는 엽면적으로 육묘기간중 3중에 비해 4중에서는 2-5배의 증가를 보여 육묘 환경의 차이가 고추유묘 생장에 현저한 영향을 미쳤다. 2. 3중피복구에서는 4중피복구에 비하여 생장초기부터 엽면적의 확보가 지연되었고, 이에 따라 고체생장율도 현저히 감소했다. 비엽면적(SLA)은 4중에서 3중에 비하여 엽의 두께가 얇았으며, 순동화율은 4중에서 생장초기에 증가하였다가 생장이 진행됨에 따라 감소되는 경향이었으나 3중에서는 파종후 6주후에 급격히 증가했다. 3. 엽면적과 전체건물중, 엽건물중간에는 직선적인 관계가 인정되었다. 그러나 엽면적과 개체생장율간에는 4중에서만 인정되었으며, 엽면적과 순동화율간에는 3중과 4중에 관계없이 직선적인 관계가 인정되지 않았다. 4. 파종후 6주째까지는 3중에서 엽으로의 건물분배가 많았고, 줄기와 뿌리로의 분배는 적었으며, 4중에서는 그 반대의 경향을 보였다. 5. 고추의 분지수는 3중과 4중에 관계없이 지수함수적 증가를 보였고, 주당 과중은 직선적인 증가를 보였다. 4중에서 육묘한 고추의 분지수는 3중에서 육묘한 고추보다 현저히 많았고 시간이 경과함에 따라 더욱 뚜렷한 경향이었다. 6. 고추유묘의 형질중 정식후 고추수량에 기여하는 정도가 가장 큰 것은 유묘의 지상부 건물중으로서 고추육묘에 있어서 양묘의 기준은 유묘의 지상부 건물중으로 결정되었으며, 또한 묘의 소질과 수량과의 관련성이 크게 인정되어 동계 시설재배시 고추의 다수를 위한 고추육묘는 지상부 건물중 증가를 위한 환경관리의 중요성이 인정되었다.

동계 무가온 다중피복 plastic house내 고추육묘의 생장에 영향을 미치는 온도, 광도 및 지온의 변화를 노지와 시설내 피복별로 조사 분석하여 고추의 적정 육묘생장 환경과 실제 무가온 다중피복 plastic house내의 환경요인과의 관련성을 파악코자 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 12월 20일부터 2월 25일 까지 P. E.필름으로 4중피복된 턴널내에서도 최저온도는 대부분 5℃를 보여 고추의 냉해온도에 대한 노출을 피할 수 없었고 이 기간에 최고온도는 대부분 33℃를 보였으며 극값은 42℃를 보여 다소간 환기의 필요도 인정되었다. 2. 피복이 증가할수록 온도 일교차가 크게 나타나 노지는 5-10℃를 보인 반면 피복내에는 16-38℃의 일교차를 보였다. 3. 저온기에 다중피복에 의한 보온효과는 뚜렷하였으나 4중피복하에서도 12℃이하의 온도출현이 많아서 고추 시설내 육묘시 냉해피해 가능성이 상존하며, 30℃이상의 고온출현회수도 200회 이상이었다. 4. 광도에 있어서도 피복이 증가할수록 광도는 감소하였고 온도증가는 크게 광의존성이었으며, 최저광도는 피복에 관계없이 고추의 광보상점 이하를 보여주었다. 5. 12월 20일부터 2월 중순까지 기온은 오전 10시 이후에야 고추의 생육한계온도인 10-12℃이상이 되었고, 오후 4시 이후에는 기온은 12℃이상이 되어도 광도가 급격히 낮아 고추유묘의 광합성 및 생장에 제한적일 것으로 사료되었다. 6. 시설내 최저지온은 동계 4중피복내에서도 10℃내외로서 고추생장에는 생리적 피해온도 범위에 속하였다. 7. 광주지방에 45년간 온도자료를 보면 노지 최저온도의 극값은 1월 5일에 -19.4℃를 기록하였으며 대부분 장기자료로부터 얻은 평균에서 ±5℃의 편차를 보였다.

1) 본 보고는 1965년 10월초 수도백엽고병이 격발한 전라남도내 담양읍, 대전면을 위시하여 천변인 영산포, 해안지대인 수포등 현재에서 피해상황과 그 원인 등을 조사해석하여 방제의 자료로 하고자 한 것이다. (2) 이앙기의 한발과 7월의 호우 등으로 인한 일부답의 침수는 본병이 조기다발하기에 알맞는 기상조건이었다. (3) 담양지방에서는 7월초순 호우가 있은 후, 일부 침수답에서 7월중순에 초발을 보게 되었으며, 농민들이 새로운 큰 병해라고 인식이 높아졌다. (4) 이앙기가 빠른 답일수록 피해가 많았다. (5) 침수지구의 피해가 심하였다. (6) 품종간의 차이가 확연하였으며, 특히, 전남풍, 천본욱이 약하고 농림 6호는 강한 편이었다. (7) 평야부가 고지대보다 피해가 많았다. (8) 휴한답이 이모작답에 비하여 피해가 심하였다. (9) 습답, 반습답에 피해가 심한 편이며 건답이 적은 편이었다. (10) 물고부근의 피해가 내부보다 많은 편이다. (11) 점형발생답을 많이 볼 수 있었다. (12) 발병하였을 때의 낙수가 병세를 조장시켰다는 농민이 다수였다.

As global warming continues, we expect extreme climate events to occur more frequently and intensively and the extremes to become normal eventually. Such timing of when the climate extremes in the present climate become normal in a future climate has been estimated in previous studies, but these studies used different methods and definitions, making an interpretation and application of the results difficult. Defining the year of beginning of a new normal climate as the timing of unprecedented climate (TUC), this study suggests a new estimation method using a return level of extreme temperatures. The TUC was estimated using CMIP5 climate model simulation data with an application to the wintertime daily maximum and minimum temperatures in Korea. With a 50-year return level obtained from Generalized Extreme Value distribution of the CMIP5 historical experiment data, overall in the models, TUC was estimated to come in the 2070s under RCP 8.5 (a business- as-usual) scenario and in the 2090s under RCP 4.5 (an intermediate level of emissions) scenario. Using this new method, TUC can be estimated for various fields globally or regionally in different seasons with different variables, providing a useful guideline for climate change mitigation and adaption policy and also a timetable for the actions.

Extreme low temperature has various effects on society. It has negative impacts on health, industry, agriculture, and transportation during winter season. Therefore, extreme low temperature is recognized as main factor that causing traffic accidents. This study analyzed the relationship between low temperature and traffic accidents from 2012 to 2018. This study also compared the differences in vulnerability to low temperature between urban and rural areas. Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and Poisson regression model are used to estimate the thresholds and the level of traffic accidents. The results show that the thresholds tend to be decreased gradually, but the level of traffic accidents are more likely to increase in both urban and rural areas Comparatively, rural areas are more vulnerable to traffic accident caused by drop in temperature than urban areas.

The Korean Peninsula has experienced regime shift (RS) in winter temperature since the mid-1980s. After the RS, monthly mean temperature significantly increased by 1.05°C in December with 95% confidence level, 1.36°C in January with 99% confidence level, and 1.60°C in February with 99% confidence level, respectively. Interestingly there is no RS in warm winter with 95% confidence level while there is a clear RS in cold winter with 99% confidence level, especially in December and January (DJ), indicating that the RS of winter temperature is mainly due to an abrupt temperature shift in December and January after the RS. Composite analysis suggests that abrupt shift in January after the RS is related to the reduction in sea level pressure (SLP) between Siberian high and Aleutian low, leading to anomalous southerly. However, abrupt shift in December is closely related to the propagation of Rossby wave spanning from the weakening of Ural high to negative anomaly over the North Pacific via high pressure anomaly over the Korean Peninsula, leading to adiabatic heating. Wave activity flux analysis suggests that the abrupt shift of DJ and the associated high pressure anomaly over the Korean Peninsula is induced by the propagation of Rossby wave spanning from North Atlantic Ocean to the Korean Peninsula via the Arctic, especially in cold winter.

Persistent Extreme Temperature Events (PETEs) are defined in two steps; first, to define extreme temperature events, the 80th and 20th percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature were chosen. Then individual PETE was defined as an event which lasted three or longer consecutive extreme temperature days. In this study, we examined characteristics and changes of PETEs in Republic of Korea (ROK) using 14 weather stations with a relatively long-term period of data, 1954-2016. In ROK, PETEs lasted four-five days on average and occurred two-three times a year. PETEs lasted longer in summer than in winter and in maximum temperature than in minimum temperature. PETEs which lasted greater than seven days account for a greater proportion in summer than in winter. However, intensities of PETEs were greater in winter because of a larger temperature fluctuation. In both summer and winter, durations and intensities of persistent extreme high temperature events increased while those of persistent extreme low temperature events decreased. Changes of PETEs were closely related with both global warming and diverse large-scale climate variabilities such as AO, NAO and Nino 3.4.

In this study, it is intended to find out clearly whether there are any initial damages by frost by analyzing the temperature characteristics of the reinforcing bars of each area depending on the changes of surface curing methods for the exposed areas of some reinforcing bars by modelling the wall reinforcing bar areas of a wall-type apartment.

In this study, the heat insulating performance increase the indoor temperature of the building is applied to the concrete was compared with plain concrete. As a result, the indoor surface at the outside temperature of 4.69∼7.32 ℃ temperature conditions showed a difference of up to 1.10 ℃, the lowest 0.54 ℃, indoor temperature is up to 0.95 ℃, 0.63 ℃ lower results showed a minimum.

The purpose of this study is to characterize long-term (1973~2012) changes in intra-seasonal temperature and extreme low temperature events in winter observed at 61 weather stations in the Republic of Korea and their associations with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns around East Asia. Maps of long-term linear trends clearly show that both temperature means and extreme events in Korea have asymmetrically changed between early winter and late winter. In early winter, changes with statistical significance are less observable, while in late winter reductions in low extreme temperature events as well as increases in temperatures, particularly after mid-1980s, are obviously observed across the study region. Comparisons of tropospheric synoptic climatic fields before and after the mid-1980s demonstrate that in early winter of recent decades, active meridional circulation from the Arctic appeared in western Eurasia and Bering sea, while in late winter, zonal circulation around East Asia associated with positive Arctic Oscillation-like patterns prevailed. These results indicate that asymmetric changes between early and late winter temperatures in Korea are associated with intra-seasonally inconsistent atmospheric circulation patterns around East Asia.

토양온도는 비점오염과 관련된 수문학적 및 생지화학적 과정에 영향을 주는 중요한 물리적 환경인자 중 하나이다. 이 연구에서는 분포형 유역모델인 CAMEL(Chemicals, Agricultural Management and Erosion Losses)의 겨울철 토양온도 모의성능을 개선하기 위해서 융설과 토양 동결-융해 모델을 개발하였으며, 경기도 여주에 위치한 시험유역의 4개 지점에서 3개월 동안 관측한 토양온도 자료를 사용하여 모델을 보‧검정하였다. 모의 결과, 표층 토양온도에 대해서는 모델이 토양온도의 시계열 변화를 비교적 잘 재현하는 반면(R2 0.71～0.95, RMSE 0.89～1.49℃), 하부토양층 온도에 대해서는 경우에 따라 모델의 예측오차가 다소 크게 나타났는데(R2 0.51～0.97, RMSE 0.51～5.08℃), 이것은 모델에서 토양 깊이별 토성을 동일한 것으로 가정한 것이 주요 원인인 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 개발된 모델은 융설에 의한 단열효과와 토양 동결-융해 과정에서 유입 또는 방출되는 잠열흐름의 영향으로 토양온도의 진폭이 감소하는 현상을 잘 모의하고 있다. 비록 모델 구조의 한계와 자료의 부족으로 토양온도에 대한 다소의 예측오차가 발생하였지만, 개발된 토양온도 모델은 시험유역의 토지이용 및 지형에 따른 토양온도와 적설상당수량의 시공간적 분포를 합리적으로 잘 모의하는 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, we analyzed the intraseasonal variability and change of winter temperature over South Korea using long-term observations. The lowest temperature in the wintertime, using daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature data occurred on January 7th in the period of 2003~2012, while on January 22~25th in the past 30 years(1973~1982, 1983~1992, 1993~2002). Representative seven stations in South Korea also showed consistent result. The strengthening of Siberian High and weakening of Aleutian Low in recent 10 years are found to be closely related with the recent intraseasonal temperature change over South Korea. The baroclinic structure of upper-level low and lower-level high system near Korean peninsula provided good condition for vertical cold-air advection, which resulted in minimum temperature on late January in 1973~1982 and early January in 2003~2012 with strengthened low-level northerly flow.

Recently, a lot of problems have occurred in the tunnel by low-temperature freezing phenomenon in winter. Icicles caused by low-temperature freezing phenomenon has caused tunnel maintenance and traffic accident possibility. Therefore, in the study it is analyzed that a case of tunnel freezing occurred in the past

This research is to measure and analyze the thermal performance of the apartment structure and to evaluate and establish standards of thermal insulation defect in order to make the basic data necessary for determining the degree of the thermal performance degradation and for repairing and reinforcing the exterior wall of the existing apartment. Furthermore, it is to predict the part of occurrence of the thermal bridge and condensation at the apartment building structure. On the other one hand, it is also to analyze the degree of thermal insulation performance according to the standards of thermal insulation and elapsed time, through the analysis by the workability of concrete.

The purpose of this article is analyzing the impacts of climate change on winter chinese cabbage yield in Korea, with employing a panel data regression model. Our results show that there is a negative impacts of high temperature and precipitation amount on winter chinese cabbage yields. Especially high temperature and rainfall in September cause serious damage to winter chinese cabbage yield. According to the reduction schedule on greenhouse gas emission(RCP 4.5 scenario.), winter chinese cabbage yield would be 7.7% lower than it is, for reasons of high temperature and rainfall damages by the end of 21st century.

Water temperature in the eastern part of the Yellow Sea (EYS) during winter (JFM) and summer (JJA) from 1964 to 2009 and Siberian High Pressure Index (SHI) and Arctic Oscillation index (AOI) during winter (JFM) from 1950 to 2011 were used to analyze long-term variation in oceanic and atmospheric conditions and relationship between winter and summer bottom water temperature. Winter water temperature at 0, 30 and 50 m had fluctuated highly till the late of 1980s, but after this it was relatively stable. The long-term trends in winter water temperature at both depths were separated with cold regime and warm regime on the basis of the late 1980s. Winter water temperature at 0m and 50m during warm regime increased about 0.9°C and 1.1°C respectively compared to that during cold regime. Fluctuation pattern in winter water temperature matched well with SHI and AOI The SHI had negative correlation with water temperature at 0 m (r=-0.51) and 50 m (r=-0.58). On the other hand, the AO had positive correlation with Winter water temperature at 0 m (r=0.34) and 50 m (r=0.45). Cyclic fluctuation pattern of winter water temperature had a relation with SHI and AO, in particular two to six-year periodicity were dominant from the early of the 1970s to the early of the 1980s. Before the late of 1980s, change pattern in winter water temperature at 0 and 50 m was similar with that in the bottom water temperature during summer, but after this, relationship between two variables was low.

Miscanthus, a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass, is a potential biomass crop, mainly because of its high yield potential and low demand for inputs. But, overwintering is the biggest problem for establishment of Miscanthus in the first year after planting rhizomes, particularly in East Nothern Asia, where winter is very cold. In this study, overwintering and freezing tests with Miscanthus rhizomes were conducted in the field (Experimental Farm Station of Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea) and the freezer maintained at -18℃, respectively. For overwintering test, rhizomes of Miscanthus sinensis, M. sacchariflorus and M. x giganteus were buried at 1, 3, 6, and 9 cm soil depths in the field in December 2009 and transplanted in a plastic pot containing sandy loam soil in March 2010. The pot was then placed in the incubation room maintained at 35/25℃ for assessing seedling establishment and early growth. For freezing test, Miscanthus rhizomes planted at 3 cm soil depth in a plastic pot containing sandy loam soil were kept in the freezer for different durations and then transfer to the incubation room for assessing seedling establishment and early growth. Rhizomes buried at 1 cm showed the least seedling establishment, while those buried at 6 cm showed the best seedling establishment, suggesting that rhizomes need to be planted at 6 cm for their successful overwintering. When rhizomes were exposed to freezing temperature down to -18℃, their survival decreased with increasing the duration of freezing exposure. From 12 hours of exposure their survival rate decreased significantly and finally reached to zero at longer than 24 hours of exposure. Further studies will be conducted to screen cold tolerant genotypes.

To investigate flowering related genes in winter-type oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Tammi), differentially expressed genes were isolated from leaves of the plant after low temperature treatment which is requirements for floral induction. As a result of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), 288 clones were randomly selected from SSH library. Using reverse Northern blot analysis, 150 of 288 clones were identified to be differentially expressed. Out of these 150 clones, 45 clones showed very high identities with the known genes. Four clones showed very high identities over 90% with metallothionein-like gene that is related to flowering-induced genes. Of these 4 clones, the cDNA clone, rfs-13, revealed high identity with meotallothionein-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana (98%) and Brassica compestris (89%). Furthermore, gene expressed in immature flower stages was confirmed by Northern blot analysis.

보리의 생육단계별 온도 조건과 등숙형질과의 상호관련성을 검토하고자 특성이 다른 올보리, 강보리, 수원 18호를 공시하여 실험을 수행한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 등숙기간중 온도조건별 천입중이 최대에 달하는 기간은 15/10℃ 인 경우, 품종에 따라 53～7일, 20/15℃ 와 25/20℃ 에서 각각 43～5일, 32～33일로 천리온도가 5℃ 높아짐에 따라 등숙기간은 10～12일의 변이를 보였다. 2. 온도조건별 종실의 수분일실량은 15/10℃ 는 0.91～0.95% / 일, 20 / 15℃ 와 25/20℃ 에서는 각 각 1.14～1.26% / 일, 2.41～2.61% / 일로 고온 일수록 종실의 수분일실량이 많았으나 품종간 차이는 경미하였다. 3. 생육단계별 처리 온도에 따른 수량구성형질은 이삭발육기의 고온(25/20℃ ) 조건에서는 개체당 이삭수가 20/15℃ 와 비교할 때 39%, 일수입수는 41%가 감소하였으며 등숙기의 고온은 천입중이 30%가 감소하였으나 그 외 생육단계에서는 온도에 대한 반응이 경미하였다. 4. 식물체의 부위별 건물중 일수입수와는 영양생 장기 < 이상발육기 < 등숙기의 순으로 높은 상관관계를 보였다.

종관기상자료만으로 충족시킬 수 없는 농업분야 국지기상정보 수요에 대처하기 위해 지형기후 관계식에 의거한 제주도 전역의 정밀기후 추정 및 표출방법을 개발하였다. 먼저 도전역을 250m 간격의 직교격자로 구획하고 교차점의 해발고도를 지형도상에서 판독하여 사방 1km 지역(단위격자)의 평균해발고도, 평균경사도, 그리고 평균 경사방향 등 지형내자를 계산, 정량화하였다. 18개의 기존 및 신설 기상관측소가 위치한 단위격자의 지형 인자값과 실제 관측된 일최저기온값을 중회귀분석하여 지형일기온 관계식을 도출하고 이로부터 미관측 격자에 대하여 주정치를 계산하였다. 구체적으로 겨울철 일최저기온에 대하여 3개의 전형적인 기압계 유형별로 최적 추정식을 만들어 해안지대에 위치한 제주 및 서귀포 관측자료와 기압계 유형판별만으로 도전역의 일최저온 분포 예측을 가능케 하였다.