In this study, commercial pellet type sorbents for the collection of CO2 from a local municipal waste incinerator were prepared and characterized in terms of adsorption efficiency by varying the operating conditions of a field process. The concentration of CO2 in the flue gas ranged from 8 to 10%, which entered the test packed bed. As a result of this experiment, the sorbent procured from A-company, which is mainly composed of calcium compounds, showed the highest adsorption efficiency. The regeneration efficiency was fairly low, however. It also was found that based on adsorption breakthrough time, the relatively low flow rate of 10 LPM into the bed allowed higher collection efficiency. The higher flow rate of 40 LPM, on the other hand, tended to decrease the retention of the adsorption.

This study estimates the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from energy sector of Changwon city from 2012 to 2020 and scenario analysis of GHGs reductions pathways in the context of the goal of 2030 NDC and 2050 carbon neutral scenario in Korea. As a result, the GHG emissions as a reference year of carbon neutral in 2018 were estimated as 8,872,641 tonCO2eq accounting for 3,851,786 tonCO2eq (43.6%) of direct source (scope 1) and 4,975,855 tonCO2eq (56.4%) of indirect source (scope 2). Especially, among indirect sources as purchased electricity, manufacturing sector emitted the largest GHG accounting for 33.0%(2,915 thousands tonCO2eq) of the total emissions from all energy sectors, scenario analysis of GHG reductions potential from the energy was analyzed 8,473,614 tonCO2eq and the residual emissions were 354,027 tonCO2eq. Purchased electricity and industry sector reducted the largest GHG accounting for 58.7%(4,976 thousands tonCO2eq) and 42.1%(3,565 thousands tonCO2eq) of the total emissions from all energy sectors, respectively.

In the context of low-carbon economy, the assumption of free carbon emission is disappearing, and manufacturing enterprises need to plan their low-carbon strategies. Enterprises need to consider a series of issues such as investment in low-carbon technology, control and prevention of carbon emissions in the production process, and trading of carbon emission rights. These decisions and actions require accounting to reflect enterprises' carbon emission activities. This paper starts with the connotation of carbon emission cost, analyzes the confirmation process and classification of carbon emission cost, and obtains the combination point of optimal carbon emission and carbon emission cost by constructing the short-term carbon emission cost decision model. After further analysis of the long-term carbon emission cost decision model, it is proposed that the long-term carbon emission cost will decrease with the decrease of carbon emission. At the same time, the paper takes the automobile industry as an example to analyze the carbon tax levied on "carbon emission", and verifies the decision-making model of short-term and long-term carbon emission cost.

산업혁명 이후로 계속해서 문제가 되어왔던 이산화탄소를 저감하기 위한 노력이 전세계적으로 이루어지고 있다. 다양한 이산화탄소 저감 기술 중 이산화탄소를 안정적이고 대량으로 고정 및 재이용할 수 있는 기술 중 하나로 무기탄산화 기술이 있는데 이는 금속이온과 이산화탄소를 반응시켜 무기탄산염을 생성하는 기술이다. 따라서 금속이온 공급원 선택이 핵심 요소 중 하나인데 일반적으로 Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ 등을 포함한 다량의 금속 이온을 포함하고 있는 해수를 기반으로 한 폐기물의 사용에 대하여 고려하였다. 정제소금 생산 공정에서는 위에 언급된 해수를 사용하여 소금을 생산한다. 이러한 과정에서 Na+가 제거되면서 Mg2+ 및 Ca2+가 농축된다. 따라서 기존의 해수보다 높은 농도의 금속 이온을 가지고 있기 때문에 사용하기에 적합하며 폐수처리라는 장점 또한 가지고 있다. 먼저 해수 내의 Ca이온을 OH-이온을 사용한 pH조절을 통하여 Ca(OH)2로 분리한 후 CO2 포화 아민계 흡수제(Methyldiethanolamine, MDEA)를 사용하여 이산화탄소를 전달한다. 생성물을 여과한 후 고온에서 24시간 건조시킨 후에 XRD, SEM, TGA를 사용하여 결정구조, 모양 및 순도분석을 실시하였다. 또한 포화 아민계 흡수제 제조 과정에서 재이용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 탈거 및 재흡수실험을 진행하였다.

파리기후변화 협약이후, 대한민국은 BAU대비 2030년 37%의 이산화탄소를 감축하는 목표를 설정하였다. 하지만 국내의 실정을 고려하였을 때, 37%의 이산화탄소를 감축하기 위해서는 현재진행중인 이산화탄소 감축 기술을 적용하기에는 한계점이 존재한다. 따라서 기존에 진행된 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장과 신재생에너지를 적용한 이산화탄소 저감을 실행하기 전에 이를 완화하기 위한 대응기술의 적용이 요구되는 상황이다. 이산화탄소저감 대응기술은 여러 가지가 존재하고 있지만, 2016년 정부 부처간 협약된 결과를 고려하면 탄소광물화는 이산화탄소를 저감하기 위한 완화대응기술이라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 현재까지 국내에서 개발된 대부분의 기술은 고농도(80% 이상)의 이산화탄소를 이용한 탄소광물화의 연구들이 대부분이기 때문에 실제 산업에서 배출되는 저농도 이산화탄소(5~20%)를 이용한 연구는 거의 전무한 상태이다. 고농도의 이산화탄소를 이용한 탄소광물화는 반응속도가 매우 빠르다는 장점이 있지만, 저농도의 이산화탄소를 농축하기 위한 추가공정(Carbon Capture)이 필요하다는 것이 단점이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저농도의 이산화탄소를 농축공정이 필요없는 연구로 반응촉매제(용매)를 사용하여 산업에서 배출되는 소각재 및 폐자원을 이용한 연구를 수행하였다. 수행결과 이산화탄소의 빠른 전환을 촉진하기 위해 사용된 용매는 고농도 이산화탄소를 사용한 경우보다 반응속도가 매우 빠르다는 것을 확인하였으며, 현재 매립처리를 하고 있는 폐기물을 재순환하여 산업 등에 활용 할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

Aerosols play the important role as scatter or absorb solar radiation, which consequently modies the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Aerosol and its eects, especially its indirect eects, on climate have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Understanding of interactions of aerosols and climate is important to better prediction of future climate change. In this study, the direct and indirect effect of fossil fuel organic carbon aerosol (OC) and its impacts on the climate during the period of the early of 20th century (1901~1920) and the end of 20th century (1986~2005) were investigated. we examine changes in aerosol emission during 20th century. Using HadGEM2-AO (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2, Atmosphere and Ocean), historical experiments are carried out with and without anthropogenic aerosol emissions (HIST, FIXA) from 1860 to 2005. Fossil fuel organic carbon aerosol (OCFF) emission xed at 1860 is added. Due to the large emission of OC, thick optical depth of the OC appears over Asia, western Europe and eastern north America. e direct eect due to increasing OC influences negative radiative effect at the surface, which leads to a cooling effect on the surface. The OC shows direct eect and indirect eect as well. e variation of total amount of clouds are aected by the OC aerosols emission.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended the first order decay (FOD) model for estimating methane emissions from solid waste landfills. However, selecting appropriate parameter is a major challenge in methane emission modeling. The degradable organic carbon (DOC) and the fraction of degradable organic carbon which decomposes (DOCF) are the two primary parameters in the methane generation potential (L0). The DOC is the amount of organic carbon that can be decomposed by biochemical reactions in microorganisms. Chemical analysis methods are currently available to measure the DOC including using total organic carbon and element analysis methods. However, chemical analysis methods are not appropriate for determination of the DOC, which indicated that the DOC should be measured by biochemical tests. In addition, these methods should consider a fossil carbon content that needs a complex and high cost of analysis. The DOCF is an estimate of the fraction of carbon that is ultimately degraded and released from landfills. However, no methodology is provided for determination of the DOCF in landfills. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to suggest methodologies for the determination of DOC and DOCF in solid waste landfills. A biochemical methane potential (BMP) test could be used to calculate the DOC because the BMP represents an upper limit on the methane potential of a waste, which corresponds to a maximal amount of degraded organic carbon. The calculation was based on the assumption that the DOCF is 100%. In this study, two methodologies were suggested to determine the DOCF in landfills. The first one uses a new equation (DOCF = 2.76W-0.44) with moisture content in the landfill that actual methane flux data are unavailable. Moisture content is a major ecological parameter on the anaerobic biodegradability of the solid waste in the landfill. Another methodology is to use L0,Landfill/L0,BMP ratio. The L0,Landfill could be determined by a regression analysis if methane flux data were available.

It is expected that construction waste include a waste concrete is continuously increase each year in the future. Theamount of construction waste is a lot and according to the nature of construction waste, it does not have a seriousenvironmental pollution and hazards. Therefore it is used as recycled aggregate directly or through a simple intermediatetreatment. The purpose of this study, recycled aggregate concrete used in a building structure system. Thus this studyfigure out which physical and mechanical characteristics of recycled aggregates concrete. According to replacement levelof recycled aggregates compared with natural aggregate, examine a life cycle CO2 emission and review cost efficiencyfor the practical use of recycled aggregate concrete. The result of this study that recycled aggregate concrete decline aCO2 emission and decrease material cost when a replacement level is increase. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit volumein aggregate by dry process according to substitution ratio compared with 0%, in 30% is 0.10%, in 50% is 0.34%, in100% is 0.58% reduce. Aggregate by wet process according to substitution ratio compared with 0%, in 30% is 0.02%,in 50% is 0.20%, in 100% is 0.35% reduce.

정부의 폐자원에너지화 정책에 따른 사업 추진이 활성화대고 있으며 폐기물의 연료화 및 가스화에 대한 국내외 기술개발 및 성장 잠재력이 확대되고 있으므로 시장대응에 필요한 기술개발이 필요하다. 국내의 경우 생활폐기물이 지자체에 의해 관리, 계획되고 있으며 지역주민들의 환경에 대한 관심 증대로 인해 친환경폐기물 처리 시설이 점차 요구되어 지고 있으나 소규모 지자체의 경우 경제적, 효율적으로 에너지 자원화를 통한 제도적, 기술적 지원 시책이 미비하고 경제성이 떨어져 사업추진이 곤란한 실정이다. 그러므로 에너지화 시설 설치가 어려운 지자체의 경우 중소규모 처리 시설을 대상으로 에너지 이용 효율이 높고 경제성 확보가 가능한 보급형 생활폐기물 가스화 시스템의 개발 및 적용이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 생활 폐기물 가스화 기술은 폐기물 내의 탄소 및 수소 성분을 산화제인 공기와 반응시켜 CO 및 H₂가 주성분인 가연성 합성가스를 생산하는 기술로서 폐기물을 환경적으로 안정하게 처리할 수 있으며, 적절한 정제 공정을 통해 사용 목적에 따라 다양한 분야로 재활용이 가능하고 합성가스를 이용한 스팀생산, 고효율 가스엔진 발전 등을 통해 에너지 회수율을 높일 수 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 가스화를 통해 생산된 합성가스를 이용하여 연료로 사용하기 위해서는 합성가스 내 포함된 입자상 및 가스상 오염물질을 적절한 수준으로 정제하여야 하므로 본 연구에서는 가스화 발전시스템 적용을 위해 폐기물 특성과 합성가스 생산특성 주요 인자에 대한 운전 변수를 도출하기 위하여 Pilot급 생활폐기물 가스화 실험 설비를 이용하여 가스화 실험을 수행하였으며 공기가스화 조건에서 합성가스 생산 및 운전특성을 확인하였고 합성가스 생산 품질에 영향을 미치는 중요 인자인 미반응 탄소, 타르와 같은 오염물질 배출 특성을 파악하였다. 실험 결과 합성가스 주요 조성은 CO 5.0 ~ 11.2%, H₂ 5.1 ~ 8.5%, CH₄ 2.5 ~ 3.4%로 가연성 가스가 안정적으로 생산되었으며 정제설비 성능분석을 위해 정제설비 전･후단에서 합성가스 중 오염물질 농도를 분석한 결과 입자상 물질은 모두 제거가 가능하였으며, 가스상 오염물질은 95 ~ 97%의 제거 효율을 나타냄으로써 합성가스 엔진 유입 조건을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg- CO2 for oystershells, 0.004692kg-CO2 for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-CO2 for bordeaux mixture liquid.

This study was carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCA of garlic production system. We have case study in cultivate garlic 1 kg calculate in carbon footprint. LCA carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCI (life cycle inventory) database of garlic production system. The data is from Research of Farmer"s income in 2010 (RDA, 2011), and used Pass (5.0.0) program. The value of fertilizer, amount of pesticide input were shown the environmental effect and direct emission. Carbon footprint in agriculture guarantees the choice right the consumer to choose the lower carbon goods. Its can make to strengthen of agriculture and food industry"s reduction effort of CO2. Nowadays consumer requests food"s safety and environment friendly process. Carbon footprint also needs consumer"s relief and incentives.

This study was carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCA of cherry-tomato production system. I have case study in cultivate cherry tomato (1kg) calculate in carbon foot print. LCA carried out to estimate carbon foot print and to establish of LCI (life cycle inventory) database of cherry tomato production system. The data is from Research of Farmer"s income in 2007 (RDA, 2008), and used Pass (4.1.3) program. The value of fertilizer, amount of pesticide input were show the environmental effect and direct emission. Carbon foot printing in agriculture guarantee the choice right th consumer th choose the row carbon goods. Its can make to strengthen of agriculture and food industry"s reduction effort of CO2. Nowadays consumer request food"s safety and environment friendly process. Carbon foot printing needs consumer"s relief and incentives.

The current world is suffering abnormal climate caused by global warming. The main cause of global warming is greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide. The carbon labeling system and carbon traceability system being pushed ahead in the agricultural sector is the policy for responding to climate change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To make this policy more effective and enhanced, the amount of carbon emissions should be calculated based on the kind of crops or the various businesses in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in order to estimate the accurate amount of carbon emissions, it is necessary to establish carbon dioxide emission intensity of various agricultural materials added onto the agriculture, and to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emission for each crop according to agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to establish the amount of emission, emission per agricultural materials, of agricultural materials being added for crop production as a basic step, and emission intensity which can be used in the future market in order to estimate accurate amount of carbon emission in all the policies being promoted in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in this study, in order to build LCI D/B about organic fertilizers among many organic materials added onto the organic agriculture sector, one leading company in organic fertilizer production was selected and LCA was conducted for this leading company. We had to build the intensity and integrated average concept of intensity upon the two cases once production farmers for their own consumption and farms besides organic fertilizer company were categorized even if it’s little amount. But in this study, individually produced organic fertilizers were excluded. Calculated results are following. Carbon emission of mixed expeller cake fertilizer in organic fertilizer was 1,106,966.89㎏-CO² and emission intensity was 0.01606㎏-CO², respectively. Total emission of mixed organic fertilizers was 241,523.2㎏-CO² and emission intensity was 0.01705㎏-CO². And total emission of organic compound fertilizers was 94,592.66㎏-CO² and emission intensity was 0.01769㎏-CO², respectively.

Increasing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use and land-use change has been perturbing the balanced global carbon cycle and changing the carbon distribution among the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, the soil, and the ocean. SGCM(Simple Global Carbon Model) was used to simulate global carbon cycle for the IPCC emissions scenarios, which was six future carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use and land-use change set by IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Atmospheric CO2 concentrations for four scenarios were simulated to continuously increase to 600～1050ppm by the year 2100, while those for the other two scenarios to stabilize at 400～600ppm. The characteristics of these two CO2-stabilized scenarios are to suppress emissions below 12～13 Gt C/yr by the year 2050 and then to decrease emissions up to 5 Gt C/yr by the year 2100, which is lower than the current emissions of 6.3±0.4 Gt C/yr. The amount of carbon in the atmosphere was simulated to continuously increase for four scenarios, while to increase by the year 2050～2070 and then decrease by the year 2100 for the other two scenarios which were CO2-stabilized scenarios. Even though the six emission scenarios showed different simulation results, overall patterns were such similar that the amount of carbon was in the terrestrial biosphere to decrease first several decades and then increase, while in the soil and the ocean to continuously increase. The ratio of carbon partitioning to the atmosphere for the accumulated total emissions was higher for the emission scenario having higher atmospheric CO2, however that was decreasing as time elapsed. The terrestrial biosphere and the soil showed reverse pattern to the atmosphere.