Mushrooms are considered not only as food but also for source of physiologically beneficial medicines. The culinarymedicinal mushrooms may important role in the prevention of age-associated neurological dysfunctions, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus), is edible mushrooms, is a parasitic fungus that grows hanging off of logs and trees and well established candidate for brain and nerve health. H. erinaceus contains high amounts of antioxidants, beta-glucan, polysaccharides and a potent catalyst for brain tissue regeneration and helps to improve memory and cognitive functions. Its fruiting bodies and the fungal mycelia exhibit various pharmacological activities, including the enhancement of the immune system, antitumor, hypoglycemic and anti-aging properties. H. erinaceus stimulates the synthesis of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) which is the primary protein nutrient responsible for enhancing and repairing neurological disorders. Especially hericenones and erinacines isolated from its fruitin body stimulate NGF, synthesis. This fungus is also utilized to regulate blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. H. erinaceus can be considered as useful therapeutic agents in the management and/or treatment of neurodegeneration diseases. However, this review focuses on in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials for neurodegerative disease.

This study purposed to provide a scientific base for understanding the effect of therapeutic intervention using motivation on chronic stroke patients’balance and determining whether it is applicable as a new therapeutic intervention. For this study, we sampled 38 chronic stroke patients, and divided them randomly into a motivation training group(n=20) and a control group(n=18). To the control group was applied neurological physiotherapy 5 times a week, and 30 minutes each time, and to the motivation training group was applied neurological physiotherapy and then, additionally, a Nintendo Wii-Fit program 3 times a week, and 30 minutes each time. Before and after the experiment, the subjects’dynamic balance was measured with functional reach test(FRT), timed up & go test(TUG), and 10m gait test, and their static balance was measured with the Romberger Test. When dynamic balance ability was compared between before and after the experiment and between the motivation training group and the control group, significant difference was observed in the results of FRT, TUG, and 10m walking test between before and after the intervention(p<.05). As to static balance, in addition, body balance movement distance was not significantly different. Therapeutic intervention using dynamic motivation was found to be more effective than the control group in improving dynamic balance.

This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Galla rhois (GR) ethanol extract (GRE), sodium chlorate (SC), and a combination of GRE and SC on mice infected with Brucella abortus (B. abortus). Mice were infected intraperitoneally with B. abortus and then treated with GRE, SC, and a combination GRE and SC in drinking water for 14 days. Then, serum antibodies were used in a tube agglutination test (TAT), after which the weight and CFUs from each spleen were measured. In addition, histopathological changes in each liver were examined at 14 days post-infection. At 14 days post-infection, negative reactions of serum antibodies in PC (positive control), SCT (SC 1.6 g/L drinking water), GRT (GRE 200 mg/L drinking water), and GST (GRE 200 mg + SC 1.6 g/L drinking water) were 0, 40, 60, and 80%, respectively. The average spleen weight was not significantly different between the groups. At 14 days post-infection, bacterial numbers in all treated groups were significantly lower compared to to that of the PC (GRT and SCT, P<0.05; GST, P<0.001). In terms of histopathological changes in the livers, there were numerous multifocal microgranulomas in the PC, whereas this number successively decreased in the SCT, GRT, and GST groups. Conclusively, a combination of GRE and SC exhibits therapeutic effects on mice infected with B. abortus. These results suggest the potential efficacy of a mixture of GRE and SC in the treatment of brucellosis.

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of medi- cal shampoo containing terbinafine hydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate in dogs with dermatophytos is complicated with bacterial infection. Although several stud- ies in dogs and cats with fungal dermatitis have found that oral administration of terbinafine is effective for controlling clinical signs, the topical form of terbinafine has rarely been studied in dogs and cats. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of medical shampoo containing terbinafine hy- drochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate in dogs with der- matophytos is complicated with bacterial infection. Eight dogs infected with Microsporum spp. complicated with bacterial infection were enrolled in this study. These dogs were further blindly divided into Group 1 (no treatment, fourdogs) and group 2 (treated with medical shampoo with terbinafine/chlorhexidine, four dogs). Clinical improvement was evaluated using bacterial and fungal cultural evaluation combined with clinical evaluation. This study found that the medical shampoo has sufficient efficacy to treat varying degrees of dermatophytosis complicated with bacterial in- fection in dogs, although the speed of improvement differed according to the degree and type of infection. Our study also found that combined therapy using antifungal and antibac- terial agents can improve clinical signs more effectively and rapidly, suggesting that concurrent bacterial infection plays a significant role in the development of dermatitis.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the exercise on elderly balance ability by using hippotherapy and therapeutic ball exercise. 10 patients were assigned to the hippotherapy group and they got with 30 minutes of hippotherapy. Another 10 elderly were assigned to the therapeutic ball group and they got with 30 minutes of therapeutic ball exercise. All procedures were repeated 5 times a week for the total of four weeks. To investigate the participants balancing abilities, the Time“ Up & Go”(TUG) and One Leg Stand Test(OLST) were evaluated. The results of study were significant differences between pre-test and post-test of TUG and OLST(p<.05), and there were no significant differences between hippotherapy and therapeutic ball exercise(p>.05). The conclusion showed that both the hippotherapy and the therapeutic ball exercises were effective on elderly balancing ability. Consequently, it would be better to practice therapeutic ball than hippotherapy for elderly exercise because the more economical and there is less restriction of space than the hippotherapy.

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite (smectite) against calf diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, 20 calves (aged 2~3 months) with diarrhea were used for evaluation of the efficacy of smectite on calf diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Calves received 10 ml smectite suspension three times per day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth day after administration. On the fifth day after treatment with smectite suspension, the diarrhea index showed a significant decrease in the treated group, compared to the control group (P<0.001). The number of pathogenic E. coli in feces of the treated group was significantly decreased, compared to each control group from the second day after treatment (P<0.001), and that of Salmonella typhimurium was significantly decreased from the first day after treatment (P<0.05). According to the results of the current study, 20% smectite suspension had a therapeutic effect on diarrhea caused by E. coli and/or Salmonella in calves.

◉ 목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 저 긴장성 뇌성마비 아동의 발달을 향상시키기 위한 치료적 놀이 활동을 적용하여 작업수행과 감각통합기능을 향상시킬 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법 : 만 2세 10개월 남아로 감각 면담 검사(Sensory History Checklist)를 통해 감각처리에 문제를 지닌저 긴장성 뇌성마비 1명을 대상으로 캐나다 작업수행 측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure : COPM), 영/유아 감각프로파일(Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile : ITSP)결과를 토대로 주 3회, 15회기 동안 치료적 놀이 활동을 적용한 뒤, 작업수행과 감각통합기능 향상에 대해서 측정하였다. ◉ 결과 : 본 아동은 캐나다 작업수행 측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure : COPM), 영아/유아 감각프로파일 (Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile : ITSP), 평가 시 향상이 있었다. 캐나다 작업수행 측정(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure : COPM)에서 치료 전․후 평가에서는 수행도는 1.5점에서 6점, 만족도는 2점에서 7.5점으로 점수의 향상이 있었다. 영아/유아 감각프로파일(Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile : ITSP)에서는 치료 전․후 평가에서 청각처리는 12점에서 14점, 시각처리는 9점에서 11점, 전정감각처리는 8점에서 10점, 구강감각처리는 9점에서 14점, 촉각처리는 17점에서 28점으로 5개 영역 모두 치료 전․후에 있어 점수의 향상이 있었다. ◉ 결론 : 본 연구에서는 치료적 놀이 활동이 저 긴장성 뇌성마비 아동의 작업수행과 감각통합기능 증진에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

Salmonellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis that causes self-limited enteritis to fatal infection in animals and food-borne infection and typhoid fever in humans. Multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella spp. has increased over the last several decades and recently causes more serious problems in public health. The present study was investigated bacteriocidal effects of sodium chlorate, sodium azide, sodium cyanide, and sodium salts mixture containing sodium chlorate, sodium azide, and sodium cyanide on infection with S. typhimurium in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, and antibacterial effects of sodium salts mixture for murine salmonellosis. In infection assay of S. typhimurium in RAW 264.7 cells, bacterial survival rates within macrophage in all treated groups was significantly reduced comparing to that of the control group with the passage of incubation time. Administration of sodium salts mixture showed a therapeutic effect for S. typhimurium infected ICR mice. The mortality of mice treated with sodium salts mixture was 70% until 12 days, while that of control mice was 100% until 9 days after S. typhimurium infection. The results of this study strongly indicate that sodium salts mixture has a potency treatment for murine salmonellosis.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass cells of blastocyst with the potential to maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely. Fully characterized ES cell lines express typical stem cell markers, possess high levels of telomerase activity, show normal karyotype and have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell types under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, ES cells are potentially valuable for the development of cell transplantation therapies for the treatment of various diseases in animals as well as in humans. However, important problems associated with ES cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts particularly from humans must be resolved before taking up its therapeutic applications. Current techniques for directed differentiation into somatic cell populations remain inefficient and yield heterogeneous cell populations. This review therefore focuses on ES cells with respect to in vitro propagation and differentiation in basic cell and developmental biology for successful use of these cells in therapeutics.

A total 5,946 cows from 24 dairy farms were carried out for the improvement of reproductive performance. Dairy cows in post-parturition 30 day were performed periodic reproductive examination to check for recovery of post-parturition ovary and uterus and for the early diagnosis of reproductive disease. The results obtained from this studies were as follow. The result of 1,126 cows with ovario-uterine disease were 579 slient heat and error of estrus detection (51.4%), 296 ovarian disease (26.3%), 248 uterine disease (22%), mummification and freematin were each 1 head (0.1%), respectively. Hormonal therapeutic effects were follicular cyst 81.5%, luteal cyst 90.7%, endometritis 86.9%, mucometra 90.1%, pyometra 60.9%, respectively. In cows, even if the 1st treatment fails, 2nd, 3rd treatment were performed. Therapeutic effect of 2nd, 3rd were reduced, but the number of cured cows were gradually increased. The cured cows after hormonal treatment were performed service repeatedly and the cumulative conception rate were increased. The cows treated with hormones at first service, the conception rate were follicular cyst 26%, luteal cyst 64.1%, endometritis 38.7%, mucometra 40%, pyometra 20.5%, respectively. The cumulative conception rates were increased by repeated service follicular cyst 57.3%, luteal cyst 84.6%, endometritis 67%, mucometra 75%, pyometra 64.1%, respectively.

Ovarian cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related death in women, but the main biological causes remain open questions. Hormonal factors have been considered to be an important determinant causing ovarian cancer. Recent studies have shown that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-I and its analogs have clinically therapeutic value in the treatment of ovarian cancer. In addition, numerous studies have shown that the potential of GnRH-II in normal reproductive system or reproductive disorder. GnRH-I receptors have been detected in approximately 80% of ovarian cancer biopsy specimens as well as normal ovarian epithelial cells and immortalized ovarian surface epithelium cells. GnRH-II receptors have also been found to be more widely expressed than GnRH-I receptors in mammals, suggesting that GnRH receptors may have additional functions in reproductive system including ovarian cancer. The signal transduction pathway following the binding of GnRH to GnRH receptor has been extensively studied. The activation of protein kinase A/C (PKA/PKC) pathway is involved in the GnRH-I induced anti-proliferative effect in ovarian cancer cells. In addition, GnRH-I induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation plays a role in anti-proliferative effect and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and the activation of transcriptional factors related to cellular responses. However, the role of GnRH-I and II receptors, there are discrepancies between previous reports. In this review, the role of GnRH in ovarian cancer and the mechanisms to induce anti-proliferation were evaluated.

Purposes : The effect on corneal swelling and curvature changes in the region of center and peripheral under wearing of therapeutic lenses on a daily and extended wear basis is analyzed. Methods : Thirty three college students(22.4±1.92 years old. 12 males and 21 femaJes) who consent to this clinical triaJ and have no ocuJar surgicaJ history and contact Jens complications were participated in clinical trial. Six therapeutic Jenses which are being prescribed most commonly in the clinic were fitted on the r ight eye(wear group) and no Jens fitted on the Jeft eye(control group). Each eye was examined after 8hours and 24 hours to compare cornea thickness and curvature changes. ln order to fit another Jens in turn. 48 hours interval at the !east was required and no other lenses were not allowed during trial Jens wear. Results : Comeal swelling induced by therapeutic soft contact Jens wear was significantly different in 8 hours(F=33.00. p=O.OO) and in 24 hours(F=38.83. p=O.OO). The degree of swelling in 8 hours of Jens wear was : A Jens(HENIA+ NV. WC : 38%. Dk/t : 7.86) 3.57±2.22%. D Jens(HEMA, WC : 55%. Dkft: 15.68) 3.18±2.05%. F Jens(HEMA+NVP, WC: 55%, Dk/t: 15.92) 2.79±1.61%. C Jens(Vifilcon A. WC: 55%, Dk/t : 23.88) 1.54±1.66%. B Jens(Ocufilcon D. WC: 55%. Dk/t : 26.85) -0.59±2.13%, E Jens(Lotrafilcon A. WC : 24%, Dk/t : 160.92) -0.70±1.53% in that order. The degree of swelling in 24 hours was : A Jens 8.50±3.71. D Jens 8.16±3.58%. F Jens 6.68±3.66%, C Jens 4.31±2.11%. B Jens 2.86±2.84%. E lens -0.03±1.97% respectiveJy. The order in 8 hours was ass that in 24 hours. Conclusions : Therefore. B Jens, C lens, E Jens are found to be more suitabJe for therapeutic Jens in this study. In case of A Jens, D Jens, F Jens which caused significant swelling, in order to confirm if those lenses are suitable for therapeutic Jens, further study on deswelling during day time after extended Jens wear is needed.

This study compared the effect of therapeutic exercise with conservative treatment in women with chronic neck pain. Subjects were allocated to control, neck isometric exercise, and cervical stabilization exercise groups consisting of 29, 32, and 31 patients, respectively. The conservative treatment for the control group consisted of hot packs, ultrasound, interferential current therapy, and intermittent cervical traction. The neck isometric exercise group performed a neck isometric exercise and the cervical stabilization exercise group performed a cervical stabilization exercise. To compare the three groups, the levels of perceived pain, neck disability, and psychological depression were assessed on admission, at discharge, and one month after discharge. On admission and at discharge, the pain and neck disability scores did not differ significantly among the groups. However, one month after discharge, both the neck isometric and cervical stabilization exercise groups had significantly improved perceived pain levels as compared to control (p<.05). The improvement in the degree of neck disability was most significant in the cervical stabilization exercise group (p<.05). On comparing the changes in the variables at the three assessments for each group, there was a significant difference between the control and cervical stabilization exercise groups (p<.05). The findings indicate that therapeutic exercises, especially cervical stabilization exercises, are more effective for improving pain and neck disability than conservative treatment.