Background: Studies using Smovey and Vibration foam rollers are mostly conducted with normal adults, breast cancer patients, and athletes. However, there are not many studies applied to stroke patients to date.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of vibration exercise on the range of motion of the shoulder and knee joints in stroke patients.
Design: A randomized controlled trial.
Methods: A total of 36 stroke patients, with 12 in the Smovey and Vibration foam roller group (SVG), 12 in the Smovey and Non-Vibration foam roller group (SNVG), and 12 in the control group (CG) were randomly assigned to exercise three times a week for 6 weeks. The range of motion of the shoulder and knee joints was measured for each group before and after 6 weeks of exercise. For joint range of motion, shoulder flexion and extension and knee flexion and extension were measured using BPMpro.
Results: In terms of the difference in time, the flexion and extension of the shoulder and the flexion and extension of the knee on the paretic side were significant in the SVG and SNVG. The CG was not significant. Shoulder flexion and extension and knee flexion and extension on the unaffected side were all insignificant. The differences between each group were significant between the SVG and the CG and the SNVG and the CG. SVG and SNVG were not significant.
Conclusion: It was found that vibration exercise had a positive effect on the range of motion of the shoulder and knee joints. Therefore, it is thought that vibration exercise can be provided as a clinical intervention method for shoulder and knee range of motion.
Background: A functional movement screen (FMS) can be used as an intervention method as well as a test method. Compensatory action due to a faulty functional movement result in imbalance of the body, and decrease in proprioceptive sensation and flexibility. However, the benefits of exercise using FMS on proprioceptive sensation and flexibility are unclear.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise using FMS on the proprioceptive sensation and flexibility.
Design: Pretest-posttest control group experimental design.
Methods: Fifty-two young adults in their 20s were divided into an FMS exercise group (FEG, n=26) and a control group (CG, n=26). The FEG conducted FMS exercise intervention for 12 days, and CG did not implement any intervention. Each group evaluated proprioceptive sensation and flexibility before and after exercise. To measure proprioceptive sensation, the angles were measured at both shoulder joints, elbow joints, hip joints, and knee joints using the active joint sensory position test method. To measure flexibility, situp forward bending evaluation was performed.
Results: In the FEG, bilateral proprioceptive sensation and flexibility improved significantly after intervention (all P<.01). There were no significant differences in the CG (all P>.05). After the intervention, there were significant differences between the groups in both proprioceptive sensation and flexibility (all P<.05).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that exercise using FMS can significantly improve proprioceptive sensation and flexibility. Therefore, it is suggested to consider exercise using FMS as an intervention to increase joint proprioceptive sensation and flexibility.
Background: The weakness of the gluteus medius (GM) is associated with various musculoskeletal disorders. The increasing GM activity without synergistic dominance should be considered when prescribing pelvic drop exercise (PD). Isometric hip extension or flexion of the non-weight bearing leg using thera-band at the ankle during PD may influence hip abductor activities.
Objects: To determine how isometric hip extension or flexion of the non-weight bearing leg using thera-band at the ankle during PD influences the activities of three subdivisions of GM (anterior, GMa; middle, GMm; posterior, GMp), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), contralateral quadratus lumborum (QL), and GMp/TFL, GMm/QL activity ratios in patients with GM weakness.
Methods: Twenty-three patients with GM weakness were recruited. Three types of PD were performed: PD, PD with an isometric hip extension of the non-weight bearing leg (PDE), and PD with an isometric hip flexion of the non-weight bearing leg (PDF). Surface electromyography (SEMG) was used to measure hip abductor activities. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the statistical significance of muscle activities and muscle activity ratios.
Results: GMa, GMm, and GMp activities were significantly greater during PDF than during PD and PDE (p < 0.001, p = 0.001; p = 0.001, p = 0.005; p = 0.004, p = 0.004; respectively). TFL activity was significantly greater during PDE than during PD and PDF (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). QL activity was significantly greater during PDF than during PD (p = 0.003). GMp/TFL activity ratio was significantly lower during PDE than during PD and PDF (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in the GMm/QL activity ratio.
Conclusion: PDF may be an effective exercise to increase the activities of all three GM subdivisions while minimizing the TFL activity in patients with GM weakness.
본 연구에서는 만성요통을 가진 여성노인의 체형 및 요부안정화를 위해 12주간 필라테스 운동 프로그램을 적용한 후 체형에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 통증의 변화를 규명함으로써 노화를 늦추고 신체활 동 영역을 높일 수 있는 노인에게 적합한 운동 프로그램 개발에 필요한 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이에 3~5cm 중증도 통증범위의 만성요통을 가진 16명여성노인을 대상으로 주관적 통증척도지를 통해 실험집단 8명, 통제집단 8명을 단순무선표집(Simple Random Sampling)으로 선정하였다. 요부안정화 필라테스 운동 프로그램은 주 2회씩 총 12주간 50~60분간 실시하였으며, 1세트 종료 시 1분 휴식을 주는 방식으로 실시 하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 체형 및 통증에서는 경추 기울기에서 요부안정화 운동그룹의 경우 운동 전에 비해 감소하였으나 통제집단은 증가하였다. 둘째, 요부 통증의 결과 운동집단의 경우 운동에 비해 감소하였으나 통제집단은 증가하였다. 결론적으로 요부안정화 필라테스 운동은 만성요통을 가진 여성노인에게 있어서 통 증을 감소시킬 수 있는 프로그램으로 적용될 수 있으며, 체형을 개선시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.
목적: 본 논문의 목적은 연구 문헌 중 요통 환자에게 보행운동을 적용한 무작위 대조군 실험설계를 메타 분석을 하여 통증과 장애지수에 대한 효과를 알아보고자 하였다.
방법: 본 논문은 다음 데이터베이스에서 검색하였다: Google scholar, PubMed, Sciencedirect, KISS, RISS, NDSL. 지난 10년간 영어나 한국어로 된 논문 중, 요통이 있는 환자들이 보행운동을 하였을 때, 통증과 장애지 수를 연구한 논문들을 검색하였다. 이 논문에는 (1) 요통이 있는 환자, (2) 중재에는 보행운동이 포함되며, (3) 평가 지표에는 통증과 장애지수가 포함되었다. 최종 결과로 35개의 논문을 확인하였고, 그중 15개의 논문이 충족되었다.
결과: 본 논문은 요통 환자를 대상으로 보행운동을 중재로 주었을 경우의 논문 15편을 최종적으로 선정하 였고 분석하였다. 통증과 장애지수와 관련되어 각각 12개의 논문을 분석하였다. 통증과 관련된 12개의 논문의 효과 크기는 중간의 효과 크기나 나타났고, 장애지수와 관련된 12개의 논문의 작은 효과 크기가 있었다.
결론: 보행운동은 요통 환자들의 통증을 감소시키고 장애지수를 줄이는데 유의미한 효과가 있다. 따라서 보 행운동은 요통을 지닌 사람들에게 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.
고지방식이를 섭취한 수컷 쥐에서 PPARα activator fenofibrate 단독처방(H/F)과 수영운동 단 독처방(H/S)에 비해 fenofibrate와 수영운동의 조합처방(H/F/S)이 백색지방조직의 염증 개선에 유익한 상 승효과를 나타낼 것인지를 조사하였다. 몸무게, 체내 백색지방조직의 무게 및 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 수치는 저지방식이를 섭취한 쥐(L)에 비해 고지방식이를 섭취한 쥐(H)가 증가하였으며, H에 비해 H/F와 H/S 모 두 감소하였으며, fenofibrate에 의해 감소된 수치는 fenofibrate와 수영운동의 조합처방(H/F/S)에 의해 더 효과적으로 감소하였다. 체내 백색지방조직에서 염증성 사이토카인 유전자와 지방산 산화 관련 유전자의 발현을 조사한 결과, L에 비해 H는 증가하였으며, H에 비해 H/F와 H/S 모두 감소하였고, H/F/S는 H/F 에 비해 더욱 감소시켰다. 따라서 본 연구는 고지방식이를 섭취한 수컷 쥐에서 fenofibrate와 수영운동의 조합처방은 fenofibrate 단독처방에 비해 지방산 산화를 촉진하여 비만으로 발생한 백색지방조직의 염증을 더욱 효과적으로 억제한다는 것을 밝힘으로써, 비만으로 발생하는 지방조직의 염증을 개선하는 실질적인 방법을 제시하였다.
Background: Clinical practice guidelines for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) recommend therapeutic exercise, and recently, interventions for pain neuroscience education (PNE) are also recommended.
Objectives: To investigate the effects of aquatic exercise combined with PNE on pain, disability, and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with CLBP.
Design: Randomized control trial.
Methods: The 27 participants recruited in this study were randomly allocated as pain neuroscience education combined with aquatic exercise group (PAEG, n=14) and aquatic exercise group (AEG, n=13). Both groups performed aquatic exercise for 50 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, and only PAEG received additional PNE. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), modified oswestry disability questionnaire (MODQ), and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) were used as evaluation methods before and after intervention.
Results: Statistically significant decrease in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity and work score) before and after intervention in PAEG. However, there were statistically significant changes in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity score) before and after intervention in AEG. PAEG and AEG before and after intervention indicated statistically significant differences in MODQ and FABQ (work score).
Conclusion: Aquatic exercise combined with PNE improved disability (MODQ) and fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ) has been shown to have additional benefits. Therefore, combining PNE as a clinical intervention for CLBP patients will enhance the therapeutic effect.
본 연구의 목적은 12주간 수중걷기운동이 비만 노인 여성의 신체조성, hs-CRP, HOMAIR 및 혈압에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 체지방률 30% 이상인 비만 노인 여성 중 운 동군(10명), 대조군(10명)으로 총 20명으로 실시하였으며, 모든 검사항목은 동일한 방법과 조건으로 신 체조성, hs-CRP, HOMA-IR 및 혈압을 사전, 사후 총 2회 측정하였다. 수중걷기운동은 12주간, 주 3 회, 1회 50분, RPE 11-14 강도로 실시하였다. 측정변인에 대해 평균값과 표준편차(M±SD)를 산출한 후 사전 운동군과 대조군의 신체적 특성과 각 측정변인에 대한 동질성 검정을 위하여 독립 t-test를, 집 단 내의 사전·사후 평균치 변화에 대한 차이 검증은 종속 t-test를, 집단 간 차이에 대한 주효과 검정 및 집단 간 시기 간 상호작용 효과는 반복측정 분산분석을 이용하였다. 본 연구결과 운동군에서 신체조성, 체지방률(p<.05), 인슐린(p<.01), HOMA-IR(p<.01) 및 수축기 혈압(p<.05)이 유의하게 감소하였다. 따 라서 수중걷기운동이 비만 노인 여성의 비만 및 심혈관질환의 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료 된다.
Background: It is Difficult for older adults to avoid a decreased in pulmonary functions caused by aging, and these reduced functions have been shown to affect not only the quality of life, but also the rate of disease and mortality. Although massage therapy is generally applied as a treatment method for improving the musculoskeletal system, massage is also studied as a potential intervention for lung function as a complementary treatment method.
Objectives: To determine the effects of massage and relaxation breathing exercise applied after a low-intensity walking exercise on pulmonary functions in older individuals.
Design: Quaxi-experiment study.
Methods: Twelve day care elderly were divided into a massage group (n=6) and a relaxation breathing exercise group (n=6). After performing low-intensity walking exercise twice for 7 weeks, massage intervention and relaxation breathing exercise intervention were performed, respectively. PEF, FEV1, and FVC were measured by performing lung function tests pre- and post the intervention.
Results: As a result of this study, PEF and FVC were significantly increased in the pre- and post-group comparison of MG, and there was no significant difference in FEV1. There were no significant differences in all variables in the pre-post comparison of RBEG within groups. There was no significant difference in all variables in the comparison between the two groups on the intervention results.
Conclusion: To conclude, pulmonary functions in older adults increased significantly after the massage intervention, although no significant difference was found in comparison to intervention with relaxation breathing exercise.
Background: Inspiratory muscle training can improve inspiratory strength and endurance through threshold loading. In addition, trunk stabilization exercises can improve trunk strength and respiratory function.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of application of inspiratory muscle training and trunk stabilization exercise on pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle activation in college students.
Design: Randomized controlled trials.
Methods: In this study, 24 college students were randomly divided into two groups: inspiratory muscle training and trunk stabilization exercise (experimental group, n=12), and trunk stabilization exercise (control group, n=12). Inspiratory muscle activity was measured using a surface electromyography. Pulmonary function was measured using a spirometer and a peak expiratory flow meter.
Results: In the experimental group, the muscle activity of both upper trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles increased significantly after the intervention. In the experimental group, both upper trapezius muscle activity was significantly increased than in the control group. In the experimental group, all the pulmonary function significantly increased after the intervention. Conclusion: In this study, when the inspiratory muscle training was additionally applied to the trunk stabilization exercise in college students in their twenty, it was possible to improve the inspiratory muscle activity and pulmonary function.
Background: Changes in foot sole shape can result in plantar muscle weakness, lack of proprioception, increased ankle instability, and an inability to balance.
Objectives: To investigated whether different floor surfaces influenced the effect that short-foot exercises have on the foot core system of healthy individuals.
Design: Pretest-posttest control group experimental design.
Methods: This exercise shortens the length of the foot by raising the medial longitudinal arch, strengthening the intrinsic muscle of the sole, and maintaining the shape of the medial longitudinal arch.
Results: There was a significant difference in the angle of the medial longitudinal arch in the mat exercise group (MEG) and vibration exercise group (VEG) before and after the intervention (P<.05). As the arch angle decreased, the arch height increased. Post hoc analysis showed that there was no difference between the floor exercise group (FEG) and MEG or between the MEG and VEG (P>.05). In terms of the weight distribution index (WDI, there was a significant difference in the MEG and VEG (P<.05) but not in the FEG before and after the intervention (P>.05). The post hoc analysis results showed that there was no difference between the FEG and MEG (P>.05). Conclusion: Various methods to improve the strength of intrinsic muscles of the sole are more effective than no stimulation, and that short-foot exercise combined with sensory stimulation can be recommended for maintaining and increasing the medial longitudinal arch.
Background: A spinal extension and intensive rehabilitation program reduced the symptoms and pain of kyphosis, and improved function.
Objects: This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of a spine extension device on the degree of thoracic kyphosis and extension angles, confirm reduction of the kyphosis angle and an increase in flexibility.
Methods: Thirteen adults were enrolled in the experiment, using the spine extension device, which was set to passively extend the spine. The angle between the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra and the spinous process of the twelfth thoracic vertebra was measured by dual inclinometer before and after using the spine extension device.
Results: In the static posture, the thoracic kyphosis decreased after using the spine extension device in the thoracic extension posture, and there was a significant difference (p < 0.05); thoracic extension angle increased with statistical significance (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, the thoracic kyphosis angle and thoracic extension angle of the subjects before and after using spine extension device was compared and analyzed, which proved that the spine extension device can effectively improve the mobility of spinal extension.
계약외채무의 준거법에 관한 유럽연합 규정(로마Ⅱ) 제18조는 직접청구권을 계약외채무의 준거법과 보험계약의 준거법에 선택적으로 연결함으로써 법원이 직권으로 피해자에게 유리한 법을 선택하도록 정하고 있고, 유럽사법재판소는 위 조항의 해석에 관하여 피해자는 보험계약 당사자들이 보험계약에 적용될 법으로 선택한 준거법의 조항과는 상관없이, 계약외채무의 준거법이 허용하는 한 보험자를 상대로 직접청구를 할 수 있다고 판시하였다. 또한 브렉시트 이후 로 마Ⅱ는 Retained EU-law로서, 로마Ⅱ 제18조에 관한 유럽사법재판소의 판시는 Retained EU case-law로서 각각 영국에서 그 효력이 유지된다. 한편 영국 대법원은 Fanti 및 Padre Island 사건에서 피해자가 보험계약자보 다 더 나은 지위에 설 수는 없다는 기본적인 원칙을 선언하면서 선지급 원칙의 유효성을 밝힌 바 있고, 이후 영국의 하급심 판결들 또한 로마Ⅱ 제18조의 규정 취지 및 그에 관한 유럽사법재판소의 판시와는 달리 피해자 또한 보험자와 피 보험자가 보험계약에서 정한 관할합의 조항에 구속된다는 점을 근거로 하여 피 해자가 다른 국가에서 보험자를 상대로 직접청구권을 행사하는 것을 용인하지 않았다. 그러나 영국 대법원의 Fanti 및 Padre Island 사건은 로마Ⅱ 시행 이전 의 것일 뿐만 아니라 유럽사법재판소는 로마Ⅱ 시행 이후 제18조의 성격에 관 하여 명확하게 판시하였고 그 효력이 여전히 영국에 대하여도 유지되고 있다. 아울러 소위 Brussels I 규정, 위 규정을 적용한 유럽사법재판소의 판시가 더 이상 영국에 대하여 효력이 없는 현재 상황에서는 보험계약에서 정한 배타적 관할합의 조항(가령 영국 법원)이 우선시될 가능성이 높지만, 영국이 추후 Brussels I 규정과 실질적으로 내용이 동일한 2007 Lugano Convention에 가입한 다면 Brussels I 규정에 근거하였던 유럽사법재판소의 판시 취지는 다시 중요하 게 고려될 수 있다. 결국 대한민국 법원에 피해자가 보험자를 상대로 직접청구권을 행사하는 소 가 제기되고, 보험자와 피보험자 사이의 해상책임보험계약에서 영국의 법률과 관습을 준거법으로 정하고 있는 경우에도, 로마Ⅱ(Retained EU-law) 제18조의 규정 및 유럽사법재판소의 판시(Retained EU case-law) 취지대로 불법행위지의 준거법에도 선택적 연결을 허용함으로써 피해자가 두텁게 보호될 수 있도록 관 련 해석이 이루어져야 한다.
Background: Previous studies have reported that improving the spinal stability could be more effective in the prevention and treatment of recurrence. Lumbar stabilization exercise is known to strengthen the lumbar extension muscles and enhance physical, psychological and social functions.
Objectives: To investigated the effect of lumbar spiral stenosis on the kinetic link training and lumbar stabilization exercise.
Design: A randomized controlled trial.
Methods: Study was preformed by randomly allocated 28 LSS participants into a kinetic link training group (KLT, n=14) and a lumbar stabilization exercise group (LSE, n=14). Kinetic link training and lumbar stabilization exercise were performed to subjects in both groups 5 times a week for 6 weeks. To verify the effect of LSS, changes in VAS, ODI, and proprioception before and after intervention were observed.
Results: In KLT, statistically significant changes were found in VAS, ODI, and Proprioception before and after intervention. In LSE, there were significant changes in VAS and ODI before and after intervention. KLT and LSE before and after intervention indicated significant differences in proprioception.
Conclusion: KLT and LSE are applied to LSS, there are effects of pain decrease, lumbar recovery and proprioception improvement.
Background: Generally, rounded shoulders may occur when an individual habitually takes a relaxed, slouched posture. Although various studies on the round shoulder exist, studies on the effect of improvement of thoracic mobilization on the round shoulder are insufficient.
Objectives: To investigate the effect of thoracic mobilization on round shoulders and pulmonary capacities. Design: Randomized controlled trials.
Methods: Twenty subjects were randomly allocated into an exercise group (n=10) and a mobilization group (n=10). To quantify the round shoulder before and after the intervention, the distance between the acromion and the table surface was measured, and the pulmonary capacities were also measured. The intervention program was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. The exercise group performed corrective exercise, and the mobilization group performed both corrective exercise and thoracic mobilization.
Results: The round shoulder in both groups was significantly decreased (P<.05), and the pulmonary capacities were significantly improved (P<.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>.05).
Conclusion: The combination of corrective exercise with stretching and strengthening exercises led to the improvement of round shoulders and pulmonary capacities, no additional benefits were detected with thoracic mobilization.
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the function of stroke patients could be improved by simultaneously performing bridging and masticating exercises. And, this was tested by examining whether the effects of arousal and cognitive improvement due to mastication muscle activity could affect exercise ability.
Objectives: To compare the effects, the movement of the center of pressure and the stability limit change were measured using a balance analysis platform (BT4).
Design: Randomized controlled trial.
Methods: In this study, 36 chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to either single training group of the bridging exercise or combined training group that performed both the bridging exercise and the mastication exercise. The exercise was performed for thirty minutes a day, three times a week, for eight weeks.
Results: In both groups, the static balance ability improved after exercise, but the dual-task training group had a better improving effect on the distance and area of the center of pressure while the eyes was open. The dynamic balance ability also improved after exercise, and the dual-task training was more effective in reducing forward, left, and right movements, but not in backward movement.
Conclusion: The importance of mastication was recognized in the rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients, and it can be expected to use mastication to improve balance in stroke patients in the future.
본 연구는 전화코칭을 병행한 운동프로그램이 지역사회 거주 독거노인의 균형능력, 악력 및 우 울에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위한 단일집단 사전사후 원시실험연구이다. 연구대상자는 경기도 S시에 위치 한 노인복지관에 등록된 독거노인 20명이 참여하였으며, 자료수집기간은 2021년 7월 03일부터 2021년 10 월 14일까지 총 12회기 프로그램을 시행하였다. 프로그램 전후에 대상자 가정에 직접 방문하여 4단계 균형 검사, 근력검사, 악력 및 우울을 측정하였다. 중재 프로그램은 탄력밴드와 악력볼을 이용하여 구성하였으며 매주 전화코칭 중재를 제공하였다. 연구결과, 전화코칭을 병행한 운동 프로그램은 대상자의 4단계 균형기 능(3단계)(t=-2.37, p=.029), 4단계 균형기능(4단계)(t=-2.46, p=.024), 우측 악력(t=-2.18, p=.042), 우울 (t=2.82, p<.001)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 전화코칭을 병행한 운 동프로그램은 독거노인의 균형능력, 악력 향상 및 우울 감소를 위한 간호중재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기 대된다.
Background: Shoulder external rotation exercises are commonly used to improve the stabilizing ability of the infraspinatus. However, during exercise, excessive activation of the posterior deltoid compared to the infraspinatus causes the humeral head to move anteriorly in an abnormal position. Many researchers have emphasized selective activation of the infraspinatus during shoulder external rotation exercise.
Objects: This study aims to delineate the optimal exercise method for selective activation of infraspinatus by investigating the muscle activities of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid according to the four shoulder exercise methods and two forearm positions.
Methods: Thirty healthy individuals participated in this study. The participants were instructed to perform shoulder external rotation exercises following four exercise methods: sitting external rotation (SIER); standing external rotation at 90° abduction (STER); prone external rotation at 90° abduction (PRER); side-lying external rotation (SLER), and two forearm positions (neutral, supinated). The electromyography (EMG) signal amplitude was measured during each exercise. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and biceps brachii. Results: EMG results of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid in PRER, were significantly higher than that of the other exercises (p < 0.01). The EMG ratio (infraspinatus/posterior deltoid) in SIER was significantly higher than that of the other exercises. EMG activation of the posterior deltoid in SIER, PRER, and SLER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the EMG of the infraspinatus in SIER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.01). The EMG ratio (infraspinatus/ posterior deltoid) in SIER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.05.) Contrarily EMG ratios in PRER and SLER were significantly higher in supinated than in neutral (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results show that clinicians should consider these exercise methods and forearm positions when planning shoulder external rotation exercises for optimal shoulder rehabilitation.
In accordance with the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency, operators of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP)s must conduct full cyber security exercise once a year and partial exercise at least once every half year. Nuclear operators need to conduct exercise on systems with high attack attractiveness in order to respond to the unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material and sabotage of nuclear facilities. Nuclear facilities identify digital assets that perform SSEP (Safety, Security, and Emergency Preparedness) functions as CDA (Critical Digital Assets), and nuclear operators select exercise target systems from the CDA list and perform the exercise. However, digital assets that have an indirect impact (providing access, support, and protection) from cyber attacks are also identified as CDAs, and these CDAs are relatively less attractive to attack. Therefore, guidelines are needed to select the exercise target system in the case of unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material and sabotage response exercise. In the case of unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material, these situations cannot occur with cyber attacks and external factors such as terrorists must be taken into consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the list of CDAs that terrorists can use for cyber attacks among CDAs located in the path of stealing and transporting nuclear material and conduct intensive exercise on these CDAs. A typical example is a security system that can delay detection when terrorists attack facilities. In the case of sabotage exercise, a safety-related system that causes an initiating event by a cyber attack or failure to mitigate an accident in a DBA (Design Basis Accident) situation should be selected as an exercise target. It is difficult for sabotage to occur through a single cyber attack because a nuclear facility has several safety concepts such as redundancy, diversity. Therefore, it can be considered to select an exercise target system under the premise of not only a cyber attack but also a physical attack. In the case of NPPs, it is assumed that LOOP (Loss of Offsite Power) has occurred, and CDA relationships to accident mitigation can be selected as an exercise target. Through exercise on the CDA, which is more associated with unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material and sabotage of nuclear facilities, it is expected to review the continuity plan and check systematic response capabilities in emergencies caused by cyber attacks.
본 연구의 목적은 정적 플랭크 운동의 동작 차이에 따른 코어근육의 근활성도를 비교하는 것이 었다. 본 연구의 대상자는 “J”대학교 20대 남성 10명을 대상으로 진행하였고(연령, 23.20±0.65 세; 신장, 174.54±1.51 cm; 체중, 70.00±2.24 kg; 신체질량지수, 22.94±0.51 kg/m2), 4가지의 풀, 엘보우, 사이드 및 리버스 정적 플랭크 동작을 수행하였으며, 근전도 분석을 위한 표면전극 부착 부위는 신체 근육의 우측 복직근, 외복사근, 광배근 및 척추기립근으로 설정하였다. 본 실험 결과, 광배근과 척추기립근의 근활성도 는 리버스 플랭크 동작 시 가장 높게 나타났고(p<.001), 복직근과 외복사근의 근활성도는 엘보우 플랭크 동작 시 가장 높게 나타났다(p<.001). 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 추후 정적 플랭크 동작 시 효과적인 운동 프로그램의 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.