The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dry-aging and wet-aging conditions on the chemical composition, meat quality traits (color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, WBSF and pH) and shelf-life TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) of loin (M. longissimus thoracis), sirloin (M. glutaeusmedus) and top-round (M. semimembranosus) cuts of Hanwoo cows. The dry-aging condition (temperature ℃, relative humidity %) was done for 60 d as 2℃, 65％, 20 d＋2℃, 75％, 20 d＋4℃, 85％, 20 d while, the wet-aging was done for 60 d at 1℃, 85%. Results revealed that moisture content was significantly higher in the dry-aged samples than that of the wet-aged samples at 60 d (p<0.05). The a*- and b*-values were significantly higher in 3 cuts as compared with those treated with wet-aging condition. During the dry-aging time, the WHC significantly increased in the loin and sirloin and they were significantly higher than wet-aging condition at 40 d and 60 d (p<0.05). The WBSF values significantly decreased with increased aging time and there was no significant difference between two aging methods. The TBARS and VBN contents significantly increased with increased aging time for all the wet- and dry-aged cuts, and their levels still fell within the acceptable standard limit. Generally, the TBARS and VBN contents were significantly higher in the dry-aged cuts, probably due to the increased levels of protein and fatty acids oxidations. Based on the results obtained in the present study, it can be suggested that application of dry-aging method can improve the quality characteristics of beef.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the readability of reading passages used in 5th and 6th grade elementary school English textbooks under the 2015 Revised National Curriculum. For this purpose, all the reading passages of each textbook were calculated with ATOS (Advantage-TASA Open Standard) formula as a readability index. The results of this study indicate that, firstly, the average readability score of 6th grade English textbooks is higher than that of 5th grade ones. Secondly, the readability of 6th grade English textbooks is about six months ahead of that of 5th grade ones. Thirdly, the readability scores are similar in all reading passages for 5th grade, while the readability scores of 6th grade differ from textbooks to textbooks. According to the textbook writers, the readability score of 6th grade textbooks is higher than that of 5th grade ones in four out of five textbooks. Lastly, In terms of the units in each textbook, the readability scores fluctuate and do not increase sequentially as expected.

This study deals with the microstructure and tensile properties of 600 MPa-grade seismic reinforced steel bars fabricated by a pilot plant. The steel bar specimens are composed of a fully ferrite-pearlite structure because they were air-cooled after hot-rolling. The volume fraction and interlamellar spacing of the pearlite and the ferrite grain size decrease from the center region to the surface region because the surface region is more rapidly cooled than the center region. The A steel bar specimenwith a relatively high carbon content generally has a higher pearlite volume fraction and interlamellar spacing of pearlite and a finer ferrite grain size because increasing the carbon content promotes the formation of pearlite. As a result, the A steel bar specimen has a higher hardness than the B steel bar in all the regions. The hardness shows a tendency to decrease from the center region to the surface region due to the decreased pearlite volume fraction. On the other hand, the tensile-to-yield strength ratio and the tensile strength of the A steel bar specimen are higher than those of the B steel bar with a relatively low carbon content because a higher pearlite volume fraction enhances work hardening. In addition, the B steel bar specimen has higher uniform and total elongations because a lower pearlite volume fraction facilitates plastic deformation caused by dislocation slip.

본 연구는 놀이를 활용한 동물매개활동이 초등학교 저학년의 자기표현과 또래관계에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 J도 I시 소재 초등학교의 1, 2학년 학생 5명을 선정하여 2019년 3월 29일부터 5월 31일까지 주 1회씩 10주간, 총 10회기를 진행했으며, 연구방법은 단일군 전후 실험설계 방법을 이용하였다. 연구도구로는 최명심(2000)의 자기표현 척도와 양윤란, 오경 자(2005)의 또래관계기술 척도를 사용하였다. 연구결과 초등학교 저학년의 자기표현은 내용, 음성 하위요인이 상승하였고, 신체 하위 요인이 감소하는 결과가 나타났으며, 또래관계는 주도성 하위요인이 감소하였고, 협동·공 감 하위요인이 상승한 효과가 나타났다. 전체적인 평균은 상승하였으며, 따라서 본 연구는 놀이를 활용한 동물매개활동이 초등학교 저학년의 자기표현과 또래관계에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있다.

본 연구는 한국어 학습자의 한자계 어휘 습득을 교육내용으로 설정하고, 이에 필요한 학습용 어휘와 한자를 다양한 언어자료(코퍼스)를 활용하여 추출하여 선정한 후, 이를 다시 학습 단계별로 위계화하려는 목표 아래 진행된 두 번째 연구성과물이다. 첫 번째 연구에서 기존 한문교육용 기초한자의 문제점을 제기하였다. 현재의 한문교육용 기초한자는 한문고전적 독해는 물론, 한자계 어휘 습득의 목표에도 부적절하다는 점을 실례를 통하여 확인할수 있었다. 후속 연구인 본 단계에서는 한자계 어휘 습득을 위한 한자어와 한자를 선정하는 이론과 실제를 제시하고, 다양한 코퍼스 자료를 분석하여 추출하였다. 세 번째 단계의 연구에서는 한문고전을 독해 학습에 필요한 한자를 선정하고, 마지막으로 한자의 학습층위별 위계화를 제시하고자 한다. 이와 같은 목표 아래 진행된 본 연구는 연구의 대상을 ‘한자계 어휘 습득’으로 설정하고, 이에 따라 현실 언어 생활에 사용되는 한자어와 이를 구성하는 한자를 추출하기 위해 다양한 코퍼스를 이용하였다. 관련 통계 프로그램을 별도로 설계 제작하였으며, 한국어에 사용되는 다양한 언어 자료에서 높은 빈도를 가진 어휘와 한자를 추출하였다. 추출한 한자어는 모두 3732개(사용된 한자 1794개), 개별 한자는 2600개이다. 이는 순수하게 한국어 언어 생활에 활용되는 한자어와 한자를 추출한 것이므로, 기존의 한문교육용 기초한자와는 그 대상이나 목적이 다르다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 사실을 다시 확인할 수 있다. 첫째, 한자와 어휘 선정은 교육의 대상과 그 목적을 분명히 해야 한다. 이에 따라 추출 및 선정 어휘와 결과가 달라지기 때문이다. 둘째, 연구 방법에 있어 코퍼스의 특성과 언어의 특성 등을 모두 고려한 별도의 오픈소스 프로그램 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 연구 대상 자료는 사회적 합의를 기초로 객관적이며 대표적 자료를 수집해야 한다. 넷째, 본 연구 결과물과 같은 소논문 형태로는 그 연구의 합리성을 대표하기 어려우므로 관련 연구자들을 중심으로 별도의 연구 프로젝트 플랫폼을 구성하고 공동 개발해야 한다. 다섯째, 한 개인의 연구가 아닌 집단 연구의 결과물로 이용될 수 있도록 저작권을 지닌 공개자료로 제공되어야 한다.

These studies were conducted to evaluate developmental competence of follicular oocyte collected from the ovaries of Hanwoo cows with the high offspring meat quality (1++ and 1+ grade). Cumulus oocyte complexes from individual cows were matured, fertilized and cultured using protocols of in-vitro maturation (IVM), in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and in-vitro culture (IVC). The rates of blastocyst development from Hanwoo cows with the offspring meat quality grades of 1++ and 1+ were 18.6 and 21.2%, respectively. The rates of blastocyst development were 26.3, 20.7, 20.7, 17.2 and 31.2% from Hanwoo cows with the meat quality grades of 1++, 1+, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Fiftyseven transferable embryos were recovered from 11 Hanwoo donor cows (5.2/head) with the high offspring meat quality grades of 1++ and 1+ in vivo, and the pregnancy rate after embryo transfer was 61.1%. In conclusion, these results suggest that in vitro embryo production from the ovaries of cows with the high meat quality grades using individual culture system can be used an efficient method for livestock improvement. In addition, for the successful industrialization of embryo transfer, conception rate should be improved.

This study examined the effects of ‘Dietary education for children’s health UP’ (DECHUP) on the changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of nutrition and food safety in 5th grade elementary school students in Incheon. The DECHUP program was conducted from May to October 2018 and consisted of education and activities focusing on the children’s levels of understanding. Data were collected before, immediately after, and 6 weeks after DECHUP using the same method. All data were analyzed using SPSS ver 20.0. The level of knowledge and attitudes of the subjects to nutrition and food safety was significantly higher after than before DECHUP, but the attitude of boys did not show any significant difference after 6 weeks. Although there were no significant differences in the behavior for nutrition in the practice of the subjects, there were significant positive changes in the behavior of food safety. The higher the satisfaction of DECHUP, the more positive the change in knowledge, and the more positive the attitude and practice behaviors. Therefore, DECHUP has positive effects on the KAP of the subjects, and it will be helpful for elementary school students to form desirable eating habits if it can be carried out periodically and continuously.

Low back pain (LBP) is the most common reason for seeking physical therapy (PT) care. Recent studies suggest that axial loading can have a positive impact on the intervertebral disc by improving its tensile strength. Further, whole body vibration (WBV) appears to improve spinal muscle relaxation. Therefore, this case study describes the use of axial loading using a minitrampoline in a female with chronic LBP. This case report is a single subject design. This patient is a 29-year-old female with a six-month history of low back pain following a motor vehicle accident. MRI found herniated discs at L4 and L5, clinical tests were positive for pain in the L4 and L5 dermatome and myotome the slump test was positive for neural tension, and LBP was constant at 4-6/10 over the past four months. She received axial loading exercises using a mini-trampoline and performed six sessions that were, scheduled twice a week for three weeks. Her Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score improved from 40% at the time of her first visit to 22% at her final visit. Pain measure on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) after the first treatment was 7/10, and her pain after the final treatment was 0/10. These changes in the pain scores are clinically significant and exceed the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). This patient had a significant improvement in her pain using the NPRS and the ODI. This case study suggests that axial loading may be an effective treatment for some individuals with discogenic chronic low back pain.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and improve the potential risk of road cave-ins due to subsurface cavities based on the deflection ratio measured with light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD) tests. METHODS : A cavity database for Seoul was developed and sorted. LFWD tests based on the database were conducted on pavement sections with and without road cavities detected by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tests; after excavating the area, the cavity sizes were measured. The deflection ratio was applied and analyzed by cavity management grade methods of Japan and Seoul. RESULTS : The results of comparative analysis show that the deflection method can detect road cavities in areas of the narrow road (or in narrow areas of the road). The average deflection ratio of the cavity sections to the robust sections were 2.48 for high-risk cavities, 1.85 for medium-risk level cavities, and 1.49 for low-risk cavities. Risk levels in Japan and Seoul were reclassified according to the deflection ratios. CONCLUSIONS : LFWD test results can be applied to verify and improve the subsurface cavity risk level by comparing maximum deflection and deflection ratio between cavity area and non-cavity area at the loading center. LFWD devices also have more advantages compared with larger NDT(Nondestructive test) because FWD and GPR encounter difficulties in traffic control and they could not get in a narrow roads.

본 연구의 목적은 동물매개치료 프로그램이 위축행동을 보이는 아동의 자아존중감과 또래관계에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 전라북도 I시에 소재한 Y지역 아동센터에서 방과 후 프로그램을 참가하는 아동들 중 센터에서 일하시는 선생님으로부터 추천 받은 아동들 중 부모와 본인이 동의한 학생 총 7명이 참여하였다. 연구 진행은 주1회 총 8회기를 매 회당 60분씩 실시하였으며, 진행자 1인과 보조 진행자 2인, 펫 파트너2인, 관찰자2인, 반려견 2두로 함께 진행하였다. 연구도구로 자아존중감 검사, 또래관계 검사를 사용하여 사전·사후검사를 별도 측정해 프로그램의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 동물매개치료가 프로그램 참가 학생들의 자아존중감과 또래관계에 미친 영향을 살펴 본 결과, 자아존중감에 하위 영역 중 학교에서의 자아존중감은 평균점수가 감소 하였고 또래 관계의 하위 영역인 친밀 단계에서도 평균 점수가 감소하였지만, 그 외에 모든 영역에서 통계적으로 평균 점수가 증가 하는 모습을 보였다. 이상의 연구 결과로 살펴볼 때, 동물매개치료 프로그램은 위축행동을 보이는 아동의 자아존중감과 또래관계에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

식생보전등급은 식생의 입지 조건, 천이정도, 경관, 인위적인 간섭정도, 식생경관을 고려하여 자연성, 역사성, 희귀성, 등의 가치에 따라 등급화 하여 활용 할 수 있는 체계이다. 본 연구는 식생보전등급 평가 결과를 검수하는 방안을 연구하고자 위성영상을 활용한 정규식생지수(NDVI)와 2016년 소백산국립공원 정밀식생도를 비교 및 분석하고자 하였다. 대상지역인 소백산국립공원은 면적 322.01㎢로서 행정구역상 충청북도 단양군, 경상북도 영주시, 경상북도 봉화군 3개시･군에 걸쳐있다. 경위도상 북위 36°50′-37°5 0′, 동경 128°20′-128°43′에 자리하고 있으며 식물지리학적으로 남방계와 북방계의 중간지점으로 생물다양성이 매우 풍부한 지역이다. 소백산국립공원 정밀식생도 분석결과 식생대분류 현황은 산지낙엽활엽수림 59.45%, 산지침엽수림 19.88%, 식재림 12.63%, 산지습성림 6.65%, 비식생 0.61%, 기타식생 0.29%, 아고산활엽수림 0.28%, 암벽식생 0.09%, 산지관목림 0.05%, 아고산침엽수림 0.04%, 하반림 0.03%, 산지초원식생 0.01%를 차지하는 것으로 확인되었다. 식생보전등급의 경우 1등급 3.9768%, 2등급 71.5063%, 3등급 10.9337%, 4등급 12.6907%, 5등급 0.8925%로 확인 되었다. NDVI값을 모두 4가지로 대분류기준, 영급기준, 경급기준, 보존등급 기준으로 정리한결과는 다음과 같다. 대 류기준으로 평균을 구하면 산지낙엽활엽수림(0.716), 산지습성림(0.716), 산지초원식생(0.691), 아고산활엽수림(0.689), 식재림(0.676), 암벽식생(0.673), 산지침엽수림(0.672), 하반림(0.654), 산지관목림(0.644), 아고산침엽수림(0.633), 기타식생(0.592), 비식생(0.515) 순서로 나탔났다. 영급기준으로는 7영급(0.719), 6영급(0.715), 5영급(0.698), 4영급(0.705), 3영급(0.680), 2영급(0.682), 1영급(0.626)으로 나타났으며, 경급기준 3경급(0.714), 2경급(0.702), 1경급(0.686)으로 나타났다. 보전등급기준으로 분류하여 평균을 구하였을때, 1등급(0.700), 2등급(0.709), 3등급(0.684), 4등급(0.676), 5등급(0.536)으로 나타났다. NDVI분석 결과 대분류기준에서는 산지낙엽활엽수림, 산지습성림이 높은 값을 나타내는 편으로 확인되었다. 영급과 경급 기준에서는 각각 영급과 경급이 높을 수록 NDVI 값이 높게 나타나는 경향을 확인하였으나 보전등급에서는 뚜렷한 경향을 나타내지 않았다.

This study deals with the microstructure and tensile properties of 700 MPa-grade high-strength and seismic reinforced steel bars. The high-strength reinforced steel bars (600 D13, 600 D16 and 700 D13 specimens) are fabricated by a TempCore process, while the seismic reinforced steel bar (600S D16 specimen) is fabricated by air cooling after hot rolling. For specimens fabricated by the TempCore process, the 600 D13 and 600 D16 specimens have a microstructure of tempered martensite in the surface region and ferrite-pearlite in the center region, while the 700 D13 specimen has a microstructure of tempered martensite in the surface region and bainite in the center region. Therefore, their hardness is the highest in the surface region and shows a tendency to decrease from the surface region to the center region because tempered martensite has a higher hardness than ferrite-pearlite or bainite. However, the hardness of the 600S D16 specimen, which is composed of fully ferritepearlite, increases from the surface region to the center region because the pearlite volume fraction increases from the surface region to the center region. On the other hand, the tensile test results indicate that only the 700 D13 specimen with a higher carbon content exhibits continuous yielding behavior due to the formation of bainite in the center region. The 600S D16 specimen has the highest tensile-to-yield ratio because the presence of ferrite-pearlite and precipitates caused by vanadium addition largely enhances work hardening.

In this paper, 'Pico scope' was used to measure and analyze high voltage waveforms of 'Grade injector' and 'IQA injector' due to defective solenoid injector of CRDI diesel engine, and the following conclusions were obtained. In the case of the injector of 'Grade Injector' and 'IQA Injector', there was no change in the injection timing of the injector while the injector was installed. However, by controlling the operation time, It is judged that the injector control is insufficiently controlled when the number of revolutions of the engine is increased to 2000 rpm and 3000 rpm in the idling state in the idling state because the injector failure is precisely controlled in the idling state, When determining the fault injector, the waveform of the 'Grade injector' and 'IQA injector' can be detected by waveform analysis by comparing the injection control time by measuring the high voltage waveform of the injector control in idle idling state. Can be easily diagnosed and maintained. I hope this study will be handed to the mechanics to make diagnosis of CRDI injector convenient.

The worldwide PMA pavement is steadily increasing. Unlike straight asphalt at the specified temperature of the performance grade, PMA has little increase in complex modulus after RFTO. Even after satisfying the complex modulus of the original binder, the complex modulus after the RTFO does not satisfy the grade, so that the SBS may be over-prescribed. Unlike straight asphalt, PMA investigated the reason that the complex modulus did not increase after RTFO in this study. SBS consists of a styrene domain and a butadiene matrix. The morphology of SBS in PMA is not clear. The PMA was heat - treated to induce the formation of styrene domain and PG evaluation was carried out. As a result, we confirmed that the formation of styrene domain with aging effect changed the complex modulus after RTFO.

Generally, remarkable amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is produced annually by pavement surface cutting: due to early distress on asphalt pavement layer and remodelling construction work on existing aged-asphalt pavement layer. In South Korea, various types of research on proper and optimized RAP material development and field application (including evaluation process) are performed because of increase of existing road maintenance budget and technology. The major material of RAP is recycled aggregate coated with aged asphalt binder. The advantages of application of RAP on asphalt pavement are recyclable material proportion can be increased due to re-using of existing aggregate and eco-friendly characteristics. However, more amount of specific additives (and/or agent) needs to be implemented during production with increase amount (and/or proportion) of RAP on virgin asphalt material inevitably. This action is highly needed because of recovery of penetration grade and absolute viscosity of final production. The required amount of additives tends to be vary based on different aging level of RAP, amount of RAP and types of virgin asphalt binder. But it is well known that required amount of additives tends to be increased with increase of RAP proportion compared to virgin asphalt mixture. Moreover, it also should be known that mere increase of additives on RAP asphalt can provide negative effect on its quality and mechanical performance. In this study, high penetration grade asphalt binder: contains between 200 and 300 level of penetration grade, was used for producing RAP asphalt mixture with small amount of required additive application. After the sample preparation, various characteristics of RAP asphalt were analysed with extensive experimental work.

The purpose of this study was to measure the mean peak mobilization forces to the lumbar spine 1-3 with grade III and grade IV of posteroanterior (PA) mobilization. Twenty subjects with no history of Lumbar back pain (LBP) (10 female, 10 male) with a mean age of 24.1 years (SD = 6.0) were recruited for the study and PA mobilization were performed in each spine and the therapist took approximately 2.5s to complete mobilization. In the results, applied grade IV force showed no different according to each segment in LS1, LS2, LS3, however, there are distinct differences between LS1 and LS2, LS1 and LS3 during mobilization with grade III force. This study suggested that the mean peak force of the grade III and grade IV mobilization in the L1-L3 was almost similar each other.

The purpose of this study was to measure the mean peak mobilization forces to the cervical spine 3-5 with grade III and grade IV of posteroanterior (PA) mobilization. Asymptomatic 25 college subjects were participated in the trial and eligible physical therapists performed cervical mobilization. The mean peak mobilization force was measured during the PA mobilization with grade III and grade IV by attaching a flexible force transducer over the C3-C5 spinous process. Three cycles of PA mobilization were performed in each spine and the therapist took approximately 2.5s to complete mobilization. After applying the grade III mobilization to the C3-C5, 30 minutes later, the grade IV mobilization was applied to the same area again. There were no significant differences between C3, C4 and C5 during grade III as well as grade IV. Upon comparing the mean peak force of grade III with mean peak force of grade IV at the C3, C4 and C5 respectively, an insignificant difference was also observed. The mean peak mobilization force was 4.53±1.79 N at the C3, 5.10±1.91 N at the C4, and 5.17±2.63 N at the C5 during grade III force was applied. The mean peak mobilization force was 4.40±1.56 N at the C3, 5.53±2.01 N at the C4, and 5.38± 2.73 N at the C5 during grade IV force was applied. This study suggested that the mean peak force of the grade III and grade IV mobilization in the C3-C5 was similar each other, also there was no difference between mean peak force of grade III and grade IV on C3, C4 and C5.

본 연구의 목적은 식품 제조 중 표백 및 살균에 사용되는 과산화수소(H2O2)의 잔류 농도 검출에 활용 될 수 있는 유리탄소전극 기반의 바이오센서의 개발이다. 미국 FDA 및 국내 식품의학안전처 등 식품 용 과산화수소(food grade H2O2)는 국내외적으로 35% H2O2 수용액으로 규정한다. 연구에서 개발한 바이오센서는 감응 물질로 사용된 horseradish peroxidase를 graphene oxide와 aniline과 함께 biocomposite 를 형성시킨 후 중성 pH에서 본 연구에서 새롭게 개발된 전기화학적 증착법을 수행하여 개발되었다. 센서구조 및 특성 평가를 위하여 SEM, 순환 전압 전류법 등을 수행하 였으며 본 연구에서 개발된 바이오센서는 10-500 μM 농 도의 H2O2에 대하여 직선상의 농도 의존적인 반응을 나타내었으며 최저 검출 한계는 0.12 μM 으로 산출되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 센서의 전략적 가치는 향후 오징어포,건어물 등 널리 유통되는 식품 중에 함유된 식품용 H2O2 미량을 현장에서 쉽게 분석 할 수 있어서 비용-효과적 측면에서 그 가치가 우수하다는 것을 제시한다.