There is an increasing incidence in health problems related to environmental issues that originate from inadequate treatment of sewage. This has compelled scientists to engage in innovative technologies to achieve a effective disinfection process. Electrolysis has emerged as one of the more feasible alternatives to conventional disinfection process. The objectives of the present paper were to investigate the effect of chemical characteristics on oxidant formation and Escherichia coli (E. coli) disinfection in synthetic sewage effluents. The influence of parameters such as COD, SS, T-N and T-P were investigated using laboratory scale batch reactor. The results showed that the higher COD, T-N and T-P concentration, the lower N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO, indicator of the generation of OH radical) degradation and E. coli disinfection was observed. The order of effect of RNO degradation and E. coli disinfection was T-P > COD > T-N > SS. When 4 parameter of water quality were worked simultaneously, oxidants formation and disinfection was decreased with increase of the concentration of sewage. To increase of the disinfection performance, the increase of disinfection time or electric power was need.

역량스펙트럼방법은 구조물의 내진성능을 평가하는 도구로서 점점 더 이용 빈도가 증가하고 있다. 강도감소계수는 역량스펙트럼방법에서 정의하는 비탄성요구스펙트럼을 생성하기 위해 사용되며 다양한 강도감소계수 공식들이 제안되고 있다. 이 연구는 강도감소계수의 공식이 비탄성요구스펙트럼의 형상에 미치는 영향과 아울러 교량의 지진응답변위에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 연구 목적에 따라, 기존에 제안된 몇 가지 강도감소계수 공식들이 조사되고, 예제연구를 통하여 분석되었다. 서로 다른 원호각을 갖는 곡선교를 선정하여 서로 다른 강도감소계수 공식을 적용하여 역량스펙트럼방법으로 교각의 변위를 평가하였다. 역량스펙트럼의 결과를 검증할 목적으로 비선형시간이력해석도 함께 수행되었다. 연구결과에 의하면, 역량스펙트럼방법은 더 큰 원호각을 갖는 교량일수록 실제보다 더 큰 교각의 변위를 산출한다. 비탄성요구스펙트럼을 작성하는 많은 방법이 제안되어 있음에도 불구하고, 각 방법들이 산출하는 교각의 비탄성변위응답은 큰 차이가 없다.

북한강 수계의 경우 북한이 임남댐을 개발하여 유역변경식으로 물을 이용하고 있어 하류지역에서 여러 가지 문제가 나타나고 있다. 따라서 남 북한이 공유하천을 효과적으로 관리하기 위해서는 수량이나 수질 등 다양한 분야에서의 협력이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 그러나 남 북공유하천에서 상 하류국가간 물이용의 공평성을 실현하기 위한 노력은 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 남북공유하천의 공평한 물이용의 판단기준이 되는 수리권을 검토하기 위해 북한의 임남댐에 의한

비디오 게임을 즐기는 인구가 급속히 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따라 비디오 게임 사용자들의 즐거움과 재이용의도에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 게임의 재이용의도에 영향을 미치는 창의성과 지각된 즐거움이라는 요소에 초점을 맞추어 진행되었다. 연구결과는 실증분석을 통해 수행되어 변수들간의 인과관계를 규명하도록 하였다. 연구결과 예술적 창의성, 과학적 창의성, 일반적 창의성이 지각된 즐거움에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 지각된 즐거움은 게임의 재이용의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 역할을 하였다. 특별히 창의성의 종류 중에서 예술적 창의성이 지각된 즐거움에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 점을 발견하였다.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets (22.5±1.3㎏ average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p

본 연구는 노인 주간보호 시설을 이용하고 있는 70세 이상의 여성 노인 9명을 대상으로 6월 19일부터 8 월 28일까지 일주일에 1회 원예치료 프로그램을 실시하여 우울과 자아존중감을 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 원예치료 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위해 프로그램 전과 후에 노인 우울 측정지와 자아존중감 측정지를 이용하여 평가하였다. 또한 매회기마다 대상자들을 관찰하여 평가하였다. 노인 우울을 측정한 결과, 워예치료 프로그램 실시 전보다 실시 후 8명의 대상자가 우울이 감소하였고, 1명은 변화가 없었다. 우울 측정치는 프로그램 실시 전 평균 22.3점에서 실시 후 17.3점으로 감소하였고, 통계적으로도 유의성이 나타났다. 원예치료 프로그램 실시 전보다 실시 후 자아존중감은 6명이 향상되었고, 2명은 감소하였다. 전제적으로 프로그램 실시 전 평균 24.1점에서 실시 후 25.8로 향상되었으나, 통계적으로는 5% 신뢰 수준에서 유의성이 없었다. 관찰평가에서 참여성, 집중도, 감정표현, 호응도, 대인관계, 언어소통능력, 자신감, 성취도 등이 프로그램 회기가 진행될수록 향상되었다.

미래기후에 대한 수환경 평가는 기후자료를 입력 값으로 요구하는 강우-유출모형을 이용하거나 유량 이외에 유사, 영양물질과 같은 수질인자를 동시에 모의할 수 있는 유역모형을 이용하여 평가하는 것이 일반적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유역 모형으로 SWAT를 선정하고 낙동강 유역을 대상 유역으로 하여 기후변화로 인한 하천 유량의 영향을 분석하였다. 전지구기후모형(GCM: Global Climate Model)중 비교적 한반도의 기후 특성을 잘 재현하고 있는 호

The purpose of this study is to degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB, dye) and N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO, indicator of the electro-generation of OH radical) in solution using boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The effects of applied current (0.2~1.0 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, and Na2SO4) and electrolyte concentration (0.5~3.0 g/L), solution pH (3~11) and air flow rate (0~4 L/min) were evaluated. Experimental results showed that RhB and RNO removal tendencies appeared with the almost similar thing, except of current. Optimum current for RhB degradation was 0.6 A, however, RNO degradations was increased with increase of applied current. The RhB and RNO degradation of Cl type electrolyte were higher than that of the sulfate type. The RhB and RNO degradation were increased with increase of NaCl concentration and optimum NaCl dosage was 2.5 g/L. The RhB and RNO concentrations were not influenced by pH under pH 7. Optimum air flow rate for the oxidants generation and RhB and RNO degradation were 2 L/min. Initial removal rate of electrolysis process was expressed Langmuir - Hinshelwood equation, which is used to express the initial removal rate of UV/TiO2 process.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of wormwood (Artemisia sp.) addition on the growth performance, nutrients utilization and abdominal fat deposition of broiler chickens. Two hundred twenty five and two-day old Arboracre strain male commercial broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments with wormwood supplementation levels; C(0%), T₁ (1%), T₂ (3%), T₃ (5%), and T₄ (10%) and with 3 replications each with 5 birds for five weeks. Body weight gain during the experiment was improved in T₁ (1723.0g) compared with that of T₃ (1557.7g) and T₄ (1450.7g) (P＜0.05). Feed intake was significantly (P＜0.05) increased as the levels of wormwood addition increased (C: 2653.8g, T₁: 2852.0, T₂: 2900.3, T₃: 2900.7g, T₄: 2954.7g). Feed conversion rate (feed/gain) was significantly (P＜0.05) increased as the levels of wormwood addition increased (C: 1.55, T₁: 1.66, T₂: 1.70, T₃: 1.86, T₄: 2.04). The days reaching to 2.0㎏ of body weight were expected to be 43.2 days in control, whereas those of group T₁ were reduced to 42.6 days by 0.6 day from control. Nutrient utilization and abdominal fat deposition in the experiment were significantly decreased (P＜0.05) and small intestine contents in the broilers was significantly increased (P＜0.05) as the levels of wormwood addition increased. Therefore, although there was no significant improvement for the performance of broiler chickens with the dietary supplementation of wormwood meal, less than 1% addition of wormwood to broiler diets might have beneficial for human health by reducing the abdominal fat deposition of the broiler chickens.

This study was carried out to analyze conceptional structure between visitor's satisfaction and loyalty in the national natural recreation forests. The results of this study showed that facility, natural resources and view, staff service of recreation forest had positive effect on visitor's satisfaction. Reservation system, accessibility, and usage fee of recreation forest was not related to visitor's satisfaction. In addition, visitor's satisfaction was found to have positive effect on visitor's loyalty such as revisiting intention and word of mouth. As a result, managers of recreation forest need to enhance visitor's satisfaction, to improve rate of revisiting intention and to incite word of mouth through building management strategy.

본 연구는 전자레인지를 이용하여 백설기 제조 시 대두피 첨가량을 달리 제조하여 물리화학적, 관능적 특성을 평가하였다. 수분함량은 저장하는 동안 급격하게 감소하였고, 대두피를 넣은 군들은 넣지 않은 군들보다 수분함량이 덜 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p

Actual evapotranspiration (AET) in the Suyeong-gu was estimated and correlations between AET and meteorological factors were analyzed. The study area was Suyeong-gu lay at the east longitude 129° 05′40″∼ 129° 08′08″ and north latitude 35° 07′59″∼ 35° 11′01″. The Kumryun mountain, the Bae mountain, the Suyeong river and the Suyeong bay are located on west, north, northeaster and south side in the study area, respectively. AET was estimated using precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and plant-available water coefficient. Meteorological factors to estimate PET were air temperature, dewpoint temperature, atmospheric pressure, duration of sunshine and mean wind speed (MWS). PET and AET were estimated by a method of Allen et al. (1998) and Zhang et al. (2001), respectively. PET was the highest value (564.45 mm/yr) in 2002 year, while it was the lowest value (449.95 mm/yr) in 2003 year. AET was estimated highest value (554.14 mm/yr) in 2002 year and lowest value (427.91 mm/yr) in 2003 year. Variations of PET and AET were similar. The linear regression function of AET as PET using monthly data was and coefficient of determination was high, 0.75. In order to analyze relationship between the evapotranspiration and meteorological factors, correlation analysis using monthly data were accomplished. Correlation coefficient of AET-PET was 0.96 high, but they of AET-P and PET-P were very low. Correlation coefficients of AET-MWS and PET-MWS were 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. Thus, correlation between evapotranspiration and MWS was the highest among meteorological factors in Suyong-gu. This means that meteorological factor to powerfully effect for the variation of evapotranspiration was MWS. The linear regression function of AET as MWS was and coefficient of determination was 0.54. The linear regression function of PET as MWS was and coefficient of determination was 0.45.