Purpose - The study investigates the obstacles faced by small business owners (SBOs) in accessing finance in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The study aims to identify the causes of inaccessibility to finance for SBOs, investigate the role of government agencies in supporting SBOs, assess the extent to which banks support SMMEs, and suggest solutions to ease the challenge of inaccessibility of finance. Research design, data, methodology -We used a triangulation research design, wherein SMME owners and managers in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality were the target population. We used simple random sampling techniques to select respondents, and conducted in-depth interviews to collect qualitative data. Results - We analyzed quantitative data using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and factor analysis. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study identifies and discusses the obstacles in accessing finance; the main among which are the lack of collateral security, poor business plans, lack of knowledge, and lack of financial deposit. Conclusions -We urge the banks, government, and government agencies to support the SMME sector, for it remains the economic engine of many African countries and helps in reducing the impact of socio-economic challenges, like unemployment and poverty.

‘My City’는 경기도농업기술원에서 2010년도에 육성한 분화용 국화 신품종으로 2006년도에 분홍색에 흰색이 혼합된 복색 분화용 국화 ‘Fabienna’ 품종을 모본으로 하고, 적색 중륜형 분화용 국화 ‘Redwing’ 품종을 부본으로 교배하여 얻었다. 이 품종은 빨간색과 노란색이 어우러진 복색의 분화용 품종으로 20 cm이상의 긴 초장을 가지며 꽃의 직경도 5 cm이상인 홑꽃형이다. 2008～2010년까지 춘계 촉성재배와 동계 억제재배를 포함한 특성검정을 수행 하였으며, 자연개화기는 10월 26일이며, 전조재배와 차광재배로 개화조절이 용이한 주년재배 품종이다. 화경은 56.0 mm, 착화수는 본당13.4화이고 꽃잎수는 26.2매이다. 엽색은 녹색(RHS Green Group 137A)이고 줄기색도 녹색(RHS Green Group 138B)인 이 계통은 2010년 11월 ‘경교 B1-13’ 으로 부여하고 2010년 12월 농작물 직무육성 심의회를 거쳐 ‘마이시티’로 명명 하였다. ‘마이시티’는 흰녹병 저항성 검정시 약하게 발병되었고 기호도는 높았다. ‘My City’는 연중 개화가 균일하며 독특한 화색에 분화로서 적합한 초장과 분지성을 가지고 있어 연중생산과 내수용 판매에 적합한 품종이다.

The objective of this study was to make a map of farmland vulnerability to flood inundation based on morphologic characteristics from the flood-damaged areas. Vulnerability mapping based on the records of flood damages has been conducted in four successive steps; data preparation and preprocessing, identification of morphologic criteria, calculation of inundation vulnerability index using a fuzzy membership function, and evaluation of inundation vulnerability. At the first step, three primary digital data at 30-m resolution were produced as follows: digital elevation model, hill slopes map, and distance from water body map. Secondly zonal statistics were conducted from such three raster data to identify geomorphic features in common. Thirdly inundation vulnerability index was defined as the value of 0 to 1 by applying a fuzzy linear membership function to the accumulation of raster data reclassified as 1 for cells satisfying each geomorphic condition. Lastly inundation vulnerability was suggested to be divided into five stages by 0.25 interval i.e. extremely vulnerable, highly vulnerable, normally vulnerable, less vulnerable, and resilient. For a case study of the Jinju, farmlands of 138.6km2, about 18% of the whole area of Jinju, were classified as vulnerable to inundation, and about 6.6km2 of farmlands with elevation of below 19 m at sea water level, slope of below 3.5 degrees, and within 115 m distance from water body were exposed to extremely vulnerable to inundation. Comparatively Geumsan-myeon and Sabong-myeon were revealed as the most vulnerable to farmland inundation in the Jinju.

The characteristics of meteorological conditions and air pollution were investigated in a valley city (Yangsan) on bad visibility days (from 05:00 to 09:00 LST) of the cold half year (November 2008 to April 2009). This analysis was performed using the hourly observed data of meteorological variables (temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and 2 m and 10 m temperature) and air pollutants (NO2, SO2, PM10, and O3). In addition, visibility data based on visual measurements and a visibility meter were used. The bad visibility days were classified into four types: fog, mist, haze, and the mixture (mist+haze). The results showed that the bad visibility days of the four types in the valley city were observed to be more frequently (about 50% of the total study period (99 days except for missing data)) than (27%) those near coastal metropolitan city (Busan). The misty days (39%) in the valley city were the most dominant followed by the hazy (37%), mixture (14%), and foggy days (10%). The visibility degradation on the misty days in Yangsan was closely related to the combined effect of high-level relative humidity due to the accumulation of water vapor from various sources (e.g. river, stream, and vegetation) and strong inversion due to the development of surface radiative cooling within the valley. On the hazy days, the visibility was mainly reduced by the increase in air pollutant (except for O3) concentrations from the dense emission sources under local conditions of weaker winds from the day before and stronger inversion than the misty days. The concentrations of NO2, PM10, and SO2 (up to +36 ppb, +25 ㎍/m3, and +7 ppb) on the hazy days were a factor of 1.4-2.3 higher than those (+25 ppb, +14 ㎍ /m3, and +3 ppb) on the misty days.

This study was to investigate characteristics of Seoho watershed in Suwon city. BOD5 and SS were selected due to the one of the important factors of the water qualities. Monitoring was conducted monthly for four years during the non-rainfall time. Also, we have been monitored BOD5, CODMn, SS, TN and TP with two times sampling after the rainfalls. The highest concentrations of BOD5 and SS were observed in downstream compare with upstream and midstream during the non-rainfall time. No change was observed in BOD5 and CODMn during the non-rainfall time and after the rainfalls. The monitoring result indicated that the concentration of SS was the highest in downstream after the rainfalls. We have collected the samples two times after the rainfalls. The rainfall intensity in first sampling was two times higher than second sampling. TN and TP concentrations were increased with increasing the rainfall intensity at all stream. The ESB (Ecological Score of Benthic macroinverterbrate community) index was used to evaluate the statement of stream. ESB results were identified that the upstream is protected waters and the down and midstream is reformed waters. EBS analysis results indicated that the Seoho watershed was β-mesosaprobic at all stream.

The purpose of this study is to survey on parents' preference and estimate parents' Willingness to pay(WTP) for after-school rural experience program in daegu city by choice experiment(CE). The results of this study are as follows; First, we divided after-school rural experience program into three types, namely: nature seeing, play exercise and learning experience. Second, the study has shown that parents prefer learning experience among those after-school rural experience programs. Among attributes which form a experience program, instructor certificates, consuming time and expense for participant are statistically effecting significant impact. Third, the result of estimation on willingness to pay for development of after-school rural experience program is as follow. The willingness to pay for learning experience is 6,337won, willingness to pay for instructor certificates is 14,102won and it for consuming time is 2,926won. Therefore, composition centering learning experience is better and instructor who has expert certificate is required. It is much better to compose that the consuming time is longer and the expense for experience is lower. But there is limitation because this survey was conducted based on an assumption, so it could read over estimation problem. The result of this study may provide useful information to develop after-school rural experience program using rural resources and to improve rural tourism policy.

세계가 점차 글로벌화되어 도시간의 이동이 잦고 뚜렷한 특성의 격차가 점차 모호해지고 있음에도 불구하고, 독특한 도시 디자인, 즉 아이덴티티는 여전히 해당 도시로 많은 사람들을 끌어들이는 매력요소임에 틀림없다. 타 도시와 차별화되는 독특한 도시 아이덴티티를 형성하기 위해서는 각 도시가 그들 자신을 대표할 수 있는 이미지를 강조하여야 한다. 특정 도시를 인지하는 프로세스에서 큰 역할을 하는 명확하고도 뚜렷하게 차별화되는 도시 아이덴티티의 정립은 특히 국제사회에서 해당 도시의 경쟁력을 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 관광산업을 활성화시키는데 큰 도움을 줄 수 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 한국의 서울이라는 도시의 빌딩 표피 디자인을 연구함으로써 서울이 갖는 도시 아이덴티티를 분석하는데 있다. 특히 한국의 도시의 형성은 전쟁 이후에 이루어진 것으로 전쟁 이전에 갖는 한국 고유의 전통적 도시 이미지와 매우 다르며, 이는 타 국가들과 비교했을 때 매우 독특한 역사를 갖는다는데 큰 의미가 있다. 이를 바탕으로 본 논문의 연구 결과를 살펴보면, 효율성을 극대화한 박스형, 장식요소가 과도한 사인보드, 국적과 스타일의 분류가 어려운 장식적 요소의 사용, 초고층에 대한 욕망, 그리고 전통적 스타일의 변화를 통한 명맥유지, 그리고 해외 스타건축가들에 의존한 패셔너블한 표피의 표현으로 서울이 갖는 아이덴티티를 유형화할 수 있다.

With the methodology of AHP, this paper focuses on communication activities and their constituents in city parks, selecting 11 constituents, natural or artificial, and establishes an evaluation model on the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of tourists’ communication activities in order to obtain the weight and order of importance of the constituents of communication activities space. First-grade indicators influence weight and the order of the constituents of communication activities space are: artificial constituents (0.6614) > natural constituents (0.3386) . The weight and order of five secondary indicators attached to natural constituents: private space (0.1538) > shade tree (0.0955）> gentle slope mound (0.0474) > beautiful waterscape (0.0270) > sunshine lawn (0.0149); the weight and order of six secondary indicators attached to artificial constituents: field boundary (0.2865) > Leisure chairs（0.1843）> resting areas (0.0795) > appropriate square (0.0533) > tree-lined road (0.0352) > landscape sketch (0.0227).Using modern decision analysis methodology to research the relationship of environment constituent elements has great theoretical and practical significance for the scientific design and construction of suitable environment for human needs.

This study was to investigate the runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban area in Suwon city. The highest T-N and T-P concentration of rainfall runoff observed in agricultural area. In residential area, the highest BOD5 and SS concentration of rainfall runoff was investigated. During rainfall events, the peak concentrations of SS and BOD5 were observed after 1~2 hours of rainfall in urban area. Whereas, the peak concentrations occurred within 1~2 hours after rainfall and then the highest concentrations of SS and BOD5 sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in urban area. The EMC results indicated that the highest value of T-N and T-P in agricultural area was observed. While residential area was shown the lowest EMC value as T-N and T-P. Non-point pollutant loads on the land use types in urban area were investigated in the order of residential>industrial>agricultural>highway. BOD5 and SS loads on urban watershed were investigated in the order of Suwon>Hwangguji>Seoho>Wonchunri. Whereas, T-N and T-P loads on urban watershed were investigated in the order of Hwangguji>Suwon>Wonchunri>Seho.

As international regulations for greenhouse gas emissions is strengthened in order to respond to climate change all over the world, we need to reduce greenhouse gas in urban planning. we derived the elements of the plan for a carbon balance of Seoul and suggested a methodology of urban design guidelines regarding the carbon balance.

In this study, the case of the seismic evaluation and retrofit for domestic masonry building, which are applied to the house for the aged in Busan city, was introduced. Seismic evaluation can be decided by comparing the seismic capacity index(Is) with the seismic protection index(Iso). According to the seismic evaluation, the seismic retrofit using metal lath and steel plate retrofit method was applied to the case of the lack of the seismic capacity. As a result of the retrofit, the seismic capacity was improved.

Purpose - The study investigated the obstacles to accessing finance by small business operators in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The objectives of the study were to identify the causes of inaccessibility to finance by small business operators, to investigate the role of government agencies in supporting small business operators, to assess the extent to which banks support SMMEs and to suggest solutions to ease the challenge of inaccessibility of finance by small business operators. Research design, data, methodology – Triangulation research design was used in this study. SMME owners and managers in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality were the target population. Simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and factor analysis. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. Results - Obstacles to accessing finance were identified and discussed. Lack of collateral security, poor business plans, lack of knowledge and lack of financial deposit are some of the main factors identified. Conclusions - The banks, government and government agencies are urged to support the SMME sector for it remains the economic engine of many African countries. This sector also helps in reducing the impact of socio-economic challenges like unemployment and poverty.

문화도시는 다양한 출현배경을 가지고 있으며, 그 의미 또한 다양하게 나타나고 있다. 유럽 문화도시처럼 문화를 주제로 선포한 도시를 의미하기도 하며, 문화시설이 잘 갖추어지고, 문화예술에 관한 정책지원이 풍부한 도시를 뜻하기도 한다. 보다 확장된 개념으로 살기 좋은 도시, 살고 싶은 도시를 의미하기도 하며, 이러한 관점에서 삶이 문화가 되는 도시, 나아가 시민들의 삶의 질을 최우선으로 생각하는 도시를 나타내기도 한다. 또한 현대사회와 현대도시의 당면 과제로 대두된 지속가능성에 대한 문제해결의 방안으로서 제시되기도 한다. 이는 도시의 시간적 배경과 공간적 여건 속에서 만들어진 문화적 기반과 환경을 토대로 도시와 도시민의 삶을 스스로 성장 발전시켜 나가는 것이 문화도시의 기본속성으로 보는 견해에서 비롯된다. 문화도시의 정체성을 형성하는 요소로는 정책을 비롯한 합리성, 공공성, 장소성, 상징성, 경제성 등을 들 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 연구를 통해 문화도시의 유형을 도시상징중심, 역사전통중심, 문화산업중심, 친환경중심, 스마트중심으로 나누어 정리하였으며, 문화도시의 정체성 형성을 위해서는 이 다섯 가지의 유형과 공공디자인 지원 요소들이 적절히 어우러져 조화를 이룰 때 가장 바람직한 문화도시의 정체성이 형성 된다고 할 수 있다.

우리나라의 해양교육은 세계 5위의 해양강국이라는 명성에 비해 매우 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국내외 해양교육의 운영현황을 파악하고, 해양교육을 체계적이고 효율적으로 운영하기 위한 방안으로 모듈식 해양교육 프로그램을 개발하였다. 특히, 부산지역을 중심으로 한 해양교육 모듈식 프로그램을 제시하였다. 또한 효과적인 해양교육이 이루어질 수 있도록 상호연관성이 있는 모듈을 조합한 형태의 해양교육코스를 제안하였으며, 이는 향후 해양교육의 후속사업의 토대를 마련하는 계기가 될 뿐 아니라 부산지역의 해양교육에서 우리나라 전 지역으로 확대하여 해양강국으로서의 해양의식 함양 및 해양교육을 활성화하는데 이바지할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 다문화가족 지원을 목적으로 하는 대표적 다문화기관인 다문화가족지원센터에 근무하는 인력의 다문화 역량 및 서비스 질의 관계를 탐색하고 전문성 증진을 위한 교육훈련방안 등에 관한 함의를 고찰하기 위함이다. 현재 정부의 다문화정책은 다문화가족에 대한 사회적 지원을 중심으로 하는 사회통합정책으로 평가되고 있다. 이에 지역사회에서 다문화가족의 사회적응 지원에 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있는 서울·경기지역 다문화가족지원센터에 근무하는 인력 157명을 대상으로 서비스 질과 다문화 역량 변인들의 관계를 실증 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 다문화가족지원센터의 인력은 전문자격증 소지자들로 다문화가족의 사회적응 교육 및 종합적인 지원 업무를 수행하고 있으며 서비스 질과 다문화 역량이 높은 편이다. 특히 다문화 역량의 특성은 일반적 변인, 전문인력 변인, 교육 변인에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났고, 서비스 질은 학력, 자격증, 다문화 교육 시간 등에 따라 유의미한 정적 관계가 나타났다. 그리고 다문화가족지원센터 인력의 교육과 근무기간 등의 특성과 다문화 역량 요인인 지식과 기술이 서비스 질에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음이 나타났다. 이에 다문화가족지원센터 종사자의 다문화 역량 증진과 서비스 질 강화를 위한 교육훈련, 인력양성체계 등 전문성 제고 방안을 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study is to approach for the flow analysis of changing central-place functions and basic demands between the central city and the small town. Under the rural society progressed, this study examines how the small town changes in the relation to the central city. The subject of study is based on changes in demand for retail and hospitality. The small town is providing basic demands and urban services primary for the rural in the settlement system. Because of the rural depopulation and the aging of society, Retail and hospitality in the rural is reducing of the facility followed. But the majority of related researches are stocks approach. These studies are useful to find out the characteristic of small town, but is difficult to consider the influence of the central city. In this situation after this study using the function index is set up a concept model, it examines for the basis of changes in demand for the small town. The result of the analysis is that the changes of retail and hospitality are more severe in the more small town than in the central city. Whereas the small town with a population decline is consistent with the reduced number of branches, Population growth in the central city is reduced to the number of the Number of branches. The central-place function has been strengthened in the central city. While the younger generation, recreation, etc. related retail are disappearing rapidly, the mainstream of small town is grocery, home improvement, restaurants.

본 연구에서는 하천 범람에 따른 도시지역 내 홍수흐름의 특성을 수치적으로 모의하고 이에 대한 결과를 분석하였다. 적용된 수치모형은 well-balanced HLLC 기법에 근간을 둔 2차원 유한체적모형이다. 대상영역은 경상남도 거제시에 위치한 고현천 주변의 도시지역으로 2003년 9월에 발생한 태풍 “매미” 기간 동안 집중호우로 인해 하천이 범람되어 피해가 발생되었다. 본 연구에서는 도시지역 내 범람에 대한 홍수흔적 자료를 이용하여 수치모형을 검증하였으며, 향후 발생 가능한 집중호우의 강도의 증가 또는 감소에 의한 유입량의 변화에 따른 도시지역 내에서의 홍수흐름의 특성에 대한 모의 및 분석을 수행하였다.

This paper analyzed the CO2 emission of existing buildings on the operation phase in the declined residential area of Jeonju old town. The average CO2 emission to square meter of residential buildings in jeonju was calculated.

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is important for evaluating various reduction measures for greenhouse gas, which causes significant negative impacts on earth. To estimate GHG emission from waste sector over the period of between 2000 and 2009 in Daejeon Metropolitan City, the 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and Korean GHG Inventory for local government guidelines and methodologies were employed. Four different waste treatment methods (landfill, incineration, biological treatment, and Sewage wastewater treatment) were evaluated to estimate GHG emission by following the guidelines. The trends of GHG emission rate by direct emission increased between 2000 and 2009 as a result of increased incineration rate. The solid waste sector was directly responsible for 307,700 tonCO2eq/yr in 2009. Incineration contributed approximately 57% of the GHG emission, while landfill disposal was responsible for about 30% of the GHG. Approximately 464,400 tonCO2eq/yr in 2009 was emitted by indirect emission from the waste sector. Based on the results, a variety of measures are needed to reduce the GHG emission from waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City along with implementing effective waste source reduction and recycling policy. More specifically, this evaluation proposed that among the possible reduction options, further source separation of recyclables as well as improved diversion of recyclable materials at proposed Daejeon resource recycling complex in 2014 would have the greater benefits for reducing GHG emissions in Daejeon Metropolitan City's waste sector.