나노미터 크기의 결정립을 가지는 나노분말 및 나노복합분말의 제조와 특성에 관한 연구가 매우 활발하다. 나노복합분말의 제조방법에는 기상증발후 응축법, 화학응축법, 기계적합금법 등이 있으나, 고순도 및 균일한 크기분포의 분말과 응집되지 않은 분말의 제조 조건을 가장 잘 만족하는 방법은 화학기상응축법(Chemical Vapor Condensation; CVC)이다. 본 연구그룹 에서는 CVC밤법으로 이용하여 공구/금형재료에 가장 많이 사용되는 WC/Co 합금

Nanosized tungsten carbide powders were synthesized by the chemical vapor condensation(CVC) process using the pyrolysis of tungsten hexacarbonyl(). The effect of CVC parameters on the formation and the microstructural change of as-prepared powders were studied by XRD, BET and TEM. The loosely agglomerated nanosized tungsten-carbide() particles having the smooth rounded tetragonal shape could be obtained below in argon and air atmosphere respectively. The grain size of powders was decreased from 53 nm to 28 nm with increasing reaction temperature. The increase of particle size with reaction temperature represented that the condensation of precursor vapor dominated the powder formation in CVC reactor. The powder prepared at was consisted of the pure W and cubic tungsten-carbide (), and their surfaces had irregular shape because the pure W was formed on the powders. The and W powders having the average particles size of about 5 nm were produced in vacuum.

Heat transfer performance improvement by fin and groovs is studied for condensation of R-11 on integral-fin tubes. Eight tubes with trapczodially shaped integral-fins having fin density from 748 to 1654fpm(fin per meter) and 10, 30 grooves are tested. A plain tube having the same diameter as the finned tubes is also used for comparison. R-11 condensates at saturation state of 32 ℃ on the outside tube surface coded by inside water flow. All of test data are taken at steady state. The heat transfer loop is used for testing singe long tubes and cooling is pumped from a storage tank through filters and folwmeters to the horizontal test section where it is heated by steam condensing on the outside of the tubes. The pressure drop across the test section is measured by menas pressure gauge and manometer. The results obtained in this study is as follows : 1. Based on inside diameter and nominal inside area, overall heat transfer coefficients of finned tube are enhanced up to 1.6 ~ 3.7 times that of a plain tube at a constant Reynolds number. 2. Friction factors are up to 1.6 ~ 2.1 times those of plain tubes. 3. The constant pumping power ratio for the low integral-fin tubes increase directly with the effective area to the nominal area ratio, and with the effective area diameter ratio. 4. A tube having a fin density of 1299fpm and 30 grooves has the best heat transfer performance.

The heat transfer performance of R - 11 vapor condensing on integral fin tubes has been studied using fin tubes having the fin density from 748 to 1654 fins per meter. Electric heater supplied heat energy to the boiler to generate R - 11 vapor over the range of 25-60W. Condensation rates of each tubes were tested under the condition of cooling water flow rate from 400l/h to 2500l/h. For the seven fin tubes tested, the best performance has been obtained with a tube having a fin density of 1417fpm and a fin height of 1.3mm. This tube has yielded a maximum value of the heat transfer coefficient of 16500W/m2K, at a vapor to wall temperature difference of 3K. Experimental results of integral fin tubes have been compared with available predictive models such as Beatty - Katz's analysis, Webb's analysis, Sukhatme's analysis and Rudy's empirical relation. The experimental results were shown to be in good agreement with that of the Sukhatme's analysis.

Synthesizing octylphosphate(OTP) from phosphorus pentoxide with n-octyl alcohol, octylphosphatethiourea(OTPU) was prepared from OTP with thiourea. After flame retardant finishing OTPU to acrylic fabrics, nylon taffeta and tetron taffeta, the physical properties, such as tear strength and flame retardancy were measured. As the results of the measurement, OTPU was found to be a good flame retardant having softness using to synthetic fibers.

수평관내 증기분무류의 응축열전달에 관하여 실험을 행하고 상당 Reynolds수를 근거로한 열전달효과와의 비교에서 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 관내 응축증기 분무류일 경우의 벽면전단응력의 식은 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있다. root(τ하(0)/τ하(0v))=1+1.46X 하(tt) 상(0.20). 2. 분무류의 응축열전달효과가 상당 Reynolds수에 의한 값보다 대체로 낮게 나타난 이유는 관내 반경 및 길이방향의 불균일한 액막형성에 의한 Reynolds수 측정값의 차이 때문이다. 3. 분무류의 응축열전달효과에 의한 N sub(u)의 값은 다음과 같다. N 하(u)=1.08×[σ 하(l) d/μ 하(l)/δ+(2.5/P 하(rl)) ln(y 하(i)/δ)]×τ 하(0)/ σ 하(l) 상(1/2)

In this study, we improved the water-based condensation particle counter in Atmospheric Research Aircraft NARA and investigated the condensation particle number concentration over the Korean peninsula. Pump and set point information were changed to improve the instrument used by aircraft for observation. Ground-based observational result showed that the error between two instruments, which are water-based condensation particle counter and butanol-based condensation particle counter, was 4.7%. Aerial observational result revealed that the number concentration before improvement indicate large variation with unstable condition, whereas the number concentration after improvement indicate a reasonable variation. After improvement, the number concentration was 706±499 particle/㎤ in the West Sea and 257±80 particle/㎤ in Gangwon-do, and these are similar to the concentration range reported in previous studies. Notably, this is the first attempt to use aerial observation with water-based condensation particle counter to investigate condensation particle number concentration.

In this paper, lysimeter was installed to analyze the moisture fluctuations on the surface of a forest. The weight of the soil was measured, and the moisture fluctuations were calculated through the difference in weight over time. The amount of dew condensation on the surface of the ground was about 2-7 mm. January experienced the most dew condensation (7.2 mm). It was found that about 43 mm of dew condensation was generated over one year. To analyze the characteristics of evapotranspiration in the forest, the evapotranspiration on the surface was measured by the lysimeter method and the evapotranspiration on the upper part of the canopy was measured by the eddy covariance method. These results were compared and analyzed. Until mid-October, the evapotranspiration of the forest was active, and the amount of evapotranspiration on the top of the canopy was higher than the amount on the surface. Thereafter, the amount of evapotranspiration on the top of the canopy decreased due to the lowering of temperature and net-radiation. The amount of evapotranspiration on the surface and above the canopy showed the same tendency.

Generally, the dew condensation generated in the tunnel does not directly affect the concrete structure However, falling water due to dew condensation brings directly with a high possibility of defection to the train line. In addition, moisture inflow due to dew condensation may induce malfunction or failure of various electric and fire facilities installed in the tunnel, which may cause abnormal signals or accidents and so on. In this paper, we explain the case of dew condensation site and analyzed the cause.

휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs)은 유기용매를 주로 사용하는 산업공정에서 배출되는 일반적인 대기오염물질 중 하나로 그 물질 자체가 독성 및 발암성을 지니기도 하고 오존 생성의 전구체로 작용하기도 하여 인체 건강과 환경에 부정적인 영향을 주고 있다. 또한 최근 초미세먼지 2차생성에 기여하고 있음이 알려짐에 따라 VOCs 저감에 대한 국제적인 관심은 더욱 높아지고 있는 실정이다. 중소규모 사업장에서는 VOCs 처리를 위해 주로 활성탄 흡착탑을 이용하고 있으며 활성탄의 짧은 파과점으로 일정기간 사용 후 교체가 필요하지만, 교체 비용 부담에 따른 적절한 유지관리가 미흡하여 VOCs가 직접 대기로 방출되는 문제가 발생되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 활성탄 파과 후 현장에서 재생이 가능한 흡탈착 공정에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 기존 재생 공정인 열탈착(TSA) 공정은 에너지 비용이 많이 소요되며 수분 또는 고온 가스를 사용해야하므로 재생 시간이 길고 부대시설이 필요한 단점이 있어 현장에서 흡착 후 직접 재생하기에는 다소 무리가 따른다. 저온 감압탈착(VSA) 공정은 상대적으로 저온(80∼90℃)에서 진공펌프를 이용하여 탈착하는 방식으로 감압시에 VOCs가 휘발하는 온도가 낮아지므로 상대적으로 낮은 온도에서 탈착이 가능하다. 이에 따라 현장에서 자체재생 가능한 탈착 방법으로 저온 VSA 기술을 적용하였으며, 30 CMM급 흡탈착 시스템을 제작하여 실제 도장 공장의 배출가스에 대한 현장 적용성 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 저온 VSA 공정을 통해 배출되는 탈착가스는 재생시 캐리어가스 유량이 상대적으로 적어 고농도로 배출되므로 회수하여 유기용매로 재활용할 경우 원료 절감에 따른 경제적 효과가 매우 크다. 따라서 VOCs를 회수하기 위한 방법으로 기액 접촉 효율이 높은 용매 직접접촉식 응축 방식을 적용하였으며, 30 LPM 직접접촉식 회수장치를 제작하고 실 탈착가스를 이용한 회수실험을 수행함으로써 본 기술에 대한 현장 적용 가능성에 대하여 평가해보고자 하였다.

This study provides an experimental result of thermal mercury reduction and condensation characteristics for inventing a mercury recovery technology from the waste sludge which contains high concentration of mercury. Thermal treatment was conducted in the temperature range of up to 900oC from 600oC with different residence time using a waste sludge from domestic industrial facility. Properties of powder material condensed after thermal treatment were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of thermal processing. Leaching characteristics of bottom ash and condensed powder material were analyzed by Korean Standard Leaching Test method (KSLT). Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) Hg analyzer was used for the analysis of mercury content in solid and liquid samples. We found that mercury contents was concentrated compared with waste sludge. However, the mercury concentration of leached solution from the condensed powder material was very low. The chemical characteristics of condensed powder material was estimated using experimental analysis and literature survey. In order to recover purified elemental mercury, the further researches of refining experiments would be required.

This paper presents a probabilistic head tracking method, mainly applicable to face recognition and human robot interaction, which can robustly track human head against various variations such as pose/scale change, illumination change, and background clutters. Compared to conventional particle filter based approaches, the proposed method can effectively track a human head by regularizing the sample space and sequentially weighting multiple visual cues, in the prediction and observation stages, respectively. Experimental results show the robustness of the proposed method, and it is worthy to be mentioned that some proposed probabilistic framework could be easily applied to other object tracking problems.