We investigated primary ecological characters, such as life cycle and morphology of the lawn cutworm, Spodoptera depravata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is one of the most economically damaging pests to grasses. For larval culture the turfgrass, Zoysia japonica, was provided as a feed source at 25℃ and 60±5% humidity. Development period of each stage was as follows: 4.11±0.19 days for eggs, 25.17±3.02 for larvae, 8.80±0.28 for pupae and 7.57±0.95 for adults. Larval stages continued to 7th instar and this result contrasts to pre-existing data, which indicate 6th instar in S. depravata. Developmental period of each instar of S. depravata ranged from the minimum of 2.1 days to the maximum of 4.81 days, with the 7th instar longest. Correlation analysis between body length and head capsule width of each instar showed a significant correlation between the two measures. Pupal colors were changed from the light brown and green right after pupation to dark brown as pupal cuticle hardens. Wing length of adults in both sexes was similar, but forewing of male had obvious outer line and eyespot with dark gray-brown background, whereas that of female had less obvious in these characters, with light gray-brown background. Pre-period of eggs deposition was 2 days, oviposition period was 4.6 days, average fecundity per female was about 419 eggs, and rate of hatching was about 83%.

원전 해체는 일반적으로 5단계로 준비, 제염, 절단 및 철거, 폐기물 처리, 환경 복원으로 진행된다. 효율적인 원전 해체를 위해서는 작업자의 안전, 비용 대비 효과, 폐기물 최소화, 재사용 가능성 등이 고려되어야 한다. 또한, 작업자의 안전 및 측정 기술이 확보되어야 원전 해체 작업의 최적 효율을 낼 수 있으며 이를 위해서는 계통 및 기기의 정확한 측정 기술이 필요하다. 원전 해체 시 현장에서 사용할 수 있는 대표적인 In-Situ 방법으로는 CZT, Gamma Camera, ISOCS 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 대표 시료 채취 없이 원전 해체 시 현장에서 적용될 수 있는 ISOCS를 이용하여 S/G Water Chamber 지점에 대 하여 측정을 수행하였다. 측정 방법은 ISOCS의 HPGe 검출기를 증기 발생기 수실 하부 중앙을 향해 위치하였으며, 이때 검출기는 주변 방사선장 감소를 위해 납 차폐체를 장착하였다. 차폐체 두께는 5 cm인 원통형 납 차폐체를 장착하였으며, 검출 기 전면에는 30도 콜리메이터를 장착하여 측정을 수행하였다. 측정값에 검증을 위해 실제 측정 방법과 동일하게 Microshield를 이용하여 측정한 값과 GEANT4 코드를 이용하여 모델링 하였다. 비교 결과 1.0×101~1.0×102 Bq 정도 차이를 보였으며, 이는 측정 시 주변 방사선의 영향, 모델링의 정밀도 등으로 오차를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 본 논문의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 측정값의 정확도 및 신뢰도를 분석하고 향후 해체 작업 시 직접 측정 방법의 적용성에 대한 신뢰도를 높이고자 한다.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure is a risk factor for skin damage resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) to improve its biological activities using a three-step steaming process. We investigated the protective effects of PG and steamed PG extracts on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) against UVB radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation as well as the underlying mechanisms. The antioxidant potential of the PG extracts was evaluated by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity. ABTS and DPPH were shown by the 0, 30, and 70% ethanol extracts of 2S-PG and 3S-PG (IC50, 28~45 and 27~30 μg/mL, respectively). Treatment of UVB-irradiated cells with steamed PG (25~400 μg/mL) did not affect their viability. The streamed PG extract suppressed UVB-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, streamed PG extract reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in UVB-irradiated HDF, regulating nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression. These findings suggest that steamed PG extract may be potentially effective against inflammation associated with UVB-induced oxidation stress.

A literature review on the effects of high temperature and radiation on radiation shielding concrete in Spent Fuel Dry Storage is presented in this study with a focus on concrete degradation. The general threshold is 95℃ for preventing long-term degradation from high temperature, and it is suggested that the temperature gradient should be less than 60℃ to avoid crack generation in concrete structures. The amount of damage depends on the characteristics of the concrete mixture, and increases with the temperature and exposure time. The tensile strength of concrete is more susceptible than the compressive strength to degradation due to high temperature. Nuclear heating from radiation can be neglected under an incident energy flux density of 1010 MeV·cm-2·s-1. Neutron radiation of >1019 n·cm-2 or an integrated dose of gamma radiation exceeding 1010 rads can cause a reduction in the compressive and tensile strengths and the elastic moduli. When concrete is highly irradiated, changes in the mechanical properties are primarily caused by variation in water content resulting from high temperature, volume expansion, and crack generation. It is necessary to fully utilize previous research for effective technology development and licensing of a Korean dry storage system. This study can serve as important baseline data for developing domestic technology with regard to concrete casks of an SF (Spent Fuel) dry storage system.

The aim of this paper is to describe a strategy to provide improved accuracy of primary navigation parameters to the Indian regional Navigational satellites. The broadcast parameters of the Navic satellites can be classified under two category, one is the validity period of 7200s called long period normal sets and second one is the validity period of 900s called short period contingency sets of primary navigation parameters. The Navic satellite constellation works with minimum number of synchronous satellites to provide the best user solution within India and boundaries. Thus the outage of any one or more satellites will increase the Dilution of Precision (DOP) and degrades the user solution for any sudden anomalous behaviour of the measurements. This anomalous behaviour (called events) arises due to on-board frequency variations, frequent planned Station Keeping (SK) operations because of synchronous orbits, IRNSS system time scale switch-over or the combination of events. In loop back the broadcast parameters accuracy was continuously monitored through Line of Sight (LOS) range error from the observed IRNSS ground reference stations range measurements. In begin conditions the Least square (Lsq) based solutions were accurate and the observed LOS error were as expected. But post the occurrence of any event, the accumulation of batch data starts freshly for least square solution. The obtained Lsq based solution was inaccurate due to lack of data under many circumstances. During the events occurrence to minimize the outage duration of the satellite contingency sets were generated using continuously running Kalman Filter based near real time estimation using one-way measurements. But the filter estimated state may not be optimum at the particular epoch. Hence a strategy of forward and backward approach (FBF) was adopted just before parameter uplink through sequential (KF) for adaptation of real behaviours of the measurements to providing an improved optimal solution.

본 연구에서는 강풍에 의한 연안 용승 및 섬효과를 구체적으로 파악하기 위해서 춘계 강한 저기압 통과 전후를 대상으로 위성자료, 해양환경 및 물리적인 수직 구조와 함께 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조를 파악하였다. 5월 3일 강한 저기압이 통과하면서 남풍계열의 바람이 우점하였고, 10일 정도의 시간차를 둔 5월 12일에는 동한난류가 이동한 경로주 변해역에서 높은 엽록소값이 관찰되었다. 식물플랑크톤 수평적 군집조성은 동한난류의 영향을 강하게 받은 울진 연안과 울릉도 사이의 정점에서는 규조류가 극히 높은 밀도로 우점하였고, 상대적으로 외양인 울릉도와 독도 섬주변에서는 섬효과에 의하여 침편조류 H. akashiwo가 높은 개체수를 유지하였다. 엽록소의 수직적 분포는 울진에서 울릉도로 이어지는 정점에서 엽록소 아표층극대 (Sub-surface Chl-a Maximum)가 20 m 층에서 관찰되었고, 울릉도와 독도 섬주 변의 대부분 정점에서는 30~40 m 층까지 전 수층에 걸쳐 균일하게 높은 엽록소 형광값이 관찰되었다. 이는 섬효과에 의하여, 강한 수층혼합이 일어난 것을 의미하고, 그 결과 유광층 상부에 공급된 영양염류에 의하여 식물플랑톤이 대발생하였다. 결과적으로 춘계 한반도 남동해역 (울진-울릉도-독도) 에서는 남풍계열의 바람이 우점하면, 연안 용승이 발생할 수 있고, 이는 식물플랑크톤의 대발생에 중요한 역할을 하는 것 으로 관찰되었다. 아울러, 동해 연안해역에서 기인된 식물플 랑크톤은 동해 중앙 및 남서해역으로 공간이동하면서 울릉도-독도의 섬효과와 함께 동한난류의 사행, 소용돌이의 발달 등에 따라서 종조성이 다르게 나타날 가능성을 시사하였다.

급성 췌장염은 췌장의 염증성 질환으로 췌장성 복수 및 가 성 낭종과 같은 합병증을 일으킬 수 있다. 이러한 합병증은 심할 경우 결장, 복막 및 장간막의 이차성 변화를 일으켜 복막암 종과 구별하기 어려울 수 있다. 본 증례의 환자는 타 병원에 서 급성 췌장염 및 합병증으로 발생한 가성 낭종을 치료하는 도중 복막암의 가능성이 있어 추가 평가를 위하여 본원으로 전원되었다. 복막암의 가능성을 배제하기 위한 복막 조직검사 없이 순차적인 시술적 접근을 통하여 췌관의 손상으로 발생한 췌장성 복수와 가성 낭종으로 진단할 수 있었다.

Primary intraosseous odontogenic carcinoma (PIOC) is a carcinoma arising within the jaws, putatively developing from remnants of odontogenic epithelium. We describe a case of PIOC arising from odontogenic cyst affecting the left posterior mandible of 72-year-old Korean man. Clinical examination showed a symptom-free hard mass. There was no evidence of ulceration, and there was no pain or bleeding. The overlying mucosa was intact and no regional lymph nodes were palpable. Clinical and radiological studies for other distant primary sites were negative. Radiographically, the tumor showed multilocular radiolucency with a noncorticated, ill defined border surrounding an impacted third molar tooth. Histology exhibited sheets or islands of nonkeratinizing malignant epithelial cells with minimal clear cell component in continuity with begin or dysplastic cyst lining epithelium. Immunostaining for PCNA and p53 protein showed a higher percentage of positive cells and more intense staining in the carcinomatous tissues than in the benign and dysplastic lesions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal distribution of phytoplankton as prey for oysters and to characterize the environmental factors controlling their abundance from June 2016 to May 2017, in the northeast coast between Tongyeong and Saryang Island, particularly for the oyster farming area. During the survey period, water temperature changed from 7.54°C in February to 29.5°C in August. The abnormal high temperature persisted during one month in August. Salinity was low due to summer rainfall and typhoon. The lowest level was 30.68 psu in September, and it peaked at 34.24 psu in May. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration ranged from 6.0-9.45 mg L-1, and the DO concentration in the surface layer was like that in the bottom layers. The seasonal trends of pH were also like those of DO. The pH ranged from 7.91 to 8.50. Nitrate with nitrite, phosphate, and silicate concentrations ranged from 0.14 μM to 7.66 μM, from 0.01 μM to 4.16 μM, and from 0.27 μM to 20.33 μM, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl. a) ranged from 0.37 μg L-1 to 2.44 μg L-1 in the surface layer. The annual average concentration was 1.26 μg L-1. The annual mean phytoplankton community comprised Bacillariophyta (69%), Dinophyta (17%), and Cryptophyta (10%), respectively. Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense in June was the most dominant at 90%. In the summer, diatom Chaetoceros decipiens, Rhizosolenia setigera and Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima were dominant. These species shifted to diatom Chaetoceros spp. and Crytophyta species in autumn. In the winter, high densities of Skeletonema spp. and Eucampia zodiacus were maintained. Therefore, the researchers thought that the annual mean Chl. a concentration was relatively lower to sustain oyster feeding, implying that the prey organism (i.e., phytoplankton) was greatly controlled by continuous filter feeding behavior of oyster in the vicinity area of the oyster culture farm.

2015 개정 교육안의 핵심 키워드는 ‘역량강화’와 ‘생활화’이다. 이는 교육과정 구성의 중점을 미래 사회가 요구하는 핵심역량을 함양하여 바른 인성을 갖춘 창의⋅융합 인재 양성에 두고, 교과 활동이 학교 내의 활동으로만 머무는 것이 아니라 일상생활에서 자신의 능력을 적용하고 발휘하는 삶을 누릴 수 있도록 교육과정의 개발지침을 마련하였던 것이다. 특히 교육 개정안의 음악 교과를 보면 다양한 음악활동을 통해 음악의 아름다움을 경험하고, 음악성과 창의성을 개발하며, 음악의 역할과 가치에 대한 안목을 키움으로써 음악을 삶 속에서 즐길 수 있는 교과 내용 체계를 개발하였다. 이를 위해 음악성과 창의성을 개발할 수 있는 교과 역량 함양에 역점을 두고 교과 교육과정 내용을 확정하여, 음악적 감성 역량, 음악적 창의⋅융합 사고 역량, 음악적 소통 역량, 문화적 공동체 역량, 음악정보처리 역량, 자기관리 역량 등으로 음악 교과 특성을 반영한 교과 역량을 고시하였다. (교육부, 2015b) 교육 과정에 나타나는 ‘생활화’라는 용어는 2007년 개정안부터 꾸준히 강조되어 2015년 개정 안까지 제시되어 있다. 그러나 예술 교육은 다른 교과와 달리 아름다움의 체험이 학교 현장에서 끝나는 것이 아니라 생활 속에서 늘 이어지도록 되어왔다는 견지에서 보면 ‘생활화’라는 것이 목표가 아니라 현장에서는 이미 실행되어 왔던 과정이라 할 수 있다. 생활화 영역은 음악 교과 활동이 음악 고유의 음악적 능력과 감수성을 발달시키는 음악 활동으로 머무는 것이 아니라, 일 상생활에서 접하게 되는 다양한 음악적 상황에서 자신의 음악 능력을 적용하고 발휘하여 음악을 삶에서 향유하는 인간으로 성장하도록 하는 영역이다.(장은언 2013) 그러나 현실은 아직 교육목 표로 제시한 ‘생활화’에 대한 구체적이고 현장감 있는 실천 방안들이 정책 입안자들에게서 나오지 않고, 오히려 열정 있는 현장 교사들의 교실 적용으로만 진행되고 있는 실정이다. 아카펠라는 생활 속에서 누구나 가지고 있는 목소리를 통해 노래하면서 서로의 소리를 듣고 맞추어가는 경험을 통해 생활 속에서 음악을 즐기고 향유하는 체험을 제공한다. 함께 소리의 크기와 모양을 맞추어 가는 밸런스와 블렌딩, 정확한 음정들의 조화, 화음을 통해 만드는 하모니, 아름다운 음색의 조화, 강약과 이완을 조절하는 다이내믹 등의 과정을 통해 소리의 아름다움을 체험함으로써 감성이 풍요해지는 삶을 누리게 만든다. 본 연구는 학교 예술을 활성화시키고 음악교육의 생활화를 실천하는 방법으로써 아카펠라 합창의 당위성과 유용성, 그리고 적용 가능성을 찾고자 한다

소화관에서 주로 발생하는 반지세포암은 대부분은 위에서 발생하며, 담낭에서 원발성으로 발생하는 경우는 극히 드물어 지금까지 국내에서는 1예만 보고되고 있다. 본 증례는 58세의 남자가 5일 전부터 발생한 상복부 통증을 주소로 내원하여 복부 전산화단층촬영과 복부 자기공명 담췌관 촬영술에서 담낭 결석을 동반한 담낭염 및 담관 결석으로 진단되었다. 내시경 역행 췌담관 시술을 시행하여 담관석을 제거한 후 복강경하 담낭절제술을 시행하였다. 절제된 담낭의 조직검사에서 반지 세포암으로 진단되어, 항암 치료 및 방사선 치료를 시행받았으나, 1년 후 전이성 병변 및 복수가 진행되어 현재 보존적 치료 중이다. 이에 저자들은 담낭염으로 오인된 담낭의 원발성 반지세포암 1예를 경험하여 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.

This study was applied to the PCA (Primary Components Analysis) for the sixteen table setting at the 2017 Yeongju local food contest. In this contest, we have developed a seonbibansang and a temple one-dish meal. As a result of the correlation analysis, the applicability and composition were 0.7980, harmony and taste were 0.7747 and easiness and composition were 0.7435. In the Primary Component Y1, all the variables X1…X10 mean that the quality of the food had positive values greater than zero. The second Primary Component Y2 has a large positive value while X4, X5, X6, X7, X9 have negative values. Y2 is a value representing the sanitation variable, and can be considered a traditional and characteristic table setting natural to the native food in Yeongju. In addition, we developed an-hyangbansang and seonmyoaecheong food content by applying PCA factors (the elements of harmony, ease and sanitation). Table setting of an-hyangbansang provided energy 61.5%, protein 20.0% and fat 18.5% and seonmyoaecheong provided energy 62.7%, protein 15.4% and fat 22.2%. This satisfied the necessary amount of caloric nutrient intake that could be provided in a meal. Especially through story-telling, a modern interpretation - or rebranding - of local and traditional foods could make these traditional food products familiar to consumers currently. The developed table setting is felt to be conductive to the possible commercialization and introduction of traditional food into the mainstream commercial food service industry.

The purpose of this research is to investigate characteristics of science content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge shown in the primary school science classes. Through analysis of classroom teaching, explore the features and differences between primary and secondary school science PCK. Using open-ended interviews with the teachers and group discussions on a regular basis to analyze and compare classes of five primary school teachers, the relationship between CK and PCK. Regardless of the school level the teacher's PCK and professionalism is required with varying focus and emphasis. The features of the primary school teacher's PCK are as follows: Firstly, elementary teach secondary teach content, teachers value pedagogical knowledge (PK) content knowledge (CK). The primary school PCK requires more of understanding of students and teaching methods that to subject areas. PCK be without content knowledge, and the teacher's PCK is subject-specific In addition to the characteristics of PCK in the primary school science teaching, ways to set up professional exchange or collaboration between primary and secondary teachers, and to provide supplementary in-service training focused on content knowledge for primary school teachers.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered an alternative source of neuronal lineage cells, which are difficult to isolate from brain and expand in vitro. Previous studies have reported that MSCs expressing Nestin (Nestin+ MSCs), a neuronal stem/progenitor cell marker, exhibit increased transcriptional levels of neural development-related genes, indicating that Nestin+ MSCs may exert potential with neurogenic differentiation. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of the presence of Nestin+ MSCs in bone-marrow-derived primary cells (BMPCs) on enhanced neurogenic differentiation of BMPCs by identifying the presence of Nestin+ MSCs in uncultured and cultured BMPCs. The percentage of Nestin+ MSCs in BMPCs was measured per passage by double staining with Nestin and CD90, an MSC marker. The efficiency of neurogenic differentiation was compared among passages, revealing the highest and lowest yields of Nestin+ MSCs. The presence of Nestin+ MSCs was identified in BMPCs before in vitro culture, and the highest and lowest percentages of Nestin+ MSCs in BMPCs was observed at the third (P3) and fifth passages (P5). Moreover, significantly the higher efficiency of differentiation into neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and astrocytes was detected in BMPCs at P3, compared with P5. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that neurogenic differentiation can be enhanced by increasing the proportion of Nestin+ MSCs in cultured BMPCs.

Effects of primary English education using children’s literature have been extensively examined by many researchers in Korea during the past about two decades. This study aims to delineate the research domain by employing a meta-analysis of 31 primary studies that have been published in Korean refereed journals by February 2017. From the primary studies, 41 effects sizes were calculated based on the contrast of the means of two groups and 152 pre-to-post effect sizes based on the contrast of pretest and posttest scores. The results indicate that primary English education using children’s literature had overall a medium-sized effect (g = .60), with its effect being greater in the affective domain (g = .93) than in the cognitive domain (g = .37). More specifically, it was found that introducing children’s literature in the elementary English classrooms would bring about positive learning effects in the areas of vocabulary and reading and would be effective to develop positive learner interest and attitudes toward English learning. The results and their implications are further discussed.