We investigated unknown in vivo functions of Torsin by using Drosophila as a model. Downregulation of Drosophila Torsin (DTor) by DTor specific inhibitory double-stranded RNA (RNAi) induced abnormal locomotor behavior and increased susceptibility to H2O2. In addition, altered expression of DTor significantly increased the numbers of synaptic boutons. One of important biochemical consequence of DTor-RNAi expression in fly brains was up-regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Altered expression of ADH has also been reported in Drosophila Fragile-X mental retardation protein (DFMRP) mutant flies. Interestingly, expression of DFMRP was altered in DTor mutant flies, and DTor and DFMRP were present in the same protein complexes. In addition, DTor and DFMRP immunoreactivities were partially colocalized in several cellular organelles in larval muscles. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between synaptic morphologies of dfmrp null mutants and dfmrp mutants expressing DTor-RNAi. Taken together, our evidences suggested that DTor and DFMRP might be present in the same signaling pathway regulating synaptic plasticity. (This work was supported bythe basic science research program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2015R1D1A3A01018497)

韓国国内で2006年7月に公開された、ポン・ジュノ監督の映画グエム ル－漢江の怪物は、当時、韓国歴代最大観客動員数を記録し、同年9月 には映画配給会社角川ヘラルド(現在の角川映画)によって日本でも封切ら れた。しかし日本での人気は当初の予想とは異なる低調な成績に終わ り、韓流映画に対する全般的な期待自体低下させる契機となった。 『グエムル』の日本興業失敗の原因は既に様々な角度から分析されてい る。しかし筆者は、映画の中に描写された韓国社会の秩序意識に対し て、日本人が感じる違和感もその原因の一つとして作用したと考える。 筆者の考えを確かめるため、本論文では、日本と韓国の怪獣映画作品の 中に描写される社会秩序を考察し、これを比較分析する。そしてさらに 韓国人と日本人の考え方の違いに関して、まず李御寧と小倉紀藏の論理 を検討し、そこから出発して、筆者なりのアプローチで、社会制度に対 する信頼感ならびに社会秩序に対する考え方の違いの原因について明ら かにしようと試みる。

A full-scale process has been developed to immobilize fission products that accumulate within the Mark IV electrorefiner (ER) electrolyte at Idaho National Laboratory. ER salt was blended with treatment additives, followed by pressureless consolidation (PC) in a furnace to produce a durable ceramic waste form (CWF). The goal is the development of a process to consolidate actual radioactive ER salt into a form suitable for transportation and disposal.Four batches (300 to 400 kg per batch) of full-scale pre-qualification material preparation runs have been prepared. From these four batches of nonradioactive salt-loaded surrogate material, three full-scale PC trials have been conducted. The first PC test run, established equipment parameters with a basic CWF container design. The second trial included a modified CWF container design, real-time measurement of CWF consolidation, and an audio recording to identify cracking during the CWF cool-down. During the third trial, salt was doped (from the fourth material preparation batch) to create a nonradioactive salt material and to more closely represent actual ER salt. The second and third trials were also used to validate a model developed for the CWF. The CWF model is beneficial for understanding and predicting the physical processes that occur during the heat cycle. This would be particularly useful when the CWF is located in a hot cell, which makes accessing and examining a CWF difficult.

고령화에 따른 농업고용 인력수급 문제는 농촌지역의 인력 감소 문제와 더불어 향후 우리농업의 성장과 지속가능성에 좋지 않는 영향을 미칠 것은 너무도 당연하다. 그러므로 농업고용 인력수급을 위한 효율적인 정책방향을 설정하기 위해서는 농업경영주 고령화에 따른 영농형태별 고용인력 수요의 특징 파악이 매우 필요한 상황이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 농림어업총조사(2010년) 자료를 이용하여 농업경영주 고령화와 고용 인력 수요분석을 위한 미시적 접근방법으로 종속변수의 특징을 감안한 프로빗(probit)분석을 이용하여 영농형태별, 고용기간별 고용확률을 분석하였으며, 분석한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1. 고령농가가 비 고령농가에 비해 대부분의 영농형태에서 고용할 확률이 낮았으나, 단기고용의 경우 특용작물·버섯에서, 중·장기 고용은 축산에서 그 영향이 클 것으로 분석되었다. 2. 규모가 큰 농가(판매액이 많은 농가)가 인력을 고용할 확률이 높은 것으로 분석되었으나, 단기고용의 경우 논벼와 과수에서 중·장기 고용은 화초·관상작물에서 그 영향이 클 것으로 분석되었다. 3. 농기계 보유여부의 경우 고용노동과 대체관계에 있을 것으로 생각할 수 있으나 대부분의 영농형태에서 고용확률이 오히려 높은 것으로 분석되었으며, 만약 농기계를 운용할 수 있는 인력과 관련되어 있다면 상호보완적인 관계(+)일 가능성도 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 4. 농업경영주 교육수준의 경우도 교육기간이 많을수록 고용확률이 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 그 영향은 단기고용의 경우 화초·관상작물 및 과수에서, 중기고용의 경우 특용작물·버섯에서, 장기고용에는 축산이 영향이 클 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 경영주 영농경력의 경우 고용기간별로 그 영향이 상이하게 나타나 영농경력이 많아질수록 단기고용 확률이 높은 반면 장기고용 확률은 낮아지는 것으로 분석되었다.

필자는 지금까지 일본 헤이안 시대의 자서인 新撰字鏡에 수록된 이체자의 이체 유형과 부건을 분석하고, 각종 중요한 이체자, 특히 중국의 대형 자전에서도 다루지 않은 難字들을 가려내어 그 계통을 밝히는 작업을 해 왔다. 이 과정에서 新撰字鏡의 이체자들이 중국의 이체자와 자형 변천 과정에서 기본적으로는 동 일한 양상을 보이지만, 일반적인 이체 규율로 규정지을 수 없는 독특한 이체자들 도 즐비하다는 사실을 누구보다 잘 알게 되었다. 이처럼 독특한 이체자형은 한편 으로는 이 책의 가치를 높여주는 장점이 되지만 다른 각도에서 보면 이 책이 널리 읽히고 연구되는 데 저해요소가 되기도 한다. 따라서 필자는 新撰字鏡 연구의 첫 단계는 반드시 자형에 대한 연구, 특히 이체자에 대한 식자율을 높이고 정확한 자형을 판별해내는 일부터 시작해야 한다고 생각했다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 필자 본인을 비롯한 新撰字鏡을 접하는 독자들이 이 책에 수록된 이체자를 좀 더 쉽게 알아보고 이해할 수 있도록 다양한 글자들에서 나타나며, 이체현상이 활 발하게 일어나 다양한 이체자형을 보존하고 있으며, 중국의 자서에서도 잘 나타나 지 않는 독특한 이체자형이 많으면서도 그 이체현상이 문자학적으로 분석할 가치 가 높은 것들을 우선적으로 가려 뽑아 그 이체 현상을 상세하게 분석하였다.

Economic fluctuation has a remarkable influence on firms and their performance (e.g., Deleersnyder, Dekimpe, Sarvavy, & Parker, 2004; Srinivasan, Rangaswamy, & Lilien, 2005). Given the extreme conditions and frequency of recessions (since World War II, recessions have occurred every six years; Srinivasan et al., 2005), understanding what kind of marketing is effective across the different phases of the economic cycle is a crucial question for marketers (e.g., Steenkamp & Fang, 2011; Srinivasan, Lilien, & Sridhar, 2011). In business-to-business markets, characterized by a strong emphasis on long-term customer relationships (e.g., Grönroos, 1997), the ability to gain a deep understanding of customers and their changing needs is a central determinant of firm performance. Therefore, in such markets, market orientation (MO) provides a particularly important source of competitive advantage. During an economic crisis, MO may also serve as an effective shelter against declining firm performance, particularly in industrial markets (Alajoutsijärvi, Klint, & Tikkanen, 2001). The key rationale is that highly market-oriented firms are able to rapidly and accurately identify changes in the marketplace and respond to shifting customer needs and competitors’ actions (Narver & Slater, 1990). While a vast body of literature evidences MO in general to yield performance gains for firms (Kirca, Jayachandran, & Bearden, 2005), some recent studies (e.g., Kumar, Jones, Venkatesan, & Leone, 2011) have questioned this relationship. Recent empirical studies (e.g., De Luca, Verona, & Vicari, 2010; Noble, Sinha, & Kumar, 2002) also propose that the different components of MO (i.e., customer orientation, competitor orientation and interfunctional coordination) may result in different performance outcomes. Furthermore, recent studies have shown the economic environment to play an important role in determining the performance outcomes and, thus, effective forms of MO (cf. Smirnova, Naudé, Henneberg, Mouzas, & Kouchtch, 2011). In this study, using panel data of 140 firms from before and after the great financial crisis, we examine the performance implications of distinct forms of MO 1) over the changing economic cycle 2) among different types of business-to-business focused firms. Employing ordinary least squares regression analysis, our findings suggest that MO and its distinct components yield varying performance impacts from economic upturn to downturn. Specifically, the impact of MO increases during downturn, with interfunctional coordination boosting performance and competitor orientation becoming detrimental. Subsequently, employing configurational analysis (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis), our findings further indicate that the role and the most effective forms of MO vary across industry sectors, with MO having a particularly strong impact among firms operating in business-to-business services. We also conclude that, in a growing economy the role of MO has become more of a cost of competing (Kumar et al., 2011), whereas in an economic downturn MO still provides a valuable shelter against performance declines. Finally, our empirical findings are in line with contingency arguments, and suggest that the successful ways for a firm to relate with its markets depend on the dynamic firm- and industry-specific settings.

The Chinese Characters in stone inscription in Chinese middle ages is one of the most important research materials of the Chinese history and Chinese language and Characters. It is very hard word to use these materials for huge quantity, large time span, and spread over different area, so it is necessary to build a database to promote the research work on Middle Chinese Characters. Before this work, creating a set of standards is important basic work. This is the purpose of this paper. There are only some preliminary considerations on the Chinese Characters in stone inscription in Chinese Middle Ages. In the future, with the development of the work more scientific standards will be further discussed.

In the study of Thai-Chinese transliteration(referring to the Thai-Chinese Dictionary, The Foreign Name Handbook, and The World of Country Maps), it is found that some Thai place's names derived from Chinese language, but have different versions of pronunciation due to dialect language usage. The Thai-Chinese Dictionary transliteration, based on Chaozhou dialect, sound and pronunciation are quite different from Foreign Name Handbook and The World of Country Maps transliterations which are based on Mandarin pronunciation. To be more precise, there are [-p], [-t], and [-k] consonants in Thai language but there are only [-p] and [-k] consonants in Chaozhou dialect. When a Thai word which ends with [-t] sound, Chaozhou uses the [-k] sound instead. However, because there are no similar consonant sounds in Mandarin, Thai words must be uttered the same tone as existing words.

This paper investigates frequencies and changes in usage for grammatical forms in four different reading levels of children’s storybooks. In particular, it is explored whether differing patterns exist in the appearance of grammatical forms from lower to higher reading levels. The data consists of 56 storybooks divided into four reading levels. The texts of each storybook were segmented by sentence and analyzed according to which grammatical forms appear in the texts. The findings reveal that modals, negatives,coordinate clauses, and adverb clauses are the basic grammatical forms to know because readers would encounter these frequently across all storybook reading levels. At higher levels, the grammatical forms showing a notably greater frequency were participles, adjective clauses, infinitives, and interrogatives. Interestingly, a cumulative frequency pattern for grammatical forms was found from easier to more difficult levels. The modals, and subsequently, negatives, adverb clauses, coordinate clauses, and participles become frequently occurring grammatical forms. The paper ends by drawing some pedagogical implications and suggestions.

The purposes of this study are to understand the influence of L1 on learning Korean negation and a developmental sequence of Korean negation forms through examining English and Japanese learners of Korean. In particular, we aim to investigate whether linguistic distance between L1 and L2 affects learning Korean negation. Forty English and twenty Japanese students who were learning Korean in colleges participated in the written production test. As a control group, forty Korean native speakers took the written test. We observed that the English and the Japanese groups produced less number of long form negation sentences than the Korean adult group did. The English group showed a developmental pattern to advance from short to long forms, while the Japanese group demonstrated the opposite tendency. These results suggested that an influence of L1 negation structure on L2 learning coexisted with that of a general developmental sequence. The pedagogical implications of the findings are two-fold:1) the findings would provide practical suggestions for instructing Korean negation forms in multilingual classrooms and 2) the findings would help researchers and language teachers understand the learning patterns of Korean by L2 learners.

The pattern cases for Korean traditional socks are named “beoseonbongip” which means a pouch to keep patterns for making “beoseon”. “Beoseon” is Korean traditional socks. This study is to identify characteristics of the pattern cases and to develop cultural products based on the unique characteristics of the pattern cases. One hundred fifty one photos of “beosonbongip” were collected and quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Seventy percent of them were made between Joseon Dynasty and 1960s. As a result, most of the collected pattern cases are rectangular and square shapes, red color, and silk fabrics, and sizes of them are from 9cm to 15cm. A few pattern cases with different sizes and colors were also observed. Most pattern cases were made by fixing two among four triangle pieces which made by folding four tips of a rectangular or square cloth and then puting a not or a loop on the remaining triangle pieces in order to open and close the pattern cases. In a small number of the pattern cases, three of the four pieces were fixed and a button, a bead, a broach, or two nots or two loops were put on the other piece for opening and closing. Products such as apparels, bags, pouches, frames, and key holders were made using “beoseonbongip” form and construction method. This shows that “beoseonbongip” is a useful motive for creative product development.

Upon Japan’s ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women in 1985, certain law reforms for gender equality were realized. However, international human rights law has impacted limitedly on the Japanese judiciary. The Women’s Convention has been invoked by parties in a number of cases, but so far has never been positively quoted by the courts. On the other hand, the jurisprudence of individual complaints under the Optional Protocol of the Women’s Convention has developed significantly. This paper introduces the case law of the individual complaint procedure of the Women’s Convention, and identifies its significance in comparison with Japanese jurisprudence. As the jurisprudence of individual complaints under the Women’s Convention is still in the law-making stage, the author encourages the Japanese government to ratify the Optional Protocol so that it can participate in the process of developing this jurisprudence.

공정제어시스템과 같은 복잡한 시스템을 감시하고 제어하기 위한 정보 디스플레이를 설계하기 위해 두 가지의 세부적인 설계문제를 효과적으로 다루어야 한다. 정보디스플레이에서 표현할 정보의 내용을 파악하고 조직화하는 문제와 그 표현할 정보를 시각적으로 잘 표현하는 문제로 구분이 된다. Ecological Interface Design (EID)는 두 문제를 다루기 위한 이론적 배경지식과 방법을 제공하는 정보디스플레이 설계의 틀이다. EID는 1990년대 초반에

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to propose a new methodology for developing statistical collision models and to show the validation results of the methodology. METHODS: A new modeling method of introducing variables into the model one by one in a multiplicative form is suggested. A method for choosing explanatory variables to be introduced into the model is explained. A method for determining functional forms for each explanatory variable is introduced as well as a parameter estimating procedure. A model selection method is also dealt with. Finally, the validation results is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the final models developed using the method suggested in this study. RESULTS: According to the results of the validation for the total and injury collisions, the predictive powers of the models developed using the method suggested in this study were better than those of generalized linear models for the same data. CONCLUSIONS: Using the methodology suggested in this study, we could develop better statistical collision models having better predictive powers. This was because the methodology enabled us to find the relationships between dependant variable and each explanatory variable individually and to find the functional forms for the relationships which can be more likely non-linear.

Recasts have been at the center of much di scussion in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) and a great deal of research has explored the effects of recasts on second language (L2) learning. However, there are st ill many issues and questions left to be answered. As a means of responding to these needs, the current study investigated the effectiveness of recasts in the accuracy development of child EFL learners in their use of past verb forms in English. The effectiveness of recasts was examined in relation to the type of past verbs (i.e., regular vs. irregular verbs) and the degree of exp licitness of recasts (i .e., implicit recasts vs. explicit recasts). Six elementary school students participated in the study and data were collected through a time-series design for 6 weeks. The analyses of the data showed that recasts were effective in enhancing the learners' accuracy in the use of both regular and irregular verbs. The learners benefited more from explicit recasts than implicit recasts in developing the accuracy of past verbs. However, improving the accuracy of regu lar verbs was more susceptible to explicit recasts than implicit recasts, while there was no significant difference in the gains of accuracy of irregular verbs in relation to the type of recasts.