Drought tolerance is the ability of a plant to live, grow, and reproduce properly with limited water supply or under periodic conditions of water deficit. However, the climate changes and worldwide water shortages would result in the loss of applied water to irrigated land, increasing soil water deficit. To control the situation, we have carried out the international joint research project for the aim of developing that drought tolerance common wheat and durum wheat in Korea and Tunisia. Total 79 (41 common wheat, 39 durum wheat) Tunisian lines and 33 Korean wheat cultivars were incorporated in this study. Drought stress was applied for 25 days of stopping irrigation from the 3-leaf stage followed by re-watering for restoration in greenhouse. We selected top 13 (5 Korean line, 8 Tunisian line) tolerant lines and 11 (5 Korean, 6 Tunisian) susceptible lines based on growth parameter analysis. Primers (Operon primers and wheat Dreb1 gene) that have been known to be related drought resistance were applied to explain selected population. The correlation between PCR-based length polymorphism of selected lines and their resistance were evaluated. The obtained primer information will aid selection for drought tolerance durum as well as hexaploid common wheat.

Many viruses infect cucurbits. One of the well-known symptoms is mosaic disease. Those that cause mosaic are cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), squash mosaic virus (SqMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). WMV resistant GM squash was developed many years ago in the United States and it was on the market, but no further information was available by now pertinent to commercial aspect. Usually these viruses are not easily controlled by frequent applications of chemicals that target the insect as carriers of viruses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop commercial varieties possessing resistance against viral diseases. We have developed GM watermelon rootstocks called gongdae, using a coat protein gene of CGMMV as transgene. Those GM watermelon rootstocks showed highly resistant to CGMMV, and have been crossed to get the several BC and T generation. In order to obtain the virus resistant watermelon, watermelon lines were crossed to the selected GM watermelon rootstock. Here, we present the successful watermelon cultivars that show resistance to CGMMV. The resistance must have obtained by transferring the transgene from the GM watermelon rootstock to watermelon line.

Backcrossing is a plant breeding method most commonly used to incorporate one or a few genes into an adapted or elite variety. To facilitate MAB (marker-assisted backcrossing) in a practice breeding program, we developed a SNP database and a program for providing selected markers for background selection from genome-wide SNPs of seven tomato accessions downloaded from NCBI-SRA. We identified 425,935 SNPs among 21 parental combinations with data from seven transcriptomes and developed a SNP database. To select the optimized number of markers for background selection, we divided 12 chromosomes according to physical length and genetic length. Initially, each chromosome was equally divided into five blocks according to physical length, and three SNPs were positioned per block. Additionally, we applied the genetic distance calculated from the recombination rate because the frequency of recombination can vary greatly among chromosomal regions. When considering genetic distance, each chromosome was divided into fifteen blocks unequally and one marker composed of EXPEN-2000 was positioned per block. The program for background selection was designed to be simple and easy to use, and it is available at http://tgsol.seeders.co.kr/ index.php/tg/mab. When the user selects the parental combination, the program provides selected markers with primer information. The value of this program for tomato breeding will further increase if more accession numbers are added to the database.

Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose are major soluble sugars in soybean seeds. Sucrose is the major source of energy for fermentation and contributes to the sweetness of soybean foods. The soyfood and animal feed markets prefer soybean cultivars with high sucrose because they provide high levels of energy and better tasting food and feed. The objective of this study is to select soybean lines with high sucrose content. A total of 295 soybean genotypes including 13 current cultivars, 34 germplasms, and 248 breeding lines were planted at the field. After harvesting, sucrose contents for 295 genotypes were measured through HPLC method. Wide variation was detected among the 295 genotypes in sucrose content. The sucrose content ranged from 15.1 to 39.0 g. kg-1 in 13 current cultivars. The highest sucrose content was identified in “Dayangkong” (39.0 g. kg-1), whereas was lowest in “Seomoktae” (15.1 g. kg-1). The sucrose content ranged from 9.6 to 47.6 g. kg-1 in 34 germplasms. The sucrose content ranged from 0.9 to 46.4 g. kg-1 in 248 breeding lines.

Soybean is an excellent source of protein for human and animal feed. But, nutritional quality is compromised by a low content of the sulfur amino acid, methionine. The purpose of this research is to screen the genotype with high methionine content. Forty genotypes including current cultivars, breeding lines, and germplasms were evaluated in the for two years. After harvest, random seeds of each genotypes were used to check methionine content by HPLC method. Methionine contents ranged from 1.9 - 5.0 (mg/g) for first year to 2.4 - 4.3 (mg/g) for second year. At first year, three genotypes [76F7-4(1), 86F8-2(1), and 70F7-1] had high content of methionine. At second year, three genotypes [Jinnon#1, daalkong, 86F8-2(1)] had high content of methionine. Genotype, 86F8-2(1) had high content of methionine at both years. Also, effect of environment on methionine content was observed. However, methionine content is a very different from genotypes.

In order to find new genetic sources of rice salt tolerance, we did screening with about 10,000 rice mutant lines created by Ac/Ds insertional mutagenesis. First, we raised rice seedlings with media soil on 0.7% NaCl solution and selected 71 putative salt tolerant lines and analyzed their Ds insertion sites. We tested their salt tolerance by growing seedlings on MS medium containing, 0 mM, 150 mM, and 250 mM NaCl. Also, their seedling salt tolerance were evaluated by growing on Yoshida nutritional solution containing 0.6% NaCl. Finally, we selected eight mutant lines showing increased seedling salt tolerance compared with wild type variety, Dongjin, repeatedly. We grow them in rice field and investigated their agronomic traits such as heading time, culm length, panicle length, and panicles per hill. Among them two lines which were named Salt10 and Salt23 and showed favorable agronomic characteristics were crossed with Dongjin for further genetic analysis and mapping the causative gene variation.

The aim of this study was to select the abiotic tolerant sorghum mutants using chlorophyll a transient OJIP analysis of PSⅠ and PSⅡ so called Kautsky’s effect within 1 second. It was clearly identified that wwt-and drought tolerant sorghum mutants could be classified by wet factor index(WFI). On the basis of WFI, wet tolerant sorghum matants were classified as follows; Ⅰ group, MUT534 bmr/new, MUT525 bmr; Ⅱ group, M2P1207 bmr, 25M2-0404 bmr, MUT371 bmr24, unknown bmr22, 10M2-0775 bmr, MUT135 bmr23; Ⅲ group, M2P0411 bmr, MUT641 bmr, M2P1064 bmr36, MUT855 bmr, 25M2-0137 bmr/new, MUT436 bmr, M2P0929 bmr, 25M2-0026 bmr, 10M2-0387 bmr, 25M2-0173 bmr/new; Ⅳ group, 25M2-0698 bmr. In conclusion, for the selection of wet tolerance, four photochemical parameters such as Electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per PSII(RE1o/RC), Performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII antenna, until the reduction of PSI acceptors(PI_total ABS), Driving force on absorption basis(DF_total ABS) and Electron transport flux from QA to QB per PSII(ETo/RC) were important photochemical parameters deduced from maximum quantum yield and electron transport efficiency.

옥수수와 같은 1대교잡종 품종 육성을 위한 타가수정작물의 육종방법은 기본적으로 원종개발과 조합능력검정을 통한 교잡종 육성의 큰 틀에서 pedigree method등과 같은 전통적인 방법이나 분자육종의 최신기술이 이용되고 있다. Golden Seed Project의 시작으로 내수시장에만 머물고 있던 식량작물 육종기술이 해외시장에서 경쟁해야할 상황에 직면하게 되었다. 그 중 옥수수는 소수의 다국적 기업이 선점하고 있는 해외시장에서 수출액 170억원($1,500만USD)을 목표로 종자개발 계획이 작성되고 있다. 현시점에서 소수 다국적 기업의 최신 옥수수 육종기술의 현주소를 파악하여 Golden Seed Project의 목표 달성과 국내 옥수수 육종기술의 질적향상을 위한 방법을 모색하고자 한다. 인공자가수분을 통한 옥수수 원종 개발은 최소 S6세대까지 진행할 동안 동계온실세대촉진이나 아열대 동계포장을 이용하더라도 최초 교배조합작성으로부터 약 4년의 기간이 소요된다. 현재 파이오니어, 몬산토, 신젠타 뿐만 아니라 CIMMYT과 미국의 주립대학교등에서는 육종년한의 단축과 100% 동형접합체를 확보하기 위하여 배가반수체기술을 도입하여 이를 통한 원종개발을 하고 있다. 이 기술의 핵심은 자연적으로 배수체를 유도하는 옥수수endogenous genes과 반수체의 빠른 식별을 위한 표현형적 표지인자의 gene pyramiding을 통한 반수체 유도계통의 육성이다. 이미 위에서 언급한 회사 및 기관에서 반수체유도율 평균 8%정도의 몇몇의 유도계통들이 개발되어 있다. 이 기술을 통한 원종의 개발은 2년이다. 이 기술을 통해 한해 수천 개의 원종이 개발되는데 이렇게 많이 개발된 원종들에서 우수한 교잡종 생산을 위한 교배조합의 작성이 새로운 문제로 제기되고 있으며 이를 해결하기 위하여 genomic selection을 적극 이용하고 있다. Genomic selection에서는 QTL mapping이나 association mapping과 달리 각 표지인자의 효과에 대한 유의성 검정을 하지 않는다. 비록 각 표지인자의 추정육종가가 미미하더라 그 정보를 그대로 이용하여 양적유전형질 발현에 관련된 모든 polygenes의 효과를 추정함으로써 교잡종상태에서의 형질발현을 예측하고 파종전 genotyping을 통해 예측가가 우수한 교잡종만을 선발하여 파종하고 평가한다.

This study is intended to examine the perception of importance-satisfaction in selective properties of rural theme park with the users and to suggest operation method and implications for rural theme parks which are being built on a nation-wide basis. The study results are as follows: First, the results from the analysis on importance-satisfaction in the selective properties showed that both attractiveness of natural landscape and excellence of surrounding environment are high. Second, the t-test with matched samples for importance-satisfaction showed that there were significant statistical differences in all items, and the users rated satisfaction lower than the importance. Third, IPA results showed that the items such as diversity of festival event, accessibility and convenience of public transportation, appropriateness of expense and kindness in service appeared in the 2nd quadrant 'direction of concentrated efforts'Therefore, this study was able to identify the perception of importance-satisfaction among the users of rural theme parks. The study findings suggest that it is necessary to preserve surrounding natural environment, ensure appropriate pricing, introduce events and increase service level in constructing and operating rural theme parks.

This study was conducted to analyze the difference of body types within and between wild and farmed populations of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus using measured records of morphological traits. The results showed that surveyed traits and standard deviation were of body weight, of total length, and of body length. Also body height, body shape index and condition factor were , and , respectively. As result of least squares mean and standard error for each trait assumed in this study, those of farmed population showed significantly higher than those of wild population in all traits, exclusively in total length and body length (p<0.01). Particularly, the values of the body height and the body weight of the farmed population were higher than those of the wild population in the same total length. And the phenotypic correlation coefficients of the body weight, the total length, the body length and the body height showed strong positive correlation in all populations. These result suggested that morphological differences exist in farmed and wild flounder. Therefore, introduction of wild flounder is essential for the future production to improve the body type of farmed flounder, and parental fish should be chosen by considering selection of commercially important traits in the production process.

본 연구는 고온에 안정적인 TSWV 저항성 유전자원을 선발하기 위해 수행되었다. 우선, 저항성 검정조건을 마련하고자 8점의 TSWV 저항성 육성계통을 두 가지 온도 조건(주간 25℃ ± 3.1℃, 35℃ ± 2.2℃)에서 검정을 실시하였다. 8점 중 두 계통(11VR35와11VR51)은 25℃에서 이병율이 모두 0.0%이었으나 35℃에서는 각각 100%, 80%의 이병율을 보였다. 아울러11VR32 11VR47 11VR53 11VR54 는 25℃에서 이병율이28.6%, 37.5%, 10.0%, 10.0%를 보여 중도저항성으로 평가되었으나 35℃에서는 이병율이 모두 100%로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 고온(30℃ 이상)에서 저항성이 변화한다는 기존 보고와 유사한 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 TSWV저항성 검정은 고온에서 실시하는 것이 안정적이라고 판단되었다. 이러한 조건으로 저항성검정을 실시한 결과 5점의 TSWV 저항성 유전자원을 선발하였다. 5점의 TSWV 저항성 유전자원은 2 C.annuum (11PM25, 11PM28), 3 C.chinense (11FL34, 11FL38, 11FL44)이다. 그러나 이들은 Tsw에 의한 과민반응(hypersensitivity response; HR)과 같은 증상은 없었다. 따라서 5점의 TSWV 저항성 유전자원은 TSWV 저항성 품종육성에 새로운 저항성 재료로 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

It is a crucial matter to select a landing site for landers or rovers in planning the Mars exploration. The landing site must have not only a scientific value as a landing site, but also geographical features to lead a safe landing for Mars probes. In this regard, this study analyzed landing site of Mars probes and rovers in previous studies and discussed the adequacy of the landing site to scientific missions. Moreover, this study also examined domestic studies on the Mars. The frameworks of these studies will guide the selection of exploration sites and a landing site when sending Mars probe to the Mars through our own efforts. Additionally, this paper will be used as the preliminary data for selection of exploration site and a landing site.

우리문화의 정체성 확립과 국가브랜드 이미지 향상을 위해 한국적 색채개발의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 현재 전통색채와 한국인의 색채의식에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있으며 이러한 한국 전통색과 색채의식은 자연환경적 요인에 의한 색채이며 자연에서 색을 얻어 구현되었다. 이에 우리나라의 식물자원을 조사하고 파악하기 위해 본 연구는 진행되었고, 식물자원 중에서도 오래전부터 우리나라 자연환경에 적응해 자라온 자생화종 446종의 색채에서 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 자생화종 446종의 색채를 색상, 명도, 채도로 나누어 조사한 결과 10개의 색군집으로 분류할 수 있었다. 빨간색은 34종으로 7.6%를, 주황색은 8종으로 1.8%, 노란색은 88종으로 19.6%, 파란색은 22종으로 5.1%, 연보라색은 32종으로 7.3%, 분홍색은 18종으로 4%, 보라색은 28종으로 6.2%, 자주색은 45종으로 14.2%, 흰색은 159종으로 35.5%, 기타 녹색은 11종으로 2.6%로 분류되었다. 조사된 자생화종의 색채를 먼셀분포표를 통해 색채의 분포와 색채이미지스케일을 통해 색채이미지를 분석하였다. 그 결과 빨간색과 주황색은 중·저명도의 중채도에 분포하였으며, 노란색은 고명도 중채도의 분포를 나타냈다. 파란색~자주색의 색군집은 2이상~10미만의 다양한 명도와 채도에 분포되어있음을 알 수 있었다. 색채이미지는 전반적으로 고르게 분포되어 있으나 특히 부드러운 이미지 성향의 ‘온화한’ ‘내추럴한’, ‘맑은’, ‘경쾌한’ 이미지로 나타났다. 이는 우리나라 고유의 역사가 담긴 정체성 있는 자연색채로서 조화로운 온화한 한국색채의 특성을 만들고 색채의식적인 면에 영향을 주었으리라 생각한다. 이러한 고유 자생화종에 대한 가치를 높이고, 자연의 정체성을 부각할 수 있는 활용방안에 대한 2차적 연구를 기대한다.

This research is focus on the analysis of bridge image and preference. In this study, 3 types of bridge with arch bridge, cable stayed bridge, and suspension bridge, 4 prospect points named A, B, C, and D will be simulated in one scene for final analysis of bridge image and preference.On prospect point A, higher evaluation is received among the arch bridge. In addition, for cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge, the Higher evaluation is received among the most at the arch bridge on prospect point B. At the on prospect point C, higher evaluation is received among the most cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge compared with arch bridge. At the on prospect point D, lower evaluation is received among the cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge compared with arch bridge. The highest average total preference is received for cable stayed bridge. And, The lowest average total preference is received for arch bridge. Cable stayed bridge is suitable for the Baegya Bridge than arch bridge in the Landscape point. In conclusion, the preference for one bridge is not the same at different prospect points through above research.

Most indica rice varieties show a low efficiency of transformation because of difficulties in callus formation and low-regeneration frequencies in conventional culture such as MS16 or N6 medium. Recently, some improved methods were reported for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using mature elite indica seeds however, these procedures take a long time (5–7 months) to obtain transgenic plants and still with significantly low efficiency. In this study, we provide additional improvements in the indica rice transformation protocol introducing new selection method by tosoflavin/tflA which was based on bacterial photosensitizer and its degrading enzyme pair. We introduced direct in planta transformation using early stage of germinating rice seeds instead of usual embryogenic callus. Methods that use embryos as a starting material for inoculation with Agrobacterium are also used for comparison with the new protocol using rice seeds. Transformed cells proliferated from rice seeds obtain toxoflavin resistance, and transgenic plants are eventually regenerated from those proliferated tissues. However, we found out that tissue proliferation from indica seeds and shooting and rooting are very sensitive to minor salt nutrients in the media and need to pay attention to use indica rice specific nutrient media. The use of naturally occurring photosensitizers such as toxoflavin as selection agents appears to give rapid and unambiguous selection results owing to their unique phytotoxic mode of action. In particular, the toxoflavin/tflA selection system might be useful for generating transgenic indica rice cultivar where high false-positive backgrounds with current selection marker systems are problematic.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] protein is excellent nutritional factors and is widely used for human and animal feed in the world. Glycinin(11S globulin) and ß-conglycinin(7S globulin) account for storage protein from 70% to 80% in soybean seed. ß-conglycinin is composed of α’, α and ß subunits, encoded by the genes Cgy1, Cgy2, and Cgy3, respectively. β-conglycinin protein exhibits poor nutritional and food processing properties. Lipoxygenase is responsible for the beany flavor and is responsible for the inferior nutritional quality of unheated or incompletely heated soybean meal. The objective of this research was to select F2 seeds with lipoxygenase-free and low content of ß-conglycinin for breeding of high quality soybean cultivar. A total of 582 F2 seeds were obtained from the cross of 10F1(lipoxygenase-free, normal content of 7S protein) and T311(lipoxygenase-present, low content of 7S protein). Lipoxygenase and 7S proteins in mature seeds were detected by SDS-PAGE. The segregation ratio of 3 : 1 for Shr locus (418 Shr_ : 164 shrshr) were observed. This result shows that the Shr locus is controlled by a single gene. Among 164 shriveled seeds, 6 F2 seeds with lipoxygenase-free, α’ subunit-free, and low content of α and ß subunit were selected. Among 418 normal seeds, 6 F2 seeds with lipoxygenase-free, α’ subunit-free, and low content of α and ß subunit were selected. These results will be used in breeding program for improving high quality soybean cultivar.