As the market demand on functionality rice has been increasing, embryo rice in which embryo residue remains even after milling has come to comsumers’ attention because rice embryo contains several functionality components. Consequently, development of rice varieties for higher rate of embryo adhesion to grains after milling has become one of the breeding objectives for quality improvement. In this study, we observed embryo dent of 49 commercial varieties and analyzed the relationship between embryo dent and grain size and shape. Embryo dent of rice grains varied 0.27 (Keunnun)~0.59 (Daerip 1) mm. Varieties Jinbu, Jinbo, Heugseol, Obong, Unkwang, and Cheongnam showed relatively deeper embryo dent, suggesting that they will be applicable in breeding for embryo rice. Embryo dent was correlated positively with grain width (r=0.53**) and grain size(r=0.34*), and negatively with grain width/length ratio (r= -0.38**). Strategies for breeding embryo rice were discussed in relation to embryo dent, grain size and shape.

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr] are an important source of nutrients including protein, oils and various useful secondary metabolites. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) component serves as a nerve cell membrane material and a choline supplier, so it may improve memory function in subjects suffering from memory impairment and dementia. Content of PC component in soybean seed may depend on genotype and environment. Genotype with high PC content is valuable in breeding project. Fifty-seven soybean genotypes were cultivated at first year. After harvesting, PC contents were analyzed. Content (mg/kg) of PC component was from 7.02 to 19.55. At second year, 111 genotypes including 57 genotype used at first year were cultivated. After harvesting, PC contents were analyzed. Content (mg/g) of PC component was from 0.061 to 12.324.

Mutant analysis is one of most optimized genome-wide approach towards acquiring utile phenotypes and defining related genes. Gamma-irradiation, an acknowledged way of mutant-generating method, was applied to gain sets of mutant line in Brachypodium distachyon. B. distachyon is a model plant, commonly used in genus of Gramineae for the research of structure genomics and functional genomics. B. distachyon contribute to rapid and easy analysis because of its small size and quick growth. Mutant population was generated by different doses of gamma-irradiation (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 Gy) in the gamma field phytotron. Distance from the source gives same irradiation duration for each plant. Plant growth parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf length & width, internode number & diameter, maturity and yield components (ear number biomass) were scored on M0 plants. Plant responses to different doses of radiation are evaluated and the effective radiation dosages to generate mutant using gamma-phytotron are suggested. Chronic irradiation using gamma-phytotron is useful tool to generate mutants for genomic variations such as SNP or INDEL as well as suitable for functional study of genes in Gramineae.

This study was carried out to find out the optimum method of preparation of indigo standard solution and its stability, and to investigate the indigo contents in Niram, blue dye extract, from a total of 7 indigo plants and 34 breeding lines of Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross. Proper solvent for indigo standard was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and appropriate concentration was 1 mg of indigo in 10 mL of DMSO. Absorbance value of UV/Vis Spectrophotometer at 620 nm of standard solution was changed decreasingly 12 hours after the preparation of standard solution irrespective of the storage conditions such as temperature and light. Average value of absorbance of 8-fold diluted standard solutions prepared daily during 16 days was 0.210±0.005, indicating the powder of indigo compound was stable chemically. Calibration curve was made for quantitative analysis of indigo of 7 Niram samples, and indigo contents ranged from 0.69% to 18.76% showing relatively larger variation. Across all 34 breeding lines, the range of indigo content was from 7.9 mg to 56.4 mg per 100 g of fresh leaves, averaging 25.2 mg of indigo content and showing a 47.7% coefficient of variation.

The length of solar cycle 23 has been prolonged up to about 13 years. Many studies have speculated that the solar cycle 23/24 minimum will indicate the onset of a grand minimum of solar activity, such as the Maunder Minimum. We check the trends of solar (sunspot number, solar magnetic fields, total solar irradiance, solar radio flux, and frequency of solar X-ray flare), interplanetary (interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind and galactic cosmic ray intensity), and geomagnetic (Ap index) parameters (SIG parameters) during solar cycles 21-24. Most SIG parameters during the period of the solar cycle 23/24 minimum have remarkably low values. Since the 1970s, the space environment has been monitored by ground observatories and satellites. Such prevalently low values of SIG parameters have never been seen. We suggest that these unprecedented conditions of SIG parameters originate from the weakened solar magnetic fields. Meanwhile, the deep 23/24 solar cycle minimum might be the portent of a grand minimum in which the global mean temperature of the lower atmosphere is as low as in the period of Dalton or Maunder minimum.

To investigate groundwater variation characteristics in the Hancheon watershed, Jeju Island, an integrated hydrologic component analysis was carried out. For this purpose, SWAT-MODFLOW which is an integrated surface-groundwater model was applied to the watershed for continuous watershed hydrologic analysis as well as groundwater modeling. First, ephemeral stream characteristics of Hancheon watershed can be clearly simulated which is unlikely to be shown by a general watershed hydrologic model. Second, the temporally varied groundwater recharge can be properly obtained from SWAT and then spatially distributed groundwater recharge can be made by MODFLOW. Finally, the groundwater level variation was simulated with distributed groundwater pumping data. Since accurate recharge as well as abstraction can be reflected into the groundwater modeling, more realistic hydrologic component analysis and groundwater modeling could be possible.

this study evaluates the drying shrinkage strains regard to fiber reinforcement in order to reduce cracking of the lean concrete mix so as to control the damage of the pavement by means of fiber reinforcement

This study presents the tracker structural composition system for the effective angle variation of solar module. Also, the structural performance is evaluated through the structural modelling and analysis and the field application is considered.

Mechanical performance of UHPC is known to be strongly influenced by placing method. In this study, in order to estimate variation in tensile behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced UHPC, two different placing methods were adopted in fabricating test specimens. Test results presents that placing method causes a noticeable variation in the tensile behavior

근래 쌀의 건강기능성에 대한 관심이 고조되면서 백미상태에서도 배아의 일부가 부착된 배아미의 이용을 위한 기술적 품종적 연구가 착수되고 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 종자형태를 보이는 49개의 품종에 대하여 현미 상태에서의 배아함몰도 및 종자형태와의 관련성에 대해 조사 분석한 것이다. 배아함몰도는 0.27(큰눈벼)～0.59(대립벼1) mm의 변이를 보였다. 49개의 품종 중 진부, 진보, 흑설, 오봉, 운광, 청남 등이 배아함몰도가 상대적으로 높은 품종이었다. 배아함몰도는 현미의 폭과는 정의 상관관계가 있었고 장폭비와는 부의 상관관계를 보여주었다. 배아함몰도가 높은 품종 육성을 위한 방향을 논의하였다.

The geomagnetic activity shows the semiannual variation stronger in vernal and autumnal equinoxes than in summer and winter solstices. The semiannual variation has been explained by three main hypotheses such as Axial hypothesis, Equinoctial hypothesis, and Russell-McPherron Effect. Many studies using the various geomagnetic indices have done to support three main hypotheses. In recent, Oh & Yi (2011) examined the solar magnetic polarity dependency of the geomagnetic storm occurrence defined by Dst index. They reported that there is no dependency of the semiannual variation on the sign of the solar polar fields. This study examines the solar magnetic polarity dependency of quiet time geomagnetic activity. Using Dxt index (Karinen & Mursula 2005) and Dcx index (Mursula & Karinen 2005) which are recently suggested, in addition to Dst index, we analyze the data of three-year at each solar minimum for eight solar cycles since 1932. As a result, the geomagnetic activity is stronger in the period that the solar magnetic polarity is anti-parallel with the Earth’s magnetic polarity. There exists the difference between vernal and autumnal equinoxes regarding the solar magnetic polarity dependency. However, the difference is not statistically significant. Thus, we conclude that there is no solar magnetic polarity dependency of the semiannual variation for quiet time geomagnetic activity.

In order to clarify the impact of wildfire and its thermal forcing on atmospheric wind and temperature patterns, several numerical experiments were carried out using three dimensional atmospheric dynamic model WRF with wildfire parametrization module SFIRE. Since wind can accelerate fire spread speed, the moving speed of fireline is faster than its initial values, and the fireline tends to move the northeast, because of the wind direction and absolute vorticity conservation law associated with driving force induced by terrain. In comparison with non-fire case, the hydraulic jump that often occurs over downwind side of mountain became weak due to huge heat flux originated by surface wildfire and wind pattern over downwind side of mountain tends to vary asymmetrically with time passing. Therefore temporal variation of wind pattern should be catched to prevent the risk of widfire.

평판 검출기(flat-panel detector)는 필름-스크린 시스템과 비교하여 넓은 범위의 노출지수(dynamic range)를 갖게 된다. 평판 검출기를 대상으로 임상에서 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 Abdomen supine 노출 조건인 81kV에 20mAs를 기준으로 전신형 팬텀 whole body human phantom PBU-50 (Kyoto, kagaku, Japan)을 모의 환자로 화질평가와피폭선량측면에서 비교 연구하였다. PSNR값이 30dB이상으로 판독 가능한 영상의 kV변화에 따른 DAP값은 약 19.6배차이를 나타냈다. 또한 kV변화에 따른 유효선량을 ICRP 103을 기준으로 비교한 결과 방사선에 의한 확률적 영향이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 방사선검사자의 지속적인 교육 및 지도를 통한 우리나라에 맞는 디지털 방사선 Technical chart를 마련하여 양질의 영상과 환자피폭선량에 대한 기준 선량을 마련해야 할 것이다.

In this study, β -carotene concentrations was determined in soybean cultivar according to seed size, usage, seed coat color and cotyledon color as well as the process of seed germination. The total average concentration of β -carotene was 6.6~mug/g in soybean seed, 33.3~mug/g in soybean sprout. According to seed size, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean was 6.9~mug/g in large soybean seed, 6.7~mug/g in medium soybean seed, and 6.31~mug/g in small soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 21.4~mug/g in large soybean sprout, 30.5~mug/g in medium soybean sprout, and 43.5~mug/g in small soybean sprout. According to the utilization of seed, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean seed was 7.2~mug/g in cooked with rice soybean seed, 6.1~mug/g in paste and curd soybean seed, and 6.3~mug/g in sprout soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 25.9~mug/g in cooked with rice soybean sprout, 32.4~mug/g in paste and curd soybean sprout, and 41.9~mug/g in sprout soybean sprout. When comparison with seed coat color, the total β -carotene concentration of soybean with brown seed coat (8.8~mug/g ) was slightly higher than those of soybean with yellow (6.1~mug/g ). In soybean sprout, the total β -carotene concentration was 21.8~mug/g in black seed coat sprout, 38.7~mug/g in brown seed coat sprout, 34.1~mug/g in green seed coat sprout, 39.5~mug/g in yellow seed coat sprout, and 30.5~mug/g in mottle seed coat sprout. The results of this study suggested the functional characteristics of soybean through quantitative analysis of β -carotene.

풍향풍속계는 실시간으로 풍향과 풍속을 측정하는 기상관측기구로서 바람의 영향을 많이 받는 항만, 조선소, 해상구조물, 또는 건설현장에서 사용되는 크레인에 장착되어 작업가능 여부를 알리거나 전도 사고를 예방하기 위한 안전시스템과 연동되어 사용된다. 로드 셀형 풍향풍속계는 4개의 수풍부에 연결된 로드 셀의 하중 합을 이용하여 풍속을, 하중 비를 이용하여 풍향을 측정한다. 선행연구에 따르면, 풍향에 따른 인접한 두 수풍부의 하중 비는 날개 주위에 와류로 인해 불규칙한 값을 보이게 되며, 이는 풍향 오차를 증가시키는 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 오차를 줄이기 위하여 세 가지 수풍부 형상에 따른 하중 비를 분석하고, 오차를 줄일 수 있는 수풍부 형상을 제시하고자 한다. 수풍부 형상에 따른 하중 비를 비교하기 위해 ANSYS CFX를 사용하여 유동해석을 수행하였으며, 설계변수로 0도에서 90도까지 11.25도 간격으로 9가지 풍향조건을 설정하였다.

조생종 벼 품종인 오대, 운광과 HR28021-AC16 계통에 대한 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자분석과 K1과 K3a 균계를 접종한 후에 수량 및 품질 관련 형질들의 변이에 대하여 분석하였다. 오대는 저항성 유전자를 보유하지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 운광은 Xa3 유전자를, HR28021-AC16은 Xa21 유전자를가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 오대는 K1과 K3a 균계 모두에 이병성을 보였고, 운광은 K1에는 저항성을 K3a에는 이병성을보였다. HR28021-AC16은 K1 균계에는 이병성을 나타냈고K3a 균계에는 저항성 반응을 보였다. 균계접종에 의한 이병성 정도와 2차 감염 정도로 볼 때, K3a 균계가 K1 균계에 비해 병원성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. K1과 K3a 균계 접종에따른 생산력검정시험에서 균계 처리와 반응에 의해 변이가발생한 형질들 중에 등숙률, 정현비율, 현미수량과 완전미도정수율은 서로 간에 정의 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 이들 형질들과 현미 및 백미 단백질 함량은 부의 상관관계를 나타냈다.사미는 등숙률 및 완전미도정수율과 부의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 주성분분석에서 주성분 1을 기준으로 등숙률, 정현비율,현미수량 및 완전미도정수율과 사미, 현미 및 백미 단백질 함량이 다른 방향성을 나타냈고, 주성분 2를 기준으로는 등숙률과 사미가 다른 방향성을 나타냈다. Xa21 유전자를 가지고있는 HR28021-AC16은 K3a에는 저항성 반응을 보였으나K1 균계 접종구에서는 등숙률, 정현비율, 현미수량 및 완전미도정수율은 감소하였고 사미는 증가하는 등 이병성 반응을나타냈다. Xa21 유전자는 최근 큰 피해를 주는 K3a 균계에대해 강한 저항성을 보이나, 우리나라 우점 균계인 K1에 이병성을 보이기 때문에 K1 균계에 저항성인 다른 유전자와의집적을 통한 활용이 안정적인 저항성 증진에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

최근 설치되어 운영되어지고 있는 PET-MRI는 자기장과 방사선을 함께 사용하고 있다. 방사선 작업종사자는 대부분 개인피폭선량계로 열형광선량계(TLD)를 착용하고 있고, TLD는 자기장과 방사선 영향을 동시에 받는다. 본 연구에서는 36개의 TLD에 동일 선량의 X-선을 조사하고, 자기공명영상장비의 자기장 세기가 5000 Gauss 정도인 위치에 1시간 단위로 8시간 동안 노출시킨 32개의 TLD와 자기장에 노출되지않은 4개의 선량변화를 확인하였다. 측정 결과 자기공명영상장비에 부착된 TLD의 피폭선량은 노출시간에 따라 불규칙한 선량 변화를 나타내었다. 따라서 자기공명영상장비 환경에서 선량변화가 작은 열형광선량계의 개발이 요구되어진다.

This study was conducted to determine the contents of phenolic compounds and astragalosides in Astragalus membranaceus. Between the phenolic compound groups, flavonoids compounds (51.13%) had higher average concentrations than the phenolic acids groups. Among the 30 phenolic compounds, quercetin (353.11μg g-1) provided the highest concentrations. According to different cultivation year, 3-year-cultivated Astragalus (2612.57μg g-1) showed the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds. According to different harvest days, 6/5 harvesting Astragalus (2615.80μg g-1) showed the highest concentrations of phenolic acids. Comparison between the top and subterranean parts of harvested Astragalus plants cultivated for 2 years, 3 years, and 5 years showed big difference of total phenolic compounds in concentrations. Further, the top part had higher amounts of the total phenolic compounds than the subterranean part among all Astragalus. This tendency was similar to those of the top root and lateral root. The concentration of the phenolic compounds in the top root was higher than that of the lateral root.

We studied the ozone concentrations generated by low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor after adding air and phytoplankton to control the ozone concentrations in seawater. We also examined the numbers of bacteria and Vibrio spp. after treatment using the plasma reactor. As the airflow rate was increased, more ozone was removed. Although marked variation in the ozone decrease was observed with and without airflow, the rate of ozone removal did not increase proportionately with the airflow rates. The ozone concentration decreased with increasing organic matter and time. The amount of organic matter seems to be an important factor decreasing the dissolved ozone concentration in liquid. The ozone concentration was 0.07, 0.32, 1.28, and 2.3 mg/L when operating the plasma reactor for 30, 60, 180, and 300 s, respectively; i.e., the ozone concentration increased with the reactor operating time. The initial numbers of bacteria and Vibrio spp. were 800 and 480 CFU/mL, respectively. After operating the plasma reactor at a flow rate of 6 L/min for 30 s, no bacteria or Vibrio spp. were detected. The disinfection effect of this plasma reactor seems to be superior to that of a conventional ozone generator.