This study explores a possibility to expend the scope of Traditional Korean-style House, or Hanok through including North Korea's Modern Korean-style building. As Korean traditional architecture is gaining more attention, we should think over how contemporary Hanok should be and establish the concept of Hanok for future generations to come. In order to do that, the traditional Hanok design techniques should be understood. Based on this, the appropriate Hanok Design and construction techniques for contemporary buildings could be found out. This study, therefore, aims at finding basic data of design techniques which can be applied to modern Hanok in South Korea and provi야ng clues for the future Hanok design through studying Korean-style modern buildings in North Korea.

21세기는 문화가 경쟁하는 민족개성의 시대로 나아가고 있다. 본 연구는 한옥의 부흥과 ‘현대한옥’ 실현을 위한 연구의 한 방법으로 북한의 현대한옥에 연구를 통해 한옥의 범위를 확장하고 현대한옥의 하나의 범위로 그 가능성을 모색하기 위한 연구이다. 이제 건축에서도 분명 새로운 한옥의 시대가 도래하였고 이 시대의 한옥이 어떠해야 하는지 생각해 봐야 하고 앞으로 우리의 후손에게 남겨줄 지금의 한옥을 정립하여야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 과거 우리의 한옥이 어떠했는지 알아야 함이 먼저 선행되어야 한다. 이를 바탕으로 한옥에 적합한 기법을 찾아내고 지금 우리가 사는 이 시대 이 장소에서 새롭게 적응시킬 수 있는 설계와 시공에 대한 연구가 필요하다 . 이러한 바탕에서 본 연구는 북한의 대형공공건물에 전통설계기법을 적용한 방법을 통해서 이 시대 대한민국에서도 실현 가능한 현대한옥의 기초 자료를 제공하고 북한에서 그간 연구하고 진행하고 있는 북한의 현대한옥을 조사 연구함으로 우리 현대 한옥의 나아갈 방향에 대한 단서를 제공한다.

지난 1970년이래 헝가리자연사박물관의 북한지역 탐사를 통해 채집조사되어 보관된 표본을 대상으로 검경한 결과 북한산 잎말이나방과 12종이 추가로 분류 동정되어 보고한다. 이중 2종(Notocelia rosaecolana Doubleday, Rhopobota ustomaculana Curtis)은 북한지역에서는 처음으로 보고되는 북한미기록종이었다. 이외에 보고되는 10종은 주로 기존문헌에 목록에만 포함되어 있어 정확한 분포정보들이 없어왔던 종들로 금번연구를 통해 새로운 분포지가 기록되는 종들이다. 본 연구에서는 금번에 보고되는 2종의 북한미기록종과 새롭게 채집지가 확인된 10종의 목록을 정리하여 보고하며 각 종별로 채집지기록, 국내외 분포 및 기주식믈정보 등을 제시하였다.

Peace should be approached by inclusivism, consisted of politics, economy, international relationship, social welfare, community health care, education, and culture. For the current government of South Korea has been obsessed with ideology rather than national interests during the last five years, the relationship between South Korea and North Korea is in crisis. Theological foundations for reconciliation are truth, memory, repentance, justice, forgiveness, and love. The presupposition of reconciliation is to know what happened to the victim. The truth of the victim can be recognized through memory, that is the center of one’s identity. Repentance of the perpetrator is necessary for the process of reconciliation. In return the victim should forgive the perpetrator. In the whole process of reconciliation, love is a dominant factor. Theological foundations for peace are justice, reconciliation, nonviolence, just peace, and economic justice. Justice is the precondition for peace. And reconciliation is the way to peace. Nonviolence is the hope for peace. Just peace is suggested by the WCC as an alternative to the just war and pacifism. Economic justice is identified as an essence for peace. Tasks of the peace mission of the Korean Church for reconciliation and peace reunification of South Korea and North Korea are such as nonviolent communication, nurturing of the peacebuilders, the peace education for encouraging the culture of peace, the care for the victim of violence and programs for violence prevention, media as a peace messenger, the peace mission in the public area, and strategies of peace mission in the troubled areas. The peace mission should be approached by inclusivism and Christian realism as well. For practicing the peace mission the Korean Church can learn about important lessons from the various examples of the peace mission done by the member churches of the WCC during the Decade to Overcome Violence, from 2001 to 2010. The Korean Church is encouraged to study the precious experiences of the Peace Church (the Mennonites, the Quakers, and the Brethren Church) for enacting the peace mission.

PURPOSES: This study is to analyze different vehicle load effects for a bridge design of South and North Korea in order to prepare a common design specification and to secure the safety of transportation when the highway bridges of South and North Korea use together. METHODS: Based on the literature review, this study considers vehicle load effects by comparing different characteristics of the standard vehicle and other differences of the bridge design specification between South and North Korea. And structural modeling of three-span continuous PSC Beam Bridge are analyzed and the bridge capacity according different vehicle loads of South and North Korea is evaluated. RESULTS: The result of this study indicates that the bridge capacity and the design vehicle weight of North Korea are smaller than the bridge capacity and the design vehicle weight of South Korea. Also this study demonstrates that the design vehicle array and other characteristics of North Korea are very different than the design vehicle array and other characteristics of South Korea. CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that the outcomes of this study can be useful in the set-up of South-North Bridge Specification because similar previous studies are rarely found.

본 연구는 경기도 내 남북한 접경지역인 파주시와 연천군에서 1990년부터 2007년까지 17년 동안 진행된 서식지 파편화를 경관지수를 이용해 분석하였다. 분석은 1990년과 2007년에 수집된 Landsat TM영상을 이용하여 초지 및 경작지 서식지와 산림 서식지를 분류한 후 각 시기별 서식지 면적비, 패치밀도, 평균 패치면적, 평균 패치면적 대비 둘레길이를 계산하여 비교하였다. 분석 결과 초지 및 경작지 서식지에 대한 패치밀도는 47% 증가, 평균 패치면적은 42% 감소하였고 산림 서식지의 패치밀도와 평균 패치면적도 각각 36% 증가, 28.7% 감소한 것으로 분석되어 두 유형의 서식지 모두 지난 17년간 급격히 파편화된 것으로 나타났다. 평균 패치면적 대비 둘레길이는 초지 및 경작지 서식지는 7%, 산림 서식지는 5% 감소하여 남아있는 서식지라 하더라도 서식지 주변지역의 경계효과에 영향을 받아 서식지 내부종이 서식할 수 없는 지역이 많아진 것을 알 수 있었다. 앞으로 늘어날 접경지역에 대한 개발에 대비해 서식지 파편화를 최소화할 수 있도록 하는 생태계 보전계획 수립이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing dietary satisfaction, and their perceived importance and performance, in North Korean refugees according to age. Questionnaires were completed by 220 North Korean refugees and data was analyzed with SPSS software. From our study we determined that fresh food, clean dishes, and proper vegetable oil are of high importance but considered poorly performed. 'Taste' and 'comfort' were factors with low importance but considered well-performed. The IPA technique proved that 8 items including Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, Q9, Q11, Q13 were in 'Doing great, keep it up' and no items that got high importance and low performance were in 'Focus here'. North Korean refugees like Korean food more than Chinese, Japanese, and Western food. They specifically want to learn how to cook Korean casseroles, soups, and side dishes(e.g. Myeolchibokkum, Kongjorim). The North Korean refugees who resided in South Korea under a year have difficulties in understanding menus and Western table manners.

북한 이탈주민의 가파른 증가에 따라 우리 사회는 정치, 경제, 사회적으로 다양한 관심을 갖게 되었다. 이들이 갖고 있는 문제를 풀기 위해서는 원인에 따른 각기 다른 대처방법이 있겠지만 현재 남한에서 살아가야 하는 현재의 당면한 문제에 기반하여야 할 것이다. 그동안에 이루어진 접근방법은 주로 경제, 생활정착에만 초점을 두었으며, 북한이탈주민에 대한 관점이 일방적으로 한국사회에 동화해야만 하는 수동적인 대상으로만 보았지만 이제는 다문화적 관점에서 북한이탈주민이 갖고 있는 독특한 경험구조와 상황에 맞게 문화적 다양성에 민감하고, 이에 맞는 전문지식과 기술을 갖춘 사회복지 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 문화적 역량을 갖춘 실천활동이 필요한 때이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 북한에 대한 이해, 탈북과정에 대한 이해, 남한사회에서 겪은 적응의 어려움에 대한 고려, 가족해체 현상에 대한 고려의 4가지 요소를 기본으로 문화적 역량의 이론적 틀에 따라 인식, 지식, 기술의 각각의 영역에서 필요한 사회복지실천적 방법을 제시해 보았다. 본 연구는 북한이탈주민이 한국사회에서 생활해 나가는데 필요한 사회복지적 접근에 있어서 문화적 역량에 기반한 개입의 필요성과 이론적 근거를 제시하고, 그 실천방안에 대한 논의를 시작하였다는 점에서 향후 연구의 기본 토대가 될 것이다.

The first record of the subfamily Tortricinae from North Korea was reported by Zhu (1969), comprising 17 species. Later Park and Byun (1991) added 11 species of the subfamily. And Park and Razowski (1991) added 16 species of the tribe Tortricini. Jaros et al. (1992) reported 11 species of Tortricinae from North Korea, based on the material Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic(CAS). Byun et al. (1998) enumerated 350 species of Korean Tortricidae, citing 63 species of Tortricinae and 40 species of Olethreutinae from North Korea. Later Razowski (1999) provided a list of Korean Tortricidae with 176 of North Korea. Despite these studies, much of the North Korean Tortricidae deposited in the HNHM remained unstudied. Recently the first author examined the totricid material in the HNHM and reported 7 newly recorded species from North Korea (Byun et al., 2007). In the present study, we provide the faunistic information for ten species of Tortricinae, including their localities. This study was carried out under the support of Korea National Arboretum and Korea Forestry Research Institute.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that causes severe destruction to the central nerve system which is usually fatal. It is one of the most important disease around the world and particular in Asia because of the high costs of prevention and post-exposure treatment. After the recurrence of sylvatic rabies in 1993, the number of raccoon dog mediating rabies cases in Korea has maintained annually until 2011. To better understand the current rabies epidemics in Korea, Korean rabies isolate (SKRBV0601GY) from Gyeonggi province in 2006 was compared with previous isolates in Korea and with isolates originating from the North-East Asia, such as Japan, China and Russia, based on complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences. By comparison of the N genes among these viruses, SKRBV0601GY revealed that nucleotide similarity ranged from 97.7 to 99.7%, 96.4 to 97.5%, 91.4 to 96.3%, 89.2 to 90% and 86.1 to 88.1% with Korean isolates, "Arctic-like-2" viruses, "Arctic" viruses, Russian group C - E and Chinese isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates revealed that the Korean isolate in 2006 belonged to Korean group B. The topology of the phylogenetic tree of Korean isolates related not the species and year of isolation but the geological location of the virus isolates. All of the Korean isolates showed close relationship to the "Arctic-like-2" virus (Russian group B) more than the "Arctic" virus (Russian group A) and all of the Chinese isolates (Chinese group A, B and C). The "Arctic-like-2" virus group contains the Japanese isolate and Russian group B viruses, originating from the south of East Siberia and Far East in Russia. These molecular data demonstrated that the current rabies epizootic in Korea developed independently of Chinese groups and originated from the "arctic-like-2" viruses in detail.

The unification mission of the Korean church is carried out with more Diakonia than Kerygma. It has the positive effects on the national product as well as on the food-and nutrition status in North Korea, besides on the personal relations between South and North Korea. It has also the positive mission effect in North Korea, although that is not confirmed exactly with number. But because of the exclusionism of the North Korean regime transparency and efficiency of the aid become hot issues and induced the ‘South-South conflict’. Not only that, the humanitarian aid is under the strong influence of the political situation. Moreover in the year 2010 because of the attacking Chunan-Ham and the bombardment Yunpyung-Do the diaconal activity of the Korean church must be closed. In order to exceed these limitations an another diaconal method can be proposed. That ist the commercial aid with return beside the contributive aid without return. The commercial aid with return has not few advantage: ⑴ It ist a international business, that is political neutral furthermore protected by government. ⑵ The commercial aid produces value-added, that can be the self-supporting ground for the partner. ⑶ Therefore the commercial aid does not induce the partner to fall in the ‘Samaritan’s dilemma’. ⑷ The commercial aid is self-sustaining and can be enlarged, if it makes a profit. ⑸ The material resource of aid is invested in business and in production system, not concentrated on a place. ⑹ The commercial aid does not make ‘agent problem’, nor the problem of low transparency and low efficiency on the level of the contributive aid. But what ist more important, is the harmony of Korean churches to make a unified organization, that takes care of the commercial aid. This organization can concentrate the unification power of the Korean churches, because it could treat the problem of the internal competition between Korean churches themselves, the overlapping of aids, the monitoring etc. In the end the harmony of Korean churches determines the time of the Unification in the korean peninsula.

This study is to understand North Koreans' language assimilation process in South Korea. 10 North Koreans participated in the interviews. Most of North Koreans seriously recognize language differences and put their effort to overcome the differences. They think that proper language use is very important in their adjustment process. Most of them are not satisfied with their current job but very confident of better future. According to the results form this research, North Koreans who arrived earlier perform better in the language assimilation process on the whole. Also, it is found that North Koreans with higher educational background and stronger will to adapt themselves score better in the test of language assimilations.

The North Korean mission is inseparable from the South-North unification policy. In addition, the opinions of neighboring counties are also important. Such are the perimeters of the North Korean mission. This study attempts to examine North Korean mission, particularly the reconstruction of North Korean Church within the process of South North unification process. The reconstruction of the North Korean Church, as North Korean mission and unification movement, is a policy issue amidst the unification process. It is a policy that can create a basis within the North Korea and effectively manage the personnel, financial and mission resources of the South Korean Church. At the same time, the reconstruction of the North Korean Church joins the reunification process of the Korean peninsular with the North Korean mission purposes. The current situation is created by the ideological conflict between the conservative versus liberal elements within the Korean Church in regard to the North Korean mission and unification movement. In addition, there is a great disparity in the approach towards the reconstruction of the North Korean Church. The problems are three-fold: 1) Who is the protagonist of the North Korean mission? Is it the South Korean Church? or is it the North Korean Church? In case it it’s the latter, the term North Korean mission does not apply. 2) The phrase “North Korean mission” implies an imbedded view of the South North division. 3) Should the North Korean “Chosun Christian Association” be accepted as a partner in the North Korean mission? Or should it be viewed as a mission object? The best means of North Korean mission is to have the “Chosun Christian Association” take the leading role in the reconstruction of the North Korean Church. Since, however, it is the South Korean Church that is taking action to prepare for such an event, mutual cooperation between the two is essential. The reconstruction of the North Korean Church cannot be achieve by the South Korean Church alone. In addition, the reconstruction of North Korean Church is linked to the Korean war, a factor behind the division of the Korean Church into the liberal and conservative camp. The anti-communist stance of the South Korean regime was another factor that unified the right wing Christians. Attempts by the “Korean Christian Association” to reconstruct the North Korean Church within this approach involved, not only efforts to reconstruct the North Korean Church, but various aid programs. However, such aid programs were commonly perceived to be the work of mission organizations and not the conservative South Korean Church. Furthermore, the “Korean Christian Association,” which advocated the reconstruction of the North Korean Church, were mistakenly criticized as an organization that were only interested in the reconstruction of the Northern Church. Therefore, the reconstruction effort of the Northern Church must be newly reinterpreted. The role of the Church, from a mission history perspective, is to be a bridgehead of mission, a center of training for workers, and center of mission field. As such, though the reconstruction of the Northern Church is premature, efforts to prepare for such an event, financial preparation, training center for mission workers and confidence building between the South and North through information and assistance projects can be viewed within the context of the unification process. The North Korean mission through the reconstruction of the Northern Church within the context of the unification process can promote the unification capability of South and North. It is futuristic unification policy of the Southern Church. Precedents for the reconstruction of the Northern Church must be found from similar cases following the liberation from Japan and post-Korean war and examined strategically. The North Korean mission must conclude with the reconstruction of the North Korean Church.

The number of North Korean defectors has increased from the 1990s. This phenomena has sought some significance as the reunification of the Koreas is being considered. It can shed insight on problems of socio-psychological adaptation. The dynamic process of the defectors' adaptation to the South Korean society may model a process of adaptation needed on a wider scale of and when reunification of Korea is achieved. North Korean defectors in South Korea are experiencing various difficulties in the capitalist society of South Korea including different value, identity problem, difficulties of social life, economic unrest, and psychological and emotional uneasiness. In this study, their problems and difficulties are analyzed for developing adaptation process. The process of adaptation for defectors can be divided into four stages: pre-awareness, awareness, adaptation and settlement. Particularly, mental and psychological difficulties are stumbling blocks to their adaptation. They need education for social adaptation and counseling programs. In fact, many South Koreans do not understand the North Korean defectors' difficulties in their process of adaptation. South Korean people need to accept North Korean defectors as their brothers and sisters, as persons of the same nation. Reunification is not restoration of the original state before the division. True reunification is to restore a broken relationship between the North and South.

북한에서는 중등과정 기상학 내용을 지리학 분야에서 배운다. 본 연구는 북한 지리교과서에 나오는 기상학분야 용어를 남한의 지구과학 교과서에서 사용하는 용어와 비교하여 같은 의미이면서 다른 용어 40개를 발췌하여 각 용어에 대해 전남지방 고등학생들이 이해하는 정도를 비교하였다. 용어의 이해도 조사는 전남지역 소재 2개 고등학교 89명을 대상으로 하였다. 고등학생들이 남한 용어에 대한 이해 수준은 북한용어의 이해 수준에 비해 평균적으로 30% 정도 높다. 더운전선, 합치기과정, 하루변화, 비탈면 등 9개의 북한 용어는 오히려 남한 용어보다 이해 수준이 높다. 이해 수준이 보다 낮은 3때 용어 가운데 2때 용어는 북한 고유어를 이용하여 최근 만들어진 것들이다. 남한의 용어 대부분은 한자어, 외래어 등에서 유래한 용어로 이루어져 있으며 대체로 북한 고유어로 새로 만들어진 용어보다 더 높게 이해되고 있다.

The number of North Korean defectors has increased in the 1990's. One particular fact is that many North Korean defectors are religious persons living in South Korea. Their motivation for accepting religion was that they had received various types of support from Christian missionaries and/or Christians in foreign countries, or in South Korea itself. This is the result of missionary work on their behalf. There were many who joined churches which had helped them when they came to South Korea. A few of them entered theological college or seminary. Among them some had theological education at underground seminaries in China and performed ministry for North Korean defectors. They entered theological schools for more systematic education. Some started theological education by themselves. Some began it because of North Korea mission. Some are practicing ministry for other North Korean defectors, while others have established churches. This is a very positive aspect for/by North Korean defectors themselves, and area of will continue as mission for North Korean defectors after the reunification of Korea. North Korean defectors convey their difficulties in theological education, but express their need for it. Having a religious life and studying theology are different matters. Many of them stayed outside of the traditional school system for a long time. This makes them quite challenged when adapting to school life. Many also experience the difficulties of foreign languages, and different educational systems, which exist between North and South Korea. The students are lonely and need faithful friends. Although they study theology, they need counseling, to help them have balance and succeed in a new and different environment. Moreover, tuition is one of their real problems and often blocks them in their studies or ability to study. Most of them serve churches, as Sunday school teachers or serve on a North Korean Mission committee within the church. There are many churches in South Korea, but only a few provide these students with a meaningful position in the church setting. Although the students may experience trial and error, in their new life, it is necessary for them to be provided for in the ministerial fields. For their future and the future of the two Korea, it is important for them to have practical experiences of ministry in various fields. South Korean churches should face up to the fact that it is important not only send them to theological schools, but to also nurture them and train them to be faithful and Christ driven ministers. Before entering theological schools, North Korean defectors must seriously consider whether they have a conviction to study theology. Second, it is important for them to have a confession of faith that they live with Jesus Christ as their Savior. Third, they should have correct understanding of theology. Fourth, they must have healthy view of ecclesiology. Fifth, they should open their heart to serve not only in the North Korean mission field, but also in varied areas of ministry. Sixth, although it seems that North Korean defectors have a good Christian faith, it is not desirable to recommend North Korean defectors to study theology without considering their faith and calling. South Korean churches or other supporters should select North Korean defectors through careful conversations and counseling. South Korean churches should nurture North Korean defectors as they grow in their Christian faith. Some of the churches will want to prepare them as future missionaries to their home towns after reunification. They will be in the vanguard of missionaries to North Korea after reunification. Their missionary work probably will be more effective than that of others who will enter the North for the first time.