품종에 따라 제조된 소곡주의 이화학적 특성을 검토하기 위하여 원료로 사용된 보석찰, 동진찰, 해평찰, 화선찰, 눈보라, 상주찰, 신선찰의 특성을 검토한 결과 수분함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 단백질 함량은 상주찰이 8.11%로 가장 높게 나타났고 눈보라가 6.35%로 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 백도는 화선찰이 가장 높았으며, 보석찰이 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 색도를 측정한 결과 L값의 경우 백도와 비슷한 결과를 나타내었으며, a 및 b값은 보석찰이 0.35 및 13.09로 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 호화특성 중 호화개시온도는 68.03~68.08℃ 로 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 강하점도는 보석찰 및 신선찰이 높은 것으로 나타났고 치반점도는 상주찰이 가장 높게 나타났다. 품종별로 제조된 소곡주의 알코올 함량은 품종별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 당도는 20.5~24.6˚Bx 로 나타났고 탁도는 0.0344~0.0530 범위로 나타났다. L 및 b값은 상주찰이 각각 6.90 및 1.45로 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. pH는 상주찰이 4.79로 가장 높았으며, 나머지는 4.70~4.74 의 범위로 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 총산도는 상주찰이 0.8684%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그 외 품종은 0.7998~0.8360 %의 범위로 나타났다. 품종별로 제조된 소곡주의 유리당은 glucose만 검출되었으며, 상주찰과 동진찰이 각각 10.843 및 10.331 g/100 mL로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 유기산 함량을 측정한 결과 succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid 및 oxalic acid 등이 검출되었다. 품종별로 제조된 소곡주의 동진찰을 기준으로 하여 나머지 품종에 대한 관능검사를 실시한 결과 신선찰, 해평찰 및 화선찰이 비교적 양호한 결과를 나타내었다.

조생흑찰의 품질과 수량성을 높이는 방법을 찾기 위해 재배 지역과 이앙 시기를 달리하여 그에 따른 생육과 품질을 조사하여 최적의 이앙시기를 구명하고자 하였다. 1. 출수기는 동일 이앙시기에서 청원이 제천에 비해 4~5 일 빨랐으며, 이앙시기가 첫 이앙 일을 기준으로 10일씩 늦어짐에 따라 제천은 각각 2, 5, 6일, 청원은 5, 6, 8일 각각 늦어졌다. 2. 출수기 간장은 제천 청원 모두 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 길어졌으며, 수장은 비슷하였으나 지역 간에는 제천보다 청원이 다소 길었다. 3. 수수는 제천보다 청원이 많았으며, 영화수는 5월 30일 이앙에서 두 지역 모두 많았다. 등숙 비율은 제천이 청원보다 높았고, 천립중은 청원지역이 무거웠다. 4. 수량은 제천이 이앙시기가 빠를수록 높았고, 청원은 늦어질수록 높은 경향이었다. 5. 현미수량으로 추정한 최적 이앙시기는 제천은 5월 11일 (491 kg/10a), 청주는 6월 16일(468 kg/10a)로 추정되었다. 6. 이앙시기별 현미의 색도는 제천의 경우 모든 이앙시기에서 검은색을 띠었으나, 청원의 경우 6월 10일 이앙 이후에서 검은색이 짙어졌다. 7. C3G 함량은 제천이 6월 10일 이앙 이전의 동일한 시기에서 청원보다 높았으며, 이앙 시기가 늦을수록 높았다.

‘Saenuri’ is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. This variety was derived from a cross between Gyehwa17 with lodging tolerance and high yield potential, and HR14026-B-68-6-1-5 with resistance to diseases and good eating quality. This variety has about 124 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 78 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows moderately resistance to blast, and resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3 and stripe virus, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of “Saenuri” exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has similar amylose content of 19.0% and lower protein content of 6.1%, and good palatability of cooked rice compared with Nampyeongbyeo. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.71MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. “Saenuri” would be adaptable to west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea.

“aegseolchal”is a new Japonica type waxi rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. This variety was derived from a across between Iksan435 which is highly tolerant to lodging and high yield potential, and Iksan425 which is resistance to multiple diseases. This variety has about 120 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in middle, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 80 cm in culm length and tolerant to lodging. It is moderately resistant to blast, and resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. “aegseolchal”is midium-short grain and the milled rice exhibits high whiteness. The milled rice yield was about 5.37 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. “aegseolchal” would be adaptable to plain areas south of the Chungnam Province of Korea.

‘oamibyeo’ a mid-late maturing ecotype with high amylose content in kernels, was developed by the rice breeding team of National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station(NYAES) in 2000 and released in 2001. This variety was derived from the three way cross of Milyang 95//Kimcheonaengmi/2*Ilpumbyeo (in 1992 summer) through the pedigree breeding method and designated as ‘ilyang 168’in 1997. The heading date of ‘oamibyeo’was Aug. 18 in ordinary season with culm length of 85 cm. However, ‘oamibyeo’showed susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, stripe virus and leaf blast disease. The amylose content of ‘oamibyeo’in milled rice kernels is about 26.7% with translucent and clear in chalkness. Thus, ‘oamibyeo’is expected to be used as a source grain for rice noodle industries. The milled rice yield potential of ‘oamibyeo’is about 5.38 MT/ha in local adaptability test of three years and it would be adaptable to Yeongnam plain of Korea.

This study was conducted to make breeding program for improving milling traits, which has difference among the rice varieties. Milling traits such as residual embryo ratio, broken kernel ratio and whiteness were investigated at the different milling level and with several varieties. Residual embryo ratio and broken kernel ratio were high at the varieties group having more 1000-grain weight. In the whiteness of milled rice, there was also variance among the varieties at the same degree of milling. Correlation analysis among milling traits showed that there is positive correlation between 1000-grain weight and recovery of brown rice, but negative correlation between protein content of brown rice and hardness of kernel. Therefore, these different milling traits of each varieties could be considered in the rice breeding program for the good quality.

“unbora”is a new japonica rice cultivar developed from a cross between Iksan433 resistant to bacterial blight and Miyadamamochi, a waxy line. at Honam Agricultural Research Institute, NICS, RDA, in 2006. This cultivar is a short grain shape and about 118 days of growth duration from transplanting “unbora”to harvesting under Korean climatic conditions. The milled rice are snow white and glutinuous. This cultivar shows high resistant reactions to the bacterial blight pathogen race K1～K3 and blast respectively. The milled rice yield of “unbora”is about 5.34 MT/ha under the standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. “unbora”would be adaptable for in the middle plain, north middle-mountin plain and Honam plain, and Youngnam plain areas of Korea.

“Dami”is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Honam Agricultural Research Institute, NICS, RDA in 2006. This variety was derived from a cross between Iksan438 with lodging tolerance and high yield potential, and Iksan426 This variety has about 122 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 83 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic stresses, it shows moderately resistance to blast, and resistance to bacterial blight pathogen races from K1 to K3, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of “ami”has high Quality, midium short grain. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.92 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. “ami”would be adaptable to Middle plain, Honam plain and Youngnam plain area of Korea.

We bred a new green-kerneled glutinous rice variety that can be cultivated in the whole area of Korea, because only one native green-kerneled glutinous rice cultivar, “aengdongchalbyeo” has been cultivated in the southern coastal area due to its late heading. The seeds of “aengdongchalbyeo”were irradiated with 200 Gy of gamma ray in 1995. A promising mutant variety, “ogwonchalbyeo”(“onnong 17” was selected through line selection and regional yield trials. In particular, the new variety revealed at the earlier mid of August compared to that of “aengdongchalbyeo” the early of September, and it was considerably tolerant to a field lodging due to its shortened culm length. Also, “ogwonchalbyeo”had a higher ripened grain ratio and 1,000 grain weight compared to the original variety. The brown grain yield of the new variety was about 5.40 MT/ha, which was 11.3% higher than that of the original variety, in the regional yield trials at 3 different fields during 2000∼2001. The brown and milled grains of the new rice variety contained 20 to 65% higher amount of total amino acids, respectively than that of the original and two checks. For chlorophyll -a, -b and total chlorophyll, the new variety showed nearly two-fold higher than the checks, and for the carotenoid, it had 5.3 –7.6 times higher amount. These results showed that the new variety can be cultivated as a special green-kerneled glutinous rice with high functional compounds.

‘'Hwangkeumnuri’' is a japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of Honam Agricultural Research Institute, NICS, RDA in 2006. This variety was derived from a cross between ‘'Milyang 165’' (Junambyeo) with good quality and high yield and HR14732-B-67-2-3 with multi-disease resistance. This variety has about 125 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in west-southern coast, Honam and Youngnam plain of Korea. It is about 76 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to biotic and abiotic stresses, it shows resistance to blast, bacterial blight pathogen from K1 to K3 and stripe virus, but susceptible to other major diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of ‘'Hwangkeumnuri’' exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and midium short grain. It has similar amylose content of 18.9% and lower protein content of 6.2%, and good palatability of cooked rice compared with ‘'Nampyeongbyeo’'. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.74 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘'Hwangkeumnuri’' would be adaptable to west-southern coast, Honam and Yeongnam plain of Korea.

"Geumanbyeo" is a new japonica rice variety developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2002, which was derived from a cross between SR11878-14-4-1 of good eating-quality and high yield potential, and Suweon345 of lodging tolerance and resistance to diseases. Geumanbyeo is a medium-maturing variety with heading date of August 12 on ordinary planting in the middle plain area. It has a semi-erect plant type with culm length of 82cm, erect pubescent leaf blade and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. Geumanbyeo has a little bit fewer tillers per hill, and more spikelets per panicle than Hwaseongbyeo. It is slightly less tolerant to the cold stress in terms of both heading delay and spikelet fertility than Hwaseongbyeo. This variety shows delayed leaf senescence and considerable tolerance to viviparous germination at ripening stage. It shows moderately resistant to leaf blast and K1 race of bacterial blight, but susceptible to virus diseases and insect pests. The milled rice of Geumanbyeo exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium-short grain. It showed lower amylose content of 18.6% and similar gelatinization temperature and better palatability of cooked rice compared to Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.32 MT/ha at ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. Geumanbyeo would be highly adaptable to the central lowland and mid-southern mountainous areas in Korea.

"Gounbyeo" is an early-maturing and good quality japonica rice variety that was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2004. "Gounbyeo" was derived from a cross between Jinbul0 and Jinbul7. This variety has early heading date of July 28 and medium culm length of 68 cm, similar to Odaebyeo. It is moderately resistant to blast disease, but susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, virus diseases and insect pests. Gounbyeo showed less delay of heading date and higher grain fertility than Odaebyeo in cold-water irrigated nursery, Chucheon. The milled rice of Gounbyeo exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. Gounbyeo has lower amylose content of 18.5% and similar gelatinization temperature and good palatability of cooked rice compared to Odaebyeo. The average milled rice yield of this variety is 5.29 MT/ha at ordinary cultivation in local adaptability test for three years. Gounbyeo would be highly adaptable to mid-northern mountainous area and eastern coastal areas of Korea.

"Juan1" is a new japonica rice variety of mid-late maturing, tolerance to lodging and adaptable to direct seeding which was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2005. This variety is derived from a cross between Ilpumbyeo, a variety of good-eating quality and high yield, and SR18392-HB683-104. The Juanl has heading date of August 19 at ordinary planting in the middle plain. It has semi-erect plant type with culm length of about 80cm and tolerance to lodging. This variety shows susceptible to blast, bacterial blight, virus diseases and brown planthopper. The milled rice kernels of Juanl are translucent with non-glutinous endosperm, clear in chalkiness and medium short grain. It has also low amylose content of 18.8%, low gelatinization temperature and good palatability. The average milled rice yield of this variety was 5.68 MT/ha at ordinary planting in local adaptability test for three years from 2003 to 2005. Juan! would be highly adaptable to middle plain and mid-eastern coastal region of Korea.

"Gopumbyeo" is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2004, which was derived from a cross between a line SR15225-B-22-1-2 which has good eating-quality and high yield potential and a line SR15140-58-2-2-3 which has lodging and disease resistances. This variety has medium heading date of Aug. 13, medium culm length of 78 cm and tolerance to lodging. It has also relatively semi-erect pubescent leaf blades and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. Gopumbyeo has a bit less number of tillers per hill and more spikelets per panicle than Hwaseongbyeo. It shows less sensitivity to premature heading in delayed transplanting of 50-day old seedlings. It showed longer delay of heading date but higher spikelet fertility than Hwaseongbyeo when exposed to cold stress. This variety shows delayed leaf senescence and considerable tolerance to viviparous germination during ripening. It shows moderate resistance to leaf blast, and bacterial blight, but susceptibility to stripe virus and insect pests. The milled rice of Gopumbyeo exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grains. It shows similar amylose content of 19.6%, and gelatinization temperature, and better palatability of cooked rice compared to Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield of this variety is about 5.48 MT/ha at ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. Gopumbyeo would be highly adaptable to the central lowland and mid-southern mountainous areas of Korea.

"Seoanl" is a new japonica rice variety developed from a cross between Namyang9, a line of lodging tolerance and adaptable to reclaimed saline area, and Gyehwa7, a line of good-quality, adaptable to reclaimed saline area and high yield by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, in 2005. This variety has about 131 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in central plain area, and mid-western coastal area in Korea. It is about 73 cm in culm length and tolerance to lodging. It has also semi-erect pubescent leaf blade and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. The number of panicles per hill of Seoanl is slightly more than that of Hwaseongbyeo. Seoanl was susceptible to major diseases, blast, bacterial blight and viruses, and insect, brown plant hopper. This variety has lower amylose content of 18.8% and better palatability of cooked rice than those of Hwaseongbyeo. The milled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.60MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. Seoanl would be adaptable to central plain area and mid-western coastal area of Korea.

"Samkwangbyeo" is a new japonica rice variety developed and registered by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2003, which was derived from a cross between good quality, high yielding line Suweon361 and a disease resistant line Milyangl01. This variety has about 129 days duration from seeding to heading in central lowland and mid-mountainous areas. It is about 87 cm in culm length and moderately tolerant to lodging. It has also erect pubescent leaf blade and slightly tough culm with good canopy architecture. Samkwangbyeo has the same number of tillers per hill and spikelets per panicle as those of Ilpumbyeo. It shows less sensitivity to premature heading by lately transplanting of 50-day old seedlings. It is slightly less tolerant to cold stress in terms of both heading delay and spikelet fertility than those of Ilpumbyeo. It shows delayed leaf senescence and considerable tolerance to viviparous germination at ripening stage. It shows moderate resistance to leaf blast, bacterial blight, and stripe virus, but susceptibility to insect pests. The milled rice of Samkwangbyeo exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has similar amylose content of 18.3% and similar gelatinization temperature, and good palatability of cooked rice compared to Ilpumbyeo. The milled rice yield of Samkwangbyeo is about 5.69 MT/ha at ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. Samkwangbyeo would be highly adaptable to central lowland and mid-southern mountainous areas of Korea.

"Oraebyeo" is mutation of a high quality japonica cultivar, Ilpumbyeoa new japonica rice(Oriza sativa L.) cultivar developed from by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea(MNU) treatment on fertilized egg cell by the rice breeding team of Gangwon Provincial Agricultural Res. & Ext. Service in 2006. This variety heads 20 days earlier than Ilpumbyeo and similar to that of Odaebyeo an early maturing leading cultivar of northern plain area of Korea. Compared with Odaebyeo has a good semi-erect plant type with lodging tolerance due to much shortened plant hight(l2cm shorter than Odaebyeo). Oraebyeo has similar panicle number with Odaebye where as it has more spikelets per panicle. However, this variety less the ratio of ripened grains and 1,000 grain weight than those of Odaebyeo. The yield performance of this cultivar in milled rice was about 5.09MT/ha in local adaptability test conducted for three years 2002-2004 and 5.51MT/ha in the demonstration plot of farmer's field.

“Yeonganbyeo”, a new japonica rice variety (Oryza sativa L.), is a mid- maturing ecotype with high lysine content in kernels that was developed by the rice breeding team of National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station (NYAES) in 2001 and released in 2002. This variety was originated from the single cross of Milyang 122/YR13616 Acp1 (in 1992/1993 winter) and was selected by means of a mixed method of bulk and pedigree breeding. The pedigree of “Yeonganbyeo” was YR15815-B-B-B-30 and designated in 1998 as “Milyang 164”. It has about 83cm in culm length with lodging tolerance. This variety is resistant to bacterial leaf blight (K1, K2, K3), stripe virus, and moderately resistant to leaf blast disease. Milled rice kernels of “Yeonganbyeo” has high lysine content of 4.31% (ratio of amino acid components in total protein), a clear translucent with non-glutinous endosperm and clear in chalkness and good at eating quality by pannel test. The yield potential of “Yeonganbyeo” in milled rice is about 5.45 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level of local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to the southern plain of Korea.

Experiments were conducted with aims to (1) estimate the biomass yield potential, (2) characterize the biomass and digestible dry matter production, and (3) reveal the characteristic seedling establishment of a whole crop rice variety, Nogyangbyeo, in dry- and wet-seeded rice. Maximum aboveground total biomass of Nogyangbyeo was 18 t ha-1 in dry-seeded rice and 20 t ha-1 in wet-seeded rice. Biomass yield potential of Nogyangbyeo was lower than that of Dasanbyeo. Comparatively, Nogyangbyeo was straw-dependent and Dasanbyeo was grain-dependent for biomass accumulation. Percentage of digestible dry matter (DDM) was higher in panicles than straw. Digestible dry matter yield was determined mainly by biomass yield rather than DDM percentage. Number of seedling establishment in Nogyangbyeo was 73m-2 in dry-seeded rice and 109m-2 in wet-seeded rice. Poor seedling establishment of dry-seeded Nogyangbyeo in the field condition was the result of low seed germination under low temperature and poor seedling emergence by deep sowing. Low seedling emergence rate of Nogyangbyeo was attributed mainly to slow elongation growth by slow leaf development and partly to mesocotyl and 1st internode lengths, not to genetically defined leaf length. The slow elongation growth of Nogyangbyeo was the same even in the high daily mean temperature of 24~circC . Results suggest DDM yield in rice can be improved simply by increasing biomass and whole crop rice varieties should be adaptable to direct-seeding.