특정 구획으로 유입된 오염물질이 해당 구획 내부에 순간적으로 균일하게 분포한다는 구획모델에 대한 기본가정의 한계로 인해, 전통적인 단일구획모델로는 불포화대에서 오염물질의 이동현상을 적절하게 예측할 수 없다. 한편 물리적으로 동일한 불포화대를 여러 개의 구획으로 구분한 다중구획모델링 기법은 실제 불포화대에서의 오염물질 이동 지연효과를 적절하게 설명할 수 있으나, 지금까지 일반적인 해석해가 보고된 바 없으며 고려하는 구획의 개수가 증가할수록 모델링에 많은 시간이 소요되는 등의 한계가 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여, 이류가 지배적인 조건 하에서 불포화대의 오염물질 이동현상에 대한 다중구획모델을 수립하고 이를 해석적인 방법으로 계산할 수 있는 일반해를 유도한 후, 다중구획모델을 단일구획모델로 근사할 수 있는 수학적 제약조건을 도출하였다. 단순화된 근사방법론의 유효성은 가상적인 조건 하에서 간단한 수치해석적 방법을 통해 검증하였다. 물리적으로 동일한 특성을 갖는 불포화대를 단일 구획으로 가정할 경우, 불포화대로부터 포화대로 유입되는 오염물질의 전이율은 상수가 아닌 시간 종속적인 명목전이율로 표현할 수 있음을 증명하였다. 또한 명목전이율은 불포화대 구획간 전이율에 민감하며 오염층으로부터의 전이율에 대한 민감도는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구에서 개발된 단순화된 근사방법론은 많은 시간이 요구되는 다중구획 모델링을 통하지 않고 불포화대 오염물질 이동현상을 신속하고 합리적으로 예측하기 위한 목적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes emission as a function of airtight time in new apartment. Sampling was undertaken at 34 new apartments located in 4 different cities of Korea from February to November 2005. The measurement data were collected every one hour from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. toward increasing airtight time in a day. The concentrations of VOCs and aldehydes were analysed by GC/MS and HPLC method, respectively. These methods showed good sensitivity, linearity, and repeatability. In this study, the most abundant compounds at new apartments appeared to be toluene, m,p-xylene, formaldehyde and acetone. Moreover, the concentration variations at a closed rooms progressively increased by airtight time of 5 hours. Airtight time of new apartment was a most important and affective factor which influenced concentration change.

The purpose of this study is to optimize an emission test method for building materials and to understand the characteristics of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and carbonyl compounds emission from building materials, especially solid-phase building materials, using a small chamber test method. As a result of the evaluation for small chamber system, temperature and humidity was maintained constantly at 24.5℃, 50.2%. The background concentration of total volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde were also controlled below 20 ㎍/㎥ and 0.5 ㎍/㎥, respectively. Air leakage of emission test chamber and the duplicate precision between two emission test chambers were satisfied. As a result of evaluation for sampling and analysis system (such as the breakthrough test), repeatability of response factor, and retention time in GC/MS and HPLC, desorption efficiency, method detection limits were excellent. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds emitted from wallpapers (made of PVC) was higher at 25℃ than at 23℃. Also, the concentration of formaldehyde emitted from floorings made from non-PVC (wood-based) was higher at 25℃ than at 23℃. On the other hand, there was not a significant difference between the concentrations of total volatile organic compounds emission from wallpaper (made of PVC) which was stored for 2 weeks at 25℃ and 4℃ with tight sealing. In conclusion, emission characteristics of TVOC and formaldehyde from solid-phase building materials would be expected to apply to the plan for the management of indoor air quality.

This study was performed to investigate indoor air quality and to characterize the concentration of particulate matters followed by human activities in preschool classrooms. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were measured every 5-minute intervals by means of a dust monitor adopting the principle of light scattering. Two mini-volume air samplers were used further to measure the I/O concentration ratio of PM10 and to calibrate the dust monitor since the photometric method often exaggerates the mass of fine particles. The calibration factor in the study environment was determined as 0.64. In the preschool classrooms, the ranges of average indoor PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations were 51.5~117.6, 21.5~98.4, and 16.2~84.5 ㎍/ ㎥, respectively, while that of I/O concentration ratio was 0.8~1.3. Based on correlation analysis among various environmental parameters, PM1 was slightly correlated with humidity (r=0.416, p<0.01). However, outdoor PM10 was strongly related with indoor PM2.5 (r=0.95, p<0.01), with PM1 (r=0.94, p<0.01), and with PM10 (r=0.84, p<0.01). The trend of PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations appeared to be very similar unlike the case of PM10. Since the elevated coarse particle concentration (2.5㎛<dp<10㎛) and the average PM2.5/PM10 ratio were highly dependent on classroom activities, the parameter of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was intensively studied with 7 different indoor activities in the preschool classrooms.

This study performed and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for the indoor environment of houses in many environment-related journals published. in Korea since 1990. Based on this comparative study, we estimated the unit health risk on indoor environment. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality on Korean house in. The pooled concentrations for the critical air pollutants in the house were 13.93±13.91㎍/m3 (PM10), 680±226 ppm for (CO2), 1.9±1.6 ppm (CO), 419±158 CFU/m3 (bacteria), 0.036 ± 0.002 ppm (NO2), and 104.935 ± 16.424 Bq/m3 (Rn), The pooled concentrations for the volatile organic compounds were 6.9±6.7㎍ /m3 (benzene), 39.3±55.1㎍/m3 (toluene), 4.2±4.0㎍/m3 (ethylbenzene), 11.4±8.3㎍/m3 (m, p-xylene), 4.2 ±1.5㎍/m3 (styrene) and 6.3±4.5㎍/m3 (o-xylene). The unit cancer risk for men and women by inhalation of benzene was 3.7 × 10-5 and 4.8 × 10-6, respectively. In additio

고속도로는 건조시 많은 차량의 운행으로 인하여 오염물질의 축적이 높고, 강우시 불투수율이 높아 다량의 강우유출 수가 발생하는 지역이다. 특히 고속도로에서 발생하는 중금속, 각종 독성물질 및 입자상 오염물질들은 유출시 생태계에 큰 영향을 끼치게 된다. 따라서 본 논문은 2005년 개정된 수질환경보전법 및 비점오염원 관리 지침에 의거하여 바람직한 친환경적 고속도로 건설 및 유지관리를 위한 기초자료 제공을 위하여 수행된 연구이다. 이러한 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 국내 4개 고속도로 지역에서 강우시 모니터링이 수행되었으며, 그 결과를 본 논문에 정리하고자 한다. 건조시에 축적된 각종 오염물질들은 강우 시작과 함께 고속도로로부터 유출되게 되는데, 특히 강우 초기에 다량의 오염물질 유출이 발생하는 초기강우 현상을 모니터링을 통하여 확인하였다. 유출되는 오염물질의 95% 신뢰 범위를 살펴보면, TSS의 경우 154.7-257.1 mg/L, COD가 138.9-197.6 mg/L, oil & grease가 3.5-6.4 mg/L, TN이 6.3-9.2 mg/L 그리고 TP는 2.3-3.31 mg/L의 범위를 나타냈다. 대부분의 모니터링에서 초기강우 현상이 발생하였으며, 이러한 초기강우는 강우지속시간 30분 이내에 대부분 끝나는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 본 논문은 방대한 모니터링 자료를 통계 분석하여 그 결과를 정리였는데, 이는 향후 고속도로 오염물질 처리 및 저감 시설 설치시 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, the paint, which has very close relationship to the of indoor air quality, was examined for the air pollution leveling test, and using the various passive sampler, the test was evaluated on the regard of TWA(Time Weighted Average). This study is to examine how the air pollution levels differ between the regular paint that is used for public and the new developed environment friendly paint. The consecutive experiments were performed in the small chamber test to investigate the VOCs and formaldehyde, ammonia emissions and characteristics from paint which are commonly used as the complete material of building. In conclustion, the natural paint showed the highest emission of VOCs among the selected paints, and water paint showed the highest contents of ammonia. Formaldehyde showed N.D(Not Detected) in most of tests and found a small amount in vinyl paint however, it was not as bad as to fail the certify level of building materials. It is recommended to constantly develop the chamber system and it will be very much possible to be used for the estimation of indoor air pollutants from the various paints and other complete materials.

경북 안동지역의 10개 하천 및 하천 주변으로부터 2004년 5월에 물, 토양, 퇴적물의 시료를 채취하였다. 이들 지역의 환경오염 수준을 평가하기 위해 표준공정시험법이나 U.S. EPA 법을 이용하여 시료 중의 총질소, 총인, 화학적 산소요구량, 중금속, 유기인 및 유기염소계 잔류농약, 그리고 dioxin-like PCBs 등의 오염물질의 분석을 실시하였으며, 이와 더불어 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)을 이용한 면역교란의 생체지표 분석을 병행하였다. 일반적으로 총질소가 9.12 mg/L 수준의 와야천을 제외하고는, 각 하천 중의 총질소, 총인, 화학적 산소요구량은 환경부에서 정한 허용기준치보다는 비교적 낮았다. 각 하천 시료 중의 납과 카드뮴의 함량은 허용 기준보다도 매우 낮았지만, 하천에 따라 차이가 있어서 미천, 길안천, 현하천의 납과 카드뮴 함유량은 다른 하천의 시료들에 비해서 몇 배 이상 높게 검출되었다. 잔류농약은 미천 주변의 토양에서 유기인계 살충제인 다이아지논, 파라치온, 그리고 펜토에이트가 0.19, 0.40, 농도로 검출되었다. 반면에 내분비계 교란물질로 알려져 있는 16종의 유기염소계 농약과 12종의 dioxin-like PCB congeners는 검출한계 미만으로는 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 와야천의 시료에 대한 곤충면역 교란효과를 고려해 볼 때, 이 하천의 수질과 주변의 토양이 조사한 오염원 이외의 화합물에 오염되어 있을 가능성을 제시해 준다. 이상의 분석 결과를 토대로 화학적 및 생물학적 검정 기술의 제약점과 상호 보완성이 기술되었다

A ventilation system comprising a dielectric barrier discharger and UV‐TiO2 photocatalyst filters was designed and tested for simultaneous removal of gaseous and particulate contaminants in a test chamber. The DBD was used as the 1st stage of ESP for particle charging and gas decomposition. Charged particles were collected in the 2nd stage of ESP by an applied DC electric field. The UV‐TiO2 photocatalyst filters were used for decomposing gaseous species including O3 which was inherently produced by the DBD. Particle removal efficiencies based on mass and number were approximately 83.0% and 88.8%, respectively, after the ventilation system was operating for 5 hours. HCHO removal efficiency was approximately 100% for 1∼5ppm of upstream concentration condition. TVOC removal efficiency was 99.0% and 99.6% for 1 ppm and 5 ppm of upstream concentration conditions, respectively.

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting scalp hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals and from chemicals are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadway. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops, respectively. According to questionnaire, hairdressers responded sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as health effect symptoms. Conclusively, users as well as workers in beauty shop might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor sources and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper methods should be prepared to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shop.

Currently, Ministry of Environment has promulgated and executed 'the legislation of indoor air quality for public facilities' but the data of indoor air pollutant for public facilities of this law was very insufficient. Therefore, collection of data for indoor air pollutants and execution for risk assessment in order to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy to present reasonable standards and preventive techniques of engineering were required. Therefore, this study collected and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for indoor environment in journals related environment in Korea since 1990 and estimated the safety factor on residents in public facilities. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality in Korea. As the results of this study, the risk assessment for the critical pollutants in CTE (central tendency exposure) showed that safety factors according to pollutants were less than 1 which means safe level in micro-environments. It was investigated that the safety factors of CO in hospital, NO2 in terminal, PM10 and NO2 in subway station respectively were over than 1 in RME (reasonable maximum exposure). Through the results, it was investigated that health risk by inhalation of criteria and guideline air pollutants in domestic public facilities was not high. It should be considered effect of inhalation by other hazardous air pollutants because this study was examined just partial pollutants. Presentation of scientific data for expansion of study is requisite and active research of health risk assessment about indoor air quality.

인간이나 환경에 해로운 영향을 주는 지속성 유기오염물질의 독성을 평가하기 위해서 염분과 온도에 대해 내성이 강한 Acartia 종들과 Artemia을 대상으로 실험하였다. 지속성 유기오염물질인 PAHs와 TBT에 대한 요각류의 독성을 평가하기 위해 3가지의 실험을 실시하였다. 1) 광양만에서 주로 나타나는 5가지 PAHs(anthracene, benzo〔a〕pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene)에 대한 A. omo

분리막을 이용한 정수처리 공정의 최적화를 위하여 유기물 성분인 humic acid와 탁도를 유발하는 kaolin을 모사 용액으로 제조하여 막내 비저항 값을 최소화하면서 flux의 안정된 경향을 나타내는 최적의 운전 조건을 검토하여 보았다. 그 결과 압력이 증가함에 따라 낮은 비저항값에서 효율적인 분리막을 운전할 수 있으며 선속도가 증가함에 따라 높은 전단율에 의해 cake load는 줄어들었으며 이에따라 비저항값과 flux는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 최적의 운전조건은 압력 2.0 kgf/cm2, 선속도 0.92 m/sec으로 알 수 있었다.