This study investigates the optimization of sectional shape with two dimensions on the rubber gasket of electric vehicle battery in order to maintain the airtightness and watertightness. For the section optimization, the shape of protruding section was analyzed as design variables and the design point was composed by the design of experiment(DOE) for the selected protruding shape. The uniaxial tensile test was carried out for the analysis of rubber gasket and five parameters of Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model were derived from the test data in order to construct the strain energy function for nonlinear behavior. The rubber gasket compression analysis was performed by using ANSYS of a commercial software and the performance of optimal shape was verified by performing the tests of watertightness and airtightness on the 3D rubber gasket with the derived section.

Recently, metal cases are widely used in smart phones for their luxurious color and texture. However, when a metal case is used, electric shock may occur during charging. Chip capacitors of various values are used to prevent the electric shock. However, chip capacitors are vulnerable to electrostatic discharge(ESD) generated by the human body, which often causes insulation breakdown during use. This breakdown can be eliminated with a high-voltage chip varistor over 340V, but when the varistor voltage is high, the capacitance is limited to about 2pF. If a chip capacitor with a high dielectric constant and a chip varistor with a high voltage can be combined, it is possible to obtain a new device capable of coping with electric shock and ESD with various capacitive values. Usually, varistors and capacitors differ in composition, which causes different shrinkage during co-firing, and therefore camber, internal crack, delamination and separation may occur after sintering. In addition, varistor characteristics may not be realized due to the diffusion of unwanted elements into the varistor during firing. Various elements are added to control shrinkage. In addition, a buffer layer is inserted in the middle of the varistor-capacitor junction to prevent diffusion during firing, thereby developing a co-fired product with desirable characteristics.

고추의 정식작업 시 불편한 작업자세와 작업시간의 과다소요로 정식적기를 맞추기 힘든 문제점이 있 다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 개발된 기존의 자동 채소 정식기는 남성체형에 맞추어져 여성이 나 고령자들이 사용하기에는 무겁고, 기계조작에 불편함이 있으며 소음 및 진동이 심하여 작업성근골격 계 질환의 발병률이 높아지게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 내연기관이 아닌 전동모터를 활용하여 소음 및 진동을 줄이고 작업성근골격계 질환의 발병률을 낮추며 여성 및 고령자가 사용하기 쉬운 정식기 개 발을 목표로 하였다. 개발된 1조식 전동형 반자동 고추정식기는 주행장치와 식부장치, 모종공급장치로 구성되어 있으며 주행장치는 24V, 850W의 트랜스액슬, 식부장치는 슬라이더-크랭크 구조를 기본으로 하고 모종공급장치는 컨베이어를 설치하여 모종 트레이에서 뽑아서 컨베이어에 올리는 구조로 설계하였으며 장치를 순서에 맞게 제어하기 위하여 마이크로컨트롤러와 근접센서 등을 활용하여 제어하였다. 시험기의 성능을 분석하기 위하여 전력소모시험 및 정식시험 등을 실시하였다. 시험결과, 전력소모율은 평균 121.48Wh로 나타났으며 65Ah 배터리 기준으로 14시간이 사용 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 정식시험 에서 정식성공율은 73%로 나타났다. 차후에는 본 연구에서 개발된 정식기를 개선하고 최종적으로 자율 주행형 정식로봇을 개발하고자 한다.

Lead free (Ba0.7Ca0.3) TiO3 thick films with nano-sized grains are prepared using an aerosol deposition (AD) method at room temperature. The crystallinity of the AD thick films is enhanced by a post annealing process. Contrary to the sharp phase transition of bulk ceramics that has been reported, AD films show broad phase transition behaviors due to the nanosized grains. The polarization-electric hysteresis loop of annealed AD film shows ferroelectric behaviors. With an increase in annealing temperature, the saturation polarization increases because of an increase in crystallinity. However, the remnant polarization and cohesive field are not affected by the annealing temperature. BCT AD thick films annealed at 700 ℃/2h have an energy density of 1.84 J/cm3 and a charge-discharge efficiency of 69.9%, which is much higher than those of bulk ceramic with the same composition. The higher energy storage properties are likely due to the increase in the breakdown field from a large number of grain boundaries of nano-sized grains.

High performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted considerable attention as essential energy sources for high-technology electrical devices such as electrical vehicles, unmanned drones, uninterruptible power supply, and artificial intelligence robots because of their high energy density (150-250 Wh/kg), long lifetime (> 500 cycles), low toxicity, and low memory effects. Of the high-performance LIB components, cathode materials have a significant effect on the capacity, lifetime, energy density, power density, and operating conditions of high-performance LIBs. This is because cathode materials have limitations with respect to a lower specific capacity and cycling stability as compared to anode materials. In addition, cathode materials present difficulties when used with LIBs in electric vehicles because of their poor rate performance. Therefore, this study summarizes the structural and electrochemical properties of cathode materials for LIBs used in electric vehicles. In addition, we consider unique strategies to improve their structural and electrochemical properties.

In South Korea, Jeju Island has a role as a test bed for electric vehicles (EVs). All conventional cars on the island are supposed to be replaced with EVs by 2030. Accordingly, how to effectively set up EV charging stations (EVCSs) that can charge EVs is an urgent research issue. In this paper, we present a case study on planning the locations of EVCS for Jeju Island, South Korea. The objective is to determine where EVCSs to be installed so as to balance the load of EVCSs while satisfying demands. For a public service with EVCSs by some government or non-profit organization, load balancing between EVCS locations may be one of major measures to evaluate or publicize the associated service network. Nevertheless, this measure has not been receiving much attention in the related literature. Thus, we consider the measure as a constraint and an objective in a mixed integer programming model. The model also considers the maximum allowed distance that drivers would detour to recharge their EV instead of using the shortest path to their destination. To solve the problem effectively, we develop a heuristic algorithm. With the proposed heuristic algorithm, a variety of numerical analysis is conducted to identify effects of the maximum allowed detour distance and the tightness of budget for installing EVCSs. From the analysis, we discuss the effects and draw practical implications.

This research has been conducted to design upright parts of hand-made vehicles with the purpose of reducing material and machining cost while ensuring structural safety. Aluminum knuckles were modelled with three parts in order to enhance design flexibility as well as to reduce CNC machining cost. A vehicle model was constructed in CAD program and simulated in ADAMS View in order to estimate joint forces developing during 20 degree step steering condition at 60km/h. The joint forces obtained in the vehicle dynamics simulation were used for the structural analysis in ANSYS and dimensions of knuckle parts were adjusted until the lowest safety factor reached 2.0. The weight of knuckle decreased by 50% compared to the previous version that was designed without the structural analysis. The overall manufacturing cost decreased by 33% due to the reduction in the material as well as the CNC machining effort.

A study on the weight reduction of a motor shaft in electric vehicle by using optimum design technique was carried out. The structural analysis of a motor shaft was performed by using ANSYS to investigate the structural safety. We also used HEEDS to find the optimal hollow shaft thickness. When the material of the hollow shaft is changed to SCM822H by using ANSYS 14.5 and HEEDS MDO, the weight could be reduced by about 53 % compared to the conventional solid one. From this study, the optimized dimensions of a hollow shaft were determined for light weight design.

CFRP는 경량화 소재로 각광받고 있으며, 해양산업에서도 고급요트와 특수목적 선박 등에 사용되고 있다. 전기추진체계 또한 친환경 추진 방법으로써, 요트와 소형 여객선 등의 주 추진계로 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소형선박의 선체소재와 추진계를 각각 CFRP와 전동기로 교체하였을 때의 경량화 효과를 정량적으로 비교분석하였다. 45ft GFRP 선박을 대상으로 사례연구를 수행하였으며, 선체소재를 설계원안과 동일 함침율 기준의 CFRP로 재설계하였고, 추진계는 설계원안의 동일 마력, 항해거리를 유지할 수 있도록 전동기와 배터리 시스템을 설계하였다. 연구결과 CFRP 소재는 선각을 45 % 정도 경량화 할 수 있었고, 전기추진체계는 기관부를 58% 경량화 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 다만 전기추진체계의 경우, 디젤 추진체계의 항해거리를 확보하기 위하여 상당한 양의 배터리 팩을 필요로 하기 때문에, 현실적인 수준에서의 경량화 실효성은 없는 것으로 확인되었다.

노거수는 사람으로 따지면 노년기에 해당하여 다른 나무에 비해 기후변화 등 환경변화에 취약하며, 강한 바람과 눈 피해로 가지 부러짐, 쓰러짐 등 큰 피해를 받을 수 있다. 이러한 위험요인으로부터 노거수를 건강하게 보존하기 위해서는 체계적인 진단과 정기적인 모니터링이 이루어져야 한다. 다행히 천연기념물로 지정한 노거수를 대상으로는 ｢문화 재보호법｣에 따라 5년마다 정기조사를 실시하고 ｢천연기념물(식물) 상시관리 지침｣에 따라 예방적 모니터링을 하고 있다. 모니터링 항목으로는 나무 생육상태 진단을 위해 수세, 수형, 신초, 잎 크기, 가지고사, 병해충, 토양 건습도 등을 조사하고 있으나 항목은 정성적으로 평가되며, 육안조사 위주의 주관적 판단에 따라 생육진단이 이루어지고 있어 조사자에 따라 평가에 차이가 발생할 수 있다. 객관적인 생육상태 평가를 위해 생장추, 천공저항, 사이고미터(Shigometer), X-ray 등의 방법이 사용되고 있으나 생장추와 천공은 나무에 구멍을 내기 때문에 나무에 물리적 영향을 미치거나 직접적인 부후 확산의 가능성이 있고, 사이고미터는 조사자와 측정 환경에 따른 값의 변화폭이 크고 수목에 따라 정확도에 차이가 있을 수 있다. 천연기념물 노거수나 보호수의 경우 물리적으로 구멍을 뚫는 천공 방식을 적용하는데 한계가 있기 때문에 비파괴적으로 나무 내부를 진단하고 정량적으로 생육상태를 평가할 수 있는 단층촬영방법을 적용할 수 있다. 국내에 관련 연구는 거의 없는 실정으로 본 연구는 내부 단층촬영법을 이용해 노거수 생육상태 평가 연구의 기초자료 구축을 목적으로 한다. 조사는 2018년 3월 ~ 2018년 7월 동안 천연기념물 노거수 및 보호수로 지정된 느티나무, 매실나무, 소나무 10주를 대상으로 PiCUS 장비를 이용해 음파 단층촬영(sonic tomography) 및 전기저항 단층촬영(electric resistance tomography)을 실시하였다. 두 단층촬영 결과를 종합하여 나무 내부의 생육상태를 진단하고 대상 나무의 부후(decay)와 공동(cavity) 유무, 위치, 부후수준, 훼손된 목재 면적(damaged areas) 등을 도출하였다. 음파 및 전기저항 단층촬영법은 노거수 생육현황 조사시 육안조사를 보완하여 생육진단의 정확성을 높이고 측정 결과를 정량화하며 생육상태 모니터링 DB 구축에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 나무 내부단층촬영법은 2000대 초부터 국외를 중심으로 연구가 이루어졌으나 국내 자생 수종을 대상으로 진행된 바가 거의 없으며 노거수 등 직경 1m 이상의 나무를 대상으로 한 연구도 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 나무 내부단층촬영법을 시범 적용한 연구로 후속적으로는 주요 자생 수종에 본 방법을 적용하여 장비의 정확성을 검증하는 기초 연구를 실시하고, 다음 단계로 이를 활용해 노거수 생육상태를 객관적으로 진단할 수 있는 평가기준을 마련하여 천연기념물 노거수와 보호수를 효율적으로 관리해야 할 것이다.

The purpose is to identify the impacts of internal and external integrations in an automotive supply chain in Thailand. Data are collected from automotive firms in Thailand and are analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The result indicates that both internal and external integrations are significant factors affecting market flexibility.

The ultimate goal of this development is a hybrid solar energy storage device. It supplies stable power to the load due to the emergency generator that compensates for the power shortage due to solar power generation. We have developed a stand-alone photovoltaic power generation and energy storage system with a dual inverter that extends the performance life of the PV system. It solves the problem of shortening the lifespan of battery due to repetition of charge / discharge of PV system and supplies stable power to load due to emergency generator that compensates for power shortage due to solar power generation, and furthermore, A stand-alone photovoltaic power generation system having a dual inverter for extending the life span and a control method thereof. We have also developed an optimized energy solution that enables us to save and use the remaining surplus power in the ESS to save energy through efficiency, optimization and substantial energy savings.

In recent years, the diminishing of operation and maintenance cost using advanced maintenance technology is attracting many companies’ attention. Especially, the heavy machinery industry regards it as a crucial problem since a failure of heavy machinery requires high cost and long downtime. To improve the current maintenance process, the heavy machinery industry tries to develop a methodology to predict failure in advance and to find its causes using usage data. A better analysis of failure causes requires more data so that various kinds of sensor are attached to machines and abundant amount of product usage data is collected through the sensor network. However, the systemic analysis of the collected product usage data is still in its infant stage. Many previous works have focused on failure occurrence as statistical data for reliability analysis. There have been less works to apply product usage data into root cause analysis of product failure. The product usage data collected while failures occur should be considered failure cause analysis. To do this, this study proposes a methodology to apply product usage data into failure cause analysis. The proposed methodology in this study is composed of several steps to transform product usage into failure causes. Various statistical analysis combined with product usage data such as multinomial logistic regression, T-test, and so on are used for the root cause analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to field data coming from operated locomotive and the analysis result shows its effectiveness.

In this study, the fragility for transmission tower subjected to wind disaster, which has the greatest influence on transmission tower, was developed for 154kV transmission tower located between Yangyang and Sokcho city. The resistance capacity and the limit state required for the evaluation of the fragility were divided into the major part and the auxiliary part in the steel tower. Moreover, the failure of tower was defined as the yielding stress of each member in the tower which could be used to determine their resistance performance. Domestic wind design guideline and criteria for transmission tower was used to determine the wind loads demand on the tower. By comparing the loading demand and resistance capacity, the failure of tower could be determined which in turn used to derive the wind fragility. The results obtained in this study could be used as a reference for damage prediction system of transmission tower and similar structures.