Hermetia illucens is one of many of solider flies and the species was decomposing ability to food waste, livestock feces and so on. Specially, the study was conducted to investigated of artificial feeding using the livestock feces, because of easy to get and see in a rural areas. But, comparing food waste with livestock feces, the growth character of H. illucens was generally small size and the growth period is longer than feeding food waste. In order this problem, the experiment was performed by mixing sugar 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% , which can accelerate the degradation of the pig and cattle feces during the 0, 3, 5, 7 days. As a result, when the width and length of H. illucens were compared by sugar mixing and fermentation period, they was no significant difference. Decomposing ability of a larvae were 0.44g with cattle feces+sugar 5% than 20% and were 0.64g with pig feces+sugar 20% than 5%.

RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategy has been developed to control various phytophagous chewing pests. However, only a few cases of RNAi-based control success have been reported for sucking pests, suggesting that sucking pests likely ingest less amount of transgenic subcellular hairpin RNA (or dsRNA). In this study, as the basic information for the establishment of ingestion RNAi against sucking pests, feeding amount and time course of plant subcellular fractions of the four sucking pest species (Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Tetranychus urticae and Nilaparvata lugans) were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Adults of the four species were starved for 24 h and then fed with kidney bean leaf (F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, T. urticae) or rice leaf (N. lugens) for 48 h. The leaf-fed adults were collected every 6-h interval and their genomic DNA was extracted. The ingested fractions of chloroplast and nuclear were quantified using rubisco and 50s rRNA as marker genes, respectively. The ingested amount of rubisco and 50s rRNA genes in F. occidentalis, F. intonsa and T. urticae showed rapid increasing pattern after feeding and then slightly reduced over time. In contrast, N. lugens neither ingest nuclear nor showed any distinct feeding pattern of chloroplast. These results demonstrate that F. occidentalis, F. intonsa and T. urticae ingest both chloroplasts and nucleus along with cytosol as cell-feeders but N. lugens, a phloem sap feeder, does not ingest nucleus during sucking. Our findings further suggest that ingestion RNAi-based control strategy would work better for cell-feeding sucking pests compared to phloem sap-feeding sucking pests.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sülzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of this study was therefore (1) to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat on adult longevity and the fecundity of M. persicae, and (2) to study the feeding behavior of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage leaves treated with various concentrations of these three insecticides. Longevity and total fecundity of M. persicae adults were decreased at concentrations higher than LC30. Feeding behavior analyses using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion.

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of two different feeding systems on body weight, milk yield, milk composition, and mineral and fatty acids content of Holstein dairy cows’ milk. Sixteen of 25 months-old Holstein dairy cows were assigned to two groups (n=8) to study effects of the feeding system for 150 days. Two feeding systems were compared for five months; Group 1 was housed indoors and mainly fed a concentrate diet, Group 2 was maintained outdoors for five-seven hours/day on various kinds grass in a pasture. The experiment was conducted June-October 2017. Results revealed the indoor-fed cows had higher body weight, that was significant compared with the outdoor-based feeding system of Holstein dairy cows (p<0.05). Indoor-raised milking cows had higher milk yield (32.45 kg) as compared with pasture-raised milk yield (26.44 kg). Cows fed indoors significantly increased milk yield, total protein content, lactose, citric acid level, and lowered level of total solid and free fatty acids relative to the pasture-fed milking cows (p>0.05). There were higher levels of mineral content and fatty acid content in the milk of indoor-fed dairy cows than the pasture-raised dairy cows (p>0.05). Our study results demonstrated the potential benefits of the indoor feeding system for increased body weight, milk yield, mineral and fatty acids content summer through autumn when low pasture growth rates and quality may otherwise limit production.

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats(Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goat. A total of 20 goats were grouped by feeding systems [A mountainous pasture grazing group (Concentrated feed of 1.5% body weight, treatment 1, T1, n=10) and a barn feeding group (TMR, treatment 2, T2), n=10] to conduct study from April to September. The average forage productivity of the mountain pasture was 500.9 ± 61.41 kg/ha. The average dry matter intake in T1 was 0.64 and the calculated grazing intensity was 21 head/ha. In productivity, when the two treatments(T1, T2) were compared, the dry matter intake was about two to three times the difference. The average daily gain per day during the experiment was 63.3 in the mountain pasture and 120 g in barn feeding. When grazing, considering mountainous pasture productivity it is necessary to increase the productivity through proper feeding. The feed costs of black goats raised by grazing on the grassland in the same period showed an average 75% reduction compared to barn feeding. As a result of this study, it can be expected that a considerable reduction of feed costs can be expected in the breeding of Korean native black goat using the mountain pasture.

저염분 순치기간에 먹이를 섭취함으로서 얻을 수 있는 초기 유생의 생리적 변화는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 하루 동안의 순치기간에 염분농도에 따른 유생의 생존율은 차이를 보였지만 각 염분구간별 먹이섭취 유무에 따른 생존효과는 유사하였다. 그러나 먹이섭취 시 유생이 에너지원으로 활용할 수 있는 cholesterol, triglyceride의 증가가 있었으며 삼투압에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 glucose 농도가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한 저염분 순치기간 동안에 스트레스, 조직손상 및 대사작용의 지표가 되는 BUN과 creatine의 감소가 있었다. 먹이섭취로 인한 소화효소의 활성이 먹이를 섭취한 실험구 모두에서 증가하였다. 그러므로 유생발달과 함께 중요한 소화, 순환, 생식기관이 형성되며 탈피 성장을 위한 신진대사가 빠르게 진행되는 유생시기에 저염분 순치가 효율적으로 이루어져 향후 지속적인 성장을 유도하기 위해서는 먹이를 섭취하는 것이 더 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

Chitosan is attracting attention as a health supplement material because of its various physiological activities. In this study, sugar solution containing chitosan was fed to honey bees to induce the production of ‘chitosan fortified honey’ by their same mode of natural honey production. To accomplish this, sugar solutions containing 0.1%, 1%, 2% and 5% chitosan were fed to the honey bees. Fully inverted Chitosan-honey was harvested after feeding the chitosan in sugar solution. To investigate the anti-obesity and immune-enhancing effects of Chitosan-honey, 1% and 10% Chitosan-honey containing drinking water were administrated freely to C57BL mice. Glucosamine concentrations in serum rapidly increased to peak levels in 10 minutes (1261.0 ± 97.6 ng/ml), then decreased gradually for more than 24 hours 793.0 ± 34.7 ng/ml. There were no significant differences in weight and or splenocyte proliferative capacity among experimental mice groups. However, increased granulocytes and monocytes were observed upon flow cytometric analysis. These results suggest that Chitosan-honey could induce removal of foreign antigens. In conclusion, ‘Chitosan-honey’ developed in this study has the potential for use as a honey type dietary health supplement with the same bioactivity as chitosan; however additional research should be conducted to confirm these effects.

During the breeding season, some Eurasian Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus osculans) in Yubu Island foraged in the open mudflat area nearby the breeding ground, instead of the tide water line area, main feeding site throughout the year. We found significant differences in foraging behavior and prey species diversity between the two different feeding site types. Even though the birds took more steps for most probably searching preys, their feeding success was much lower in the open mudflat area than the tide water line area. The multiple peck and boring methods were more frequently adopted to catch polychaetes on the open mudflat area, whereas the single peck method was dominant and gastropods and bivalves were main preys in the tide water line area. This study suggests that the bird shows flexible foraging strategy of shifting feeding site, foraging behavior and preys for better reproductive success.

Mauremys reevesii is a Korean endemic turtle, and designed as an endangered species and national monument in South Korea. Recently, the population of the species has been dramatically declining because of habitat destruction, pollution and illegal capture. Moreover, small population size, difficulty of securing individuals, and lack of research are factors that impede the effective management of the species. In this study, we tested the effect of individual breeding and feeding on the seven juveniles of M. reevesii. Our results showed individual breeding and feeding were guaranteed the effective growth and development. Noticeable growth was confirmed in both body weight and carapace length. Moreover, the size difference among the individuals appeared at the start of this study decreased at the end of this study. Artificial breeding during the wither season was not caused disorders on the growth, behavior and morphology. This individual breeding may lead to effective growth and development, and it will be a way to increase the survival rate when the juveniles released into the wild.

벼메뚜기의 인공사료 개발을 위하여 일본의 Konno식 먹이를 대조구로 하고, 28개의 배합비율별 인공사료를 제작하여 급이시험을 하였다. 시험결과, Konno식 보다 6주 후 1마리당 체중은 22개 처리에서 높았고 우화성공율은 23개 처리에서 높았다. 폐사율은 부화입식 후 45일까지 Konno식 대비 24개 처리에서 높았다. 1마리당 체중, 우화성공율, 폐사율을 종합해 볼 때 탄수화물원으로는 옥수수 건조잎 분말 또는 통밀가루와 단백질원으로는 2~5%의 탈지대두분 또는 어분의 배합비율이 벼메뚜기의 인공사료로서 가능성이 높았다.

아메리카왕거저리의 사육기간을 단축과 기능성 향상을 위해 밀기울에 다양한 먹이를 보조사료로 공급하여 발륙기 간과 무게를 측정한 결과, 먹이종류별 아메리카왕거저리의 발육기간은 조단백질함량이 많은 배합사료와 밀기울에서 80.8일과 75.6일로 가장 짧았으며 버섯배지는 160일이상 소요되었으며 왕겨의 생충율은 85%로 가장 낮아 버섯폐배지 와 왕겨는 먹이원으로 적절하지 않았다. 보조 먹이원 선발을 위해 할맥, 압맥, 배추, 백련초, 파프리카, 개똥쑥을 20~80% 밀기울에 첨가한 결과 압맥과 할맥은 정상적으로 생장하지만 백련초, 개똥쑥 혼합에서는 접종 직후부터 죽은 개체들이 출현하여 생충율이 12.9%, 10.8%로 아주 낮게 나타났으며 배추와 파프리카도 24.2~38.8%로 낮아 보조사료로 적합하지 않았다. 들깨와 콩가루 역시 생충율이 높지 않아 1, 2차 시험결과 할맥, 압맥과 메밀이 보조사료로 적합하였다.

참나무와 서어나무는 온대지역에 걸쳐 넓게 분포하고 있으며, 다양한 초식곤충의 먹이원이 되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 지리산국립공원 온대림에서 참나무림(반선)과 서어나무림(상선암)에서 초식곤충 활동량을 알고자 하였다. 각 조사지역에 0.1ha의 방형구를 설치하여 참나무와 서어나무의 분포를 확인 한 뒤 개체별로 초식곤충의 활동량인 잎 손상 지수를 측정하였다. 잎 손상 지수는 손상 퍼센트로 환산하여 분석하였다. 측정결과 전체 4,413장의 잎을 관찰하였으며, 참나무림에서는 2,683장, 서어나무림에서는 1,730장의 잎이 조사되었다. 초식곤충의 활동량은 참나무림과 서어나무림에서 각각 차이를 보였으며 서어나무림인 상선암에서 참나무의 식흔량과 서어나무의 식흔량 이 참나무림인 반선보다 모두 높게 나타났다. 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 온대림 우점 수종인 참나무와 서어나무에서 초식곤충의 활동량을 정량적으로 추정할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

우리나라는 약 4,000여개의 크고 작은 섬들로 이루어져 있고, 그 속에는 다양한 생물종들이 주변 환경과 상호작용하 며 서식하고 있다. 그 중 초식성 곤충은 생물 구성의 1/4로 많은 비율을 차지하며, 생산자인 식물을 먹고 2차 소비자의 먹이원이 됨으로써 생태계의 중간 고리 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 다도해해상국립공원에 속해 있는 크기가 다른 6개의 섬에서 초식성 곤충의 영향을 알 수 있는 식흔과 여기에 영향을 줄 수 있는 환경요인(섬 면적, 육지와의 거리, 해안선 길이, 최고고도)과의 관계를 알아보았다. 식흔을 알아보기 위해 낙엽활엽수인 4개의 수종(참나무속, 벚나무속, 예덕나무속, 오리나무속)을 선정하여 2017년 6월과 9월에 관찰하였다. 이와 함께 초식성 곤충 중 종 다양성이 풍부한 나방을 채집하여 식흔자료와 비교하였다. 조사결과 섬 면적이 커질수록, 해안선의 길이가 길수록, 최고고도가 높을수록 식흔량이 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 나방의 종수도 증가하였다. 반면 육지와의 거리가 멀수록 식흔량이 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 나방 종수도 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 초식성 곤충의 다양성과 환경요인이 관련 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다

약제 처리에 따른 담배거세미나방(Spodoptera litura) 유충의 섭식 행동 및 반응을 조사하기 위해 1분 간격으로 잎면적을 자동 측정하였다. 담배거세미나방 유충의 섭식 행동은 섭식기와 비섭식기가 뚜렷하게 구분되었으며, 섭식기가 끝나면 비섭식기를 거쳐 탈피를 하고 다시 섭식기에 들어갔다. 1회 섭식 지속 시간은 약 15분으로 조사되었고, 영기 내 평균 섭식 회수는 약 27.5회로 섭식 지속 시간과 마찬가지로 영기에 따른 차이는 없었다. 약제 처리는 피망 잎을 Buprofezin methoxyfenozyd과 BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) 500ppm 약액에 10초간 침지 처리하였다. Buprofezin methoxyfenozyd를 처리 하였을 경우 섭식 시간은 평균 8~9분으로 감소하였고, 치사 전까지 섭식량은 각각 176mg으로 조사되었다. 하지만 BT제를 처리 시에는 담배거세미나방 유충은 치사하지 않았다.