Chinese as a foreign language education is one of China's crucial national and governmental strategy. Over the past 70 years of development, Chinese as a foreign language education has made remarkable achievements, but it faces great challenges. In China, the term Chinese as a Foreign Language Education is the last in a series of terms from Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language to Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages and then to International Chinese Language Education, and in its development has passed from the 1.0 era to the 4.0 era. This article aims to present new goals by examining the achievements and characteristics of Chinese as a foreign language education step by step from the perspective of governance and drawing out their implications, identifying the causes of its development, and forecasting future tasks

This study examined the feasibility of exporting dairy products from Korea to Vietnam by identifying characteristics of its dairy product market based on results from the analysis of its dairy product market, and surveys on consumers, wholesalers, and retailers. The results from surveys provide characteristics of Vietnam’s dairy product market, the propensity to consume Korean dairy products, and the feasibility of the Korean dairy product exports market. As rapid economic growth and changes in preference result in an expansion of import market in Vietnam, Vietnam’s dairy product market is highly attractive to Korean dairy products. Vietnamese consumers have high confidence in Korean dairy products and are willing to pay a high price for them. Besides, over 200 thousand Koreans are living in Vietnam. This is favorable to Korean dairy products exports. But the success of the Korean dairy products in Vietnam’s dairy product market also depends upon systematic disease controls, the establishment of its brand image, effective quality and sanitation/safety management, and government support. Notably, the economic effects of Korean dairy products exports to Vietnam are 68.7 billion won for a production inducement effect and 297 persons for an employment inducement effect.

이 논문은 연극적 패러다임(theatrical paradigm)과 관련된 개념들 (연설-행동, 대행, 드라마, 공연, 시뮬레이션, 즉흥연주 등)을 사용하여 신학적 교육과 선교적 실천을 향상시키는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이러한 개념들은 하나님과 인간의 상호관계, 창조-구속 역사, 성육신-선교적 운동, 또는 하나님 나라의 종말론적 관점을 이해하는 데 중요한 비유를 제공하는 “Theodrama”라는 주제로 통합될 수 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 Theodrama 연극적 패러다임의 기독교 삶과 선교적 함의에 관하여 살펴보 는 것이다. 논문의 개요는 다음과 같다. (1) Theodrama의 이론적 근거 (화행론, 행위주체론, 공연론, 드라마 내러티브 관점); (2) Theodrama의 실제적 방법론 (무대에서의 시뮬레이션, 삶의 즉흥성); (3) Theodrama의 선교적 의미 (해석학적 과정, 선교적 적용).

세계기독교(World Christianity, 지구촌기독교) 논의는 20세기 후반 매스미디어, 통신, 교통의 빠른 발달로 전지구적인 기독교를 처음으로 인식하면서 시작되었다. 특별히 지난 30여 년간 많은 역사학 과 선교학자들 간의 통전적인 연구는 우리가 서구문명 중심적인 시각에 서 벗어나 지구전체의 차원에서 기독교를 바라보도록 근본적으로 도전 하였다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 세계기독교 현상의 핵심적인 신학적 특성을 글로벌(Global)과 로컬(Loca)의 합성어인 글로컬리티(Glocality)라 고 주장하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 ‘세계기독교의 대두’ 현상에 대해서 간략하게 언급하고, 세계기독교가 탄생하게 된 사회문화적배경 (socio-cultural context)을 살펴보겠다. 다음으로 글로컬리티에 대 한 어원연구와 함께 앤드류 월스(Andrew Walls), 라민 사네(Lamin Sanneh), 뱅트 순드클러(Bengt Sundkler)와 같은 신학자들이 어떤 식으로 글로컬리티 이해를 발전시켰는지를 탐구할 것이다. 끝으로 글로컬리티가 왜 세계기독교를 이해하는데 중요한 특성이 되는지, 이것이 오늘날 각 지역의 기독교인들이 자신들의 전통을 더욱 풍부히 인식하게 만드는 결과가 되는지를 밝히도록 하겠다.

A facile and efficient method was developed to prepare highly stretchable and conductive graphene conductors with wrinkled structures by the mechanical stretching and shrinking of elastomeric substrates, in which graphene inks were printed on a prestretched elastomeric substrate. Stretchable and exfoliated graphene inks were prepared by mixing graphite and Ecoflex in a shear-assisted fluid dynamics reactor. The resultant graphene conductor exhibited excellent stretchability at 150% strain and high electrical conductivity of 64 ± 1.2 S m− 1. The resistance of the conductor did not change in bent, twisted, and stretched states. The resistance did not change during 10,000 cycles of stretching/releasing, with a maximum strain of 150%. Based on the graphene conductor, a stretchable conductometric sensor with a two-electrode configuration was fabricated to measure impedance changes at different concentrations of electrolyte ions. This sensor exhibited a good and linear sensitivity curve (298.61 Ω mM− 1, R2 = 0.999) in bent and stretched states.

The Seoul Radio Astronomy Observatory (SRAO) operates a 6.1-meter radio telescope on the Gwanak campus of Seoul National University. We present the efforts to reform SRAO to a Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) station, motivated by recent achievements by millimeter interferometer networks such as Event Horizon Telescope, East Asia VLBI Network, and Korean VLBI Network (KVN). For this goal, we installed a receiver that had been used in the Combined Array for Research in Millimeterwave Astronomy and a digital backend, including an H-maser clock. The existing hardware and software were also revised, which had been dedicated only to single-dish operations. After several years of preparations and test observations in 1 and 3-millimeter bands, a fringe was successfully detected toward 3C 84 in 86 GHz in June 2022 for a baseline between SRAO and KVN Ulsan station separated by 300 km. Thanks to the dual frequency operation of the receiver, the VLBI observations will soon be extended to the 1 mm band and verify the frequency phase referencing technique between 1 and 3-millimeter bands.

천태종은 진씨 수나라 시기에 발원 되었고 법화종이라고 불리기도 하였는 데 중국의 최초의 본토화 된 불교 종파로서 중국 불교사 최초로 창설된 종파 이기도 하다. 천태종의 창설은 이미 1400여년의 시간이 흘렀는데 그 유구한 발전역사와 세밀하고 완정하게 갖추어진 종파체계로 인해 중국 불교학의 중 시를 받고 있다. 이는 중국 불교의 발전사에서 매우 중요한 위치에 놓여 있을 뿐만 아니라 전 세계에서도 한 자리 할 수 있는데 더우기 한국, 일본 등 동남 아시아 여러 나라에 널리 영향 주고 있다. 천태종은 사십여 대를 전해 내려 오면서 그 사상은 이미 사회의 전통문화와 융합되어 있고 사회의 여러 방면 에 심원한 영향과 실용가치를 제공해 주고 있다. 본 연구는 현대사회의 시각 으로 천대종의 사상과 현대사회와의 상관성 및 그 영향과 작용을 살펴 보며 선행연구에 대한 연구의 방식으로 천태종의 발전역사와 그 사상체계에 대해 연구 및 논술을 진행하며 정성분석법을 응용하여 천태종의 사상이 현대사회 에 미치는 영향과 그 가치 작용을 요약 및 귀납하려 한다.

The demand for novel strains has been rising in the domestic market to increase the production of sclerotia from Wolfiporia hoelen. To improve strain breeding efficiency, we investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) gene, which may be linked to the mating type locus, are useful for distinguishing monokaryons from dikaryons in Korean W. hoelen strains. We designed a specific primer set to efficiently amplify a region of RPB2 using PCR with the genomic DNA of 12 cultivated strains and 31 wild strains of W. hoelen collected from Korea. Nucleotide sequences of the PCR-amplified RPB2 genes were determined and analyzed for the presence of SNPs among the 43 W. hoelen strains. Previously reported SNP loci were detected in the RPB2 gene of all W. hoelen strains tested. However, these previously reported SNP loci could not be applied to differentiate monokaryons from dikaryons in approximately one-third of Korean wild strains with homozygous genotypes. Three additional SNPs in the RPB2 gene, which may improve the ability to distinguish monokaryons from dikaryons, were identified by searching through the multiple sequence alignments of the 43 W. hoelen strains. The applicability of these three novel SNPs, together with the previously known SNPs, in the RPB2 gene to W. hoelen strain breeding was verified by examining the hybrid strains and their parental strains.

The differentiation of Chinese characters is accompanied by the development of Chinese writing and is one of the manifestations of the adaptation of Chinese characters to record Chinese language. There are not only macroscopic and microscopic reasons, but also textual factors and linguistic factors for the differentiation of Chinese characters. To record Chinese accurately and clearly is the radical cause of character differentiation. The emergence of specific differentiated characters has its own influencing factors. It is particularly important to investigate the lexical items and their properties recorded by the mother characters to uncover the specific causes of the differentiation. In terms of lexical items, the degree of meaning clarity, semantic alienation and that of prominence and emphasis are the important factors that affect whether the lexical items represented by the mother character can obtain graphic marks independently, which is helpful to explore the internal motivation of Chinese character differentiation.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to select recurring congested sections through an objective and reasonable method using intelligent transportation system (ITS) collection data as the first phase for controlling recurring congested sections. The selection is meant to enhance the utilization of national highway ITS collection data that are just managed as statistical data focusing on real-time traffic information or not satisfactorily used. METHODS : Hourly statistical data were obtained using travel speed with a 5-min frequency per information-providing section stored in the database server. The travel speed data were collected from field equipment in general national highway sections (793.8 km in 380 sections of 16 lines in 2017) in the Seoul Metropolitan Area through a literature review of congestion standards. Subsequently, the congested sections were drawn by dividing a month into weekdays and weekends, and the status of the monthly change and characteristics of the congested sections were analyzed. Based on the monthly data on the congested sections, monthly mean congested days and hours were calculated to select the significant recurring congested sections in 2017 and applied to the congestion frequency standard. RESULTS : Recurring congested sections occurred in seven sections (33.9 km) in three lines — in five sections (24.8 km) of two lines during the weekdays and in two sections (9.1 km) of one line during the weekends. The recurring congested sections selected based on the congested days and the recurring congested sections selected based on the congested hours were found to be the same. The recurring congested sections during the weekdays and weekends were not mutually duplicated and were divided. More congestion occurred during the weekdays than on weekends. CONCLUSIONS : In the seven sections selected as recurring congested sections, congestion occurred for more than six months during one year, indicating that congestion is concentrated in specific months, albeit continuously and repeatedly occurring over the long term. The recurring congestion section selection standard and method used in this study are considered to be objective and reasonable. If recurring congested sections are selected using the standard and method presented in this study using ITS collection data targeting general national highways nationwide in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, it is necessary to determine whether the standard and method reflect actual congestion situations satisfactorily. According to the result, a further study considering congestion speed and congestion frequency standards is needed.

Interest in the use of semiconductor-based photocatalyst materials for the degradation of organic pollutants in a liquid phase has grown, due to their excellent performance and response to the light source. Herein, we fabricated a NiO-SiCTiO2 ternary structured photocatalyst which had reduced bandgap energy, with strong activation under UV-light irradiation. The synthesized samples were examined using XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, DRS, EIS techniques and photocurrent measurement. The results confirmed that the two types of metal oxides were well bonded to the SiC fiber surface. The junction of the new photocatalyst exhibited a large number of photoexcited electrons and holes. The holes tended to oxidize the water and form a hydroxyl radical, which promoted the decomposition of methylene blue. The close contact between the 2D SiC fiber and metal oxide semiconductors expanded the scope of absorption wavelength, and enhanced the usability of the ternary photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue. Among three synthesized samples, the NiO-SiC-TiO2 showed the best photocatalytic effect, and was considered to have excellent photoelectron transfer due to the synergy effect between the metal oxide and SiC.

본 논문은 이스라엘 방위군의 특징과 한국에의 함의를 분석하기 위한 것이다. 독립이후 이스라엘은 여러 아랍국과 전쟁을 벌여왔다. 아랍국과 의 관계는 정상화했지만, 레바논·시리아와 공식적으로 전쟁을 벌여 왔으 며, 이-팔분쟁은 미해결상태다. 이스라엘은 주변 적대국에 비해 인구규모 의 절대열세, 가용인적·물적 자원의 부족으로 인한 전쟁지속능력의 취약 성, 작전중심의 단거리·협소성 등으로 이러한 안보의 취약성 극복을 위한 국방안보정책 및 군사전략 등을 추진하고 있다. 이스라엘 방위군의 주요 특징으로 ①군 운영체제: 통합군 체제로서 능력위주 군간부 양성, ②군사 전략: 선제기습·속전속결·적(敵)영토에서의 전쟁수행, ③정보수집: 100% 독자적 수집자산 보유, ④무기체계 개발: IDF와 방산업체 간 긴밀한 협 력체제 등을 들 수 있다. 이스라엘은 ①방위군 합동작전능력 개발과 예 비군의 중요한 임무와 역할, ②이스라엘의 독자적 정보, 감시·정찰, 수집 활동 능력, ③이스라엘의 방위군과 방위산업체의 밀접한 협력관계, ④이 스라엘의 적극적인 군사전략과 창조적이고 강한 정신전력 등과 관련해서 우리에게 적지 않은 시사점을 주고 있다. 세계의 화약고로 무력충돌이 일상인 중동 지역갈등의 중심에 있는 이스라엘은 수적 열세에도 밀리지 않고 국가안보·번영을 유지해 나가고 있어 국가안보 및 국방과학기술에 서도 벤치마킹할 만하다. 국가안보와 평화는 그것을 지킬 수 있는 유형· 무형의 전력과 단·중·장기적 전략·비전이 뒷받침될 때 주어지는 것임은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않을 것이다.