We analyzed the recent characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) including PM10 (PM with diameter of less than 10μm) and PM2.5 (PM with diameter of less than 2.5μm) observed in Busan metropolitan area, and compared them with those measured in Seoul metropolitan area. This analysis includes the monthly, seasonal, and annual variations and differences, in emissions and chemical compositions observed in both Busan and Seoul areas. Synoptic meteorological conditions were investigated at the time when high PM concentrations occurred in each of the two areas. The results showed clearly decreasing trends of annual mean concentrations with strong seasonal variations: lower in summer and higher in winter in both areas. In comparison with Seoul, the seasonal variation in Busan demonstrated relatively lower, but showed greater summer fluctuations than in Seoul metropolitan area. This is implying the importance of secondary generation of PM in summer via active photochemical reaction in Busan area. In high concentration days, Busan’s chemical composition of sulfate was higher than that of nitrate in summer, whereas nitrate was higher than sulfate in Seoul. The ratios of NO3 - to SO4 2-(N/S ratio) showed lower in Busan approximately by a factor of 1/2(half of N/S ratio) in Busan compared with that in Seoul. Others such as synoptic characteristics and emission differences were also discussed in this study.

미세먼지 대응기술이 종전의 관리용이성(PM10, 1차 배출) 중심에서 위해성(PM2.5, 2차 생성) 중심으로 패러다임이 전환된 현시점에서, 입자상 물질뿐만 아니라 초미세먼지 2차 생성 전구물질인 질소산화물(NOx) 제거를 통하여 대기오염을 극복할 수 있는 방안이 사회적으로 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 도로이동오염원에서 배출되는 질소 산화물을 효율적으로 제거하기 위한 방안으로 미세먼지 전구체 저감 소재를 도로 및 도로변에 설치되어 있는 기존 콘크리트 구조물에 고정화하기 위한 기초연구를 진행하였다.

본 연구는 사회적 현안이 되는 미세먼지 저감 및 대기정화를 위해 석탄화력 발전산업에서 발생되는 부산물을 활용하여 미세먼지를 포집·분해하는 건설재료에 대한 기술 개발로서 자원재활용과 대기오염 저감 기술에 해당된다. 미세먼지를 석탄화력 발전소 애시 기반 다공성 활성탄의 표면에 흡착하고, 고기능성 광분해 나노섬유를 통해 분해하여 미세먼지 제거효율을 극대화 하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 개발되는 미세먼지 흡착·분해 다공체 기술은 방음벽, 보도블록 등 대기오염 농도가 높은 도로시설분야에 활용할 수 있을것으로 판단된다.

직경 10 μm 미만의 대기 미립자 물질(particulate matter, PM10)은 다양한 신체기관에서 산화 스트레 스와 염증반응을 유발한다. 본 연구의 목적은 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)에서 PM10에 의해 유도되는 반응 성 산소종(ROS) 생성의 메커니즘을 알아보는 것이다. 배양된 HEK를 PM10에 노출시켰을 때 ROS가 증가하였으며, 이는 항산화제 apocynin에 의해 저해되었다. PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS 생성에서 NADPH oxidase (NOX) family의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 이들의 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. PM10은 NOX1, NOX2, dual oxidase (DUOX)1 및 DUOX2의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다. 다른 NOX들에 비교하여 DUOX1 및 DUOX2의 발현 수준이 높았으며, 이들 효소의 maturation factors, 즉 DUOXA1와 DUOXA2의 mRNA 발현도 PM10에 의하여 증가하였다. 칼슘 의존성 효소인 DUOX1과 DUOX2가 PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS의 생성을 매개하는 지 조사하였다. 선택적인 세포내 칼슘 킬레이터인 BAPTA-AM은 PM10 및 칼슘 ionophore A23187에 유도된 ROS 생성을 감소시켰다. 작은 간섭 RNA (siRNA)에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 PM10에 의해 유도된 ROS의 생성을 감소시켰고 DUOX1 siRNA는 영향이 없었다. PM10은 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 및 interferon (IFN)-γ 등 사이토카인의 발현을 증가시켰다. siRNA에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 IFN-γ의 발현을 저해하였지만 다른 사이토카인의 발현은 저해하지 않았다. 본 연구는 PM10에 노출된 HEK의 ROS 생성 및 염증 반응에서 DUOX2가 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

대기 오염은 피부의 산화적 손상, 염증 및 노화를 일으킬 수 있다. 레스베라트롤은 폴리페놀 화합물의 일종으로 항산화, 항염증, 멜라닌 생성 억제 작용 등 다양한 생물학적 활성이 있는 한편 열과 빛에 약한 단점이 있다. 레스베라트릴 트라이아세테이트(RTA)는 레스베라트롤에 비해 안정하고, 피부 안전성과 미백 효능이 보고된 화장품 신소재이다. 본 연구의 목적은 직경 10 μ m 미만 대기 미립자 물질(PM10)에 노출된 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)의 염증 반응에 대한 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 영향을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 배양된 HEK세 포를 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 유무 조건에서 PM10에 노출시키고, 세포 생존율, 반응성 산소종(ROS)의 생성 및 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 분석하였다. PM10을 처리하였을 때 세포 생존율이 감소하였고 종양괴사인자- α(TNF-α), 인터루킨-1β(IL-1β), 인터루킨-6(IL-6) 및 인터루킨-8(IL-8)의 발현이 증가하였다. 레 스베라트롤과 RTA는 PM10으로 유도된 세포의 사멸과 ROS 생성을 경감시켰다. PM10에 의해 증가되는 여러 염증성 사이토카인의 발현은 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 경감되거나(IL-6), 증진되거나(IL-1β), 변화하지 않았다(TNF-α 및 IL-8). PM10에 의해 유도된 IL-6단백질의 발현이 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 감소되 었다. 본 연구의 결과는 레스베라트롤과 RTA가 대기 미립자 물질에 노출된 피부의 세포 손상과 염증 반응을 조절하는 작용이 있음을 시사한다.

This study observed particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, to understand the chemical composition of particulates based on an analysis of the water-soluble ionic species contained in the particles. The mass fraction of the ionic species in the sampled PM10 and PM2.5 was 44.3% and 42.2%, respectively. In contrast, in Daegu City and Suwon City, the mass fraction of the ionic species in PM2.5 was higher than that in PM10. The chloride depletion percentage of PM10 and PM2.5 in Jeju City was higher than 61% and 66%, respectively. The contribution of sea-salt to the mass of PM10 (5.9%) and PM2.5 (2.6%) in Jeju City was similar to that in several coastal regions of South Korea. The mass ratio of Cl- to Na+ in the downtown area of Jeju City was comparable to that in some coastal regions, such as the Gosan Area of Jeju Island, Deokjeok Island, and Taean City. The mass fraction of sea-salt in PM10 and PM2.5 was very low, and the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in PM10 was not correlated with those in PM2.5 (R2 < 0.2), suggesting that the effects of sea-salt on the formation of particulate matter in Jeju City might be insignificant. The relationship between NH4 + and several anions such as SO4 2-, NO3 -, and Cl-, as well as the relationship between the measurement and calculation of ammonium ion concentration, suggested that sea-salts may not react with H2SO4, and (NH4)2SO4 may be a major secondary inorganic aerosol component of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeju City.

Coal-fired power plants emit various Particulate Matter(PM) at coal storage pile and ash landfill as well as the stack, and affect the surrounding environment. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer(FE-SEM/EDX) were used to develop identification factor and the physico-chemical analysis of PM emitted from a power plant. In this study, three samples of pulverized coal, bottom ash, and fly ash were analyzed. The pulverized coal was spherical particles in shape and the chemical composition of C-O-Si-Al and C/Si and C/Al ratios were 200~300 on average. The bottom ash was spherical or non-spherical particles in shape, chemical composition was O-C-Si-Al-Fe-Ca and C/Si and C/Al ratios were 4.3±4.6 and 8.8±10.0. The fly ash was spherical particles in shape, chemical composition was O-Si-Ai-C-Fe-Ca and C/Si and C/Al ratios were 0.5±0.2 and 0.8±0.5.

This study was carried out to provide preliminary information to grasp how many particulate matter (PM) which is a problem in urban area are absorbed and removed by street trees. The morphology, size and element composition of PM deposited on leaves of five street trees (Quercus glauca, Q. myrsinaefolia, Ginkgo biloba, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, and Pinus densiflora) in Jinju city, South Korea were analyzed. The size of PM was classified into three as PM2.5 (0.2~2.5 μm), PM10 (2.5~10 μm), and PM100 (10~100 μm). The element composition of PM deposited on the leaves at the study sites mainly comprised of O, C, N, Si, and Al. The PM at industrial area and university campus was irregular and spherical shape, respectively. Total PM accumulated on the leaf surfaces of P. densiflora was 71.65 μg/cm² at industrial area and 40.66 μg/cm² at university campus, which was significantly higher than the other species. The ratio of PM2.5, PM10, and PM100 deposited on the leaves was 9.2%, 37.0%, 53.8% at industrial area and 15.8%, 27.1%, 57.1% at university campus, respectively. P. densiflora deposited the most PM2.5, PM10 and PM100 in leaf wax at the study sites, which was significantly higher than the other species.

Background: Small particles increase airway inflammation upon reaching the alveoli. Here, we investigated the protective or therapeutic effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP_R) extracts on airway inflammation. Methods and Results: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of SP_R extracts, we measured their inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression of inflammatory mediators, and immune cell infiltration in MH-S alveolar macrophage cells and in the ambient particulate matter (APM)-exposed airway inflammation mice model. The SP_R extracts inhibited the production of ROS and expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-17A mRNA in APM-stimulated MH-S cells. Oral administration of SP_R extracts suppressed APM-induced inflammatory symptoms, such as high alveolar wall thickness, excess collagen fibers, decreased mRNA expression of chemokines (Ccr9, Ccl5, Ccr3), inflammatory cytokines (IL-15, TNF-α), and IL-4 Th2 cytokine in the lung. The SP_R extracts also inhibited ROS production, granulocyte (CD11b+Gr-1+) infiltration, IL-17A, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip-2), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl-1) production in the airway. The specific compounds in the SR-R extracts that mediate the anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Conclusions: In this study, SP_R extracts effectively inhibited airway inflammatory responses, such as ROS production and granulocyte infiltration into the airway, by regulating the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines.

This study was carried out to elucidate the chemical compositions of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols collected during summer and winter in downtown Jejusi city. The ratios of NO3 - to the total mass of ionic species in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols largely increase in winter compared to summer, while SO4 2- ratios in both aerosols appear to follow the opposite trend. Moreover, concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- in PM10 and PM2.5-10 aerosols are higher in winter than in summer. The nitrate concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols increase with an identical increase in excess ammonium during winter, however, nitrate formation during summer is not important owing to ammonium-poor conditions.

Foundry has an important economic value in the industry. However, the generation of air pollutants like particulate and odor are serious. Due to the unavoidable usage of molding sand, particulate occurs in almost all the processes. That accounts for the majority of respirable dust in the size less than 10 ㎛. As well as particulate, over 22 species of odor-causing gases and VOCs including hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are occurred. Therefore, the development of equipment that can simultaneously remove TVOC and particulate is regarded as an essential research. In this study, the spraying absorbent system was connected with the shear bag filter for the purpose to remove TVOC and particulate simultaneously. Maximization of process efficiency for the affective factors like the powder combination and injection method is conducted. The experiment was performed at the de-molding process of one foundry plant. Through these devices, the removal efficiency of more than 95% for TVOC was achieved with the absorbent that composed by 800 mesh Activated carbon (80%) and 300 mesh zeolite (20%). Also, the durability and economic evaluation were assessed. In the result of Durability assessment, the available recovery to maintain the deodorizing effect at 90% was counted to 350 degree.

Sulfur hexafluoride has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infraredradiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. This study is to identify the effects ofdestruction and removal efficiency of SF6 by the addition of conditioning agent (oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen) whenusing the high ionization energy. The irradiation intensity of ionization energy was 2mA, 5mA, 10mA and 15mA. TheSF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection at 2mA. Main by-products were HF and F2 gases. HF andF2 gas formation was increased with irradiation intensity increasing. Most of the by-products of particle were sulfur andmetal sulfate.

This study characterized PM and VOC emissions from cow dung combustion in a controlled experiment. Dung from grass-fed cows was dried and combusted using a dual cone calorimeter. Heat fluxes of 10, 25, and 50 kW/m² were applied. The concentrations of PM and VOCs were determined using a dust spectrometer and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. PM and VOC emission factors were much higher for the lower heat flux, implying a fire ignition stage. When the heat flux was 50 kW/m², the CO₂ emission factor was highest and the PM and VOC emission factors were lowest. Particle concentrations were highest in the 0.23-0.3-μm size range at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m² and 50 kW/m². Various toxic VOCs including acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, benzene, and toluene were detected at high concentrations. Although PM and VOC emission factors at 50 kW/m² were lower, they were high enough to cause extremely high indoor air pollution. The characteristics of PM and VOC emissions from cow dung combustion indicated potential health effects of indoor air pollution in developing countries.

Suspended and sinking particles were collected during ODP Leg 119 to the Indian Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ocean. Field work was carried out at four sampling sites in Prydz Bay. Two of these sites were located in the Outer Bay, and two in the Inner Bay. At the four locations, a total of ten deployments of a sediment trap array were made. The concentrations of carotenoids both in suspended and sinking particulate matter in Prydz Bay were analyzed using HPLC. Fucoxanthin was the dominant carotenoid pigments both in suspended and sinking particles. The present study also indicates that 19'-hexanoyoxyfucoxanthin-containing prymesiophytes (Phaeocystis spp.) was abundant in the study area. The flux rates of carotenoids were generally highest at 50 m, and approximately double the flux rates at deeper horizons, however, at Inner Bay sites, the mean flux rates of carotenoids were greatest at 200 m, and 3 times greater than that of 50 m. Such anomalous high fluxes at 200 m imply that grazers were locally abundant between 100 m and 200 m at these sites close to land, and this hypothesis is supported by visual evidence of lots of fecal pellets in the 200 m trap. Integrates standing stocks versus sinking pigments data support that particulate material in Prydz Bay was not recycled rapidly.

Suspended and sinking particles were collected in austral summer during ODP Leg 119 to the Indian Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ocean. Field work was carried out at four sampling sites in Prydz Bay. Two of these sites were located in the Outer Bay, and two in the Inner Bay. At the four locations, a total of ten deployments of a sediment trap array were made. The concentrations of chlorophylls and their degradation products both in suspended and sinking particulate matter in Prydz Bay were analyzed using HPLC. Chlorophylls a and c were the dominant algal pigments both in suspended and sinking particles. Because of the abundance of fecal pellets at Site 740, the mean fluxes at 200 m averaged 6 fold greater than that at 50 m. This implies that a dense swarm of zooplankters, presumably large copepods and/or salps, may "feed and excrete" mainly in between 100-200 m depths at this site, closest to land in Prydz Bay. Interestingly, The flux of phaeophorbide a was generally similar in magnitude to that of chlorophyll a throughout the study areas. This is an evidence that materials escaping from near-surface regions in austral summer derive mainly from the gazing of zooplankters. "New production" from sediment-trapped CHL pigment fluxes in Prydz Bay was estimated using f-ratio of 0.15, ranging from 520 to 1,605 μgC m-2 day-1.

황사발생 전과 후인 2003년 10월 26일 00시부터 29일 18시까지 한국의 동쪽 연안에 있는 강릉시에서 PM10, PM2.5와 PM1 매 시각별 분포를 조사하였다. 황사가 고비사막으로부터 유입되기 전까지는 매 시각 PM10 농도가 20μg/m3 내외, PM2.5가 10μg/m3 내외, PM1가 5μg/m3 내외로 매우 낮은 농도를 나타내지만 황사가 유입된 10월 27일 09시부터 28일 05시까지는 PM10의 농도의 범위가 48.20~154.57μg/m3이며, 평상시 비해PM10의 농도가 3.8배로 높았다. 유사하게 PM2.5의 농도는 26.92~93.19μg/m3의 변화폭을 나타내며, 최대 3.4배로 높게 나타났고, PM1의 농도는 19.63~76.05μg/m3의 변화폭을 갖고, 최대 14.1배가 되었다. 황사가 나타나는 동안에는 수송된 황사먼지의 집중적인 유입과 동시에 도로 위의 차량의 밀집과 일몰 후 주거지역에서의 보일러 가동으로 출근시각인 09시와 퇴근시각인 17시에 PM의 고농도가 나타났다. 황사가 관측되기 전에는 미세입자와 극미세입자의 비율을 나타내는 (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5는 0.75~7.12, 극미세입자와 초극미세입자의 비율을 나타내는 (PM2.5-PM1)/PM1는 0.23~1.90로 나타났으며, 황사가 관측되는 기간에는 0.60~1.25와 0.21~0.37을 각각 나타내었다. 강릉시에 황사가 나타나기 전에는 2.5μm 큰 입자들이 2.5μm 이하의 극미세입자보다 PM10의 농도에 큰 영향을 주었으나, 황사가 관측되는 기간에는 2.5μm 이하의 극미세입자들이 PM10의 고농도 출현에 크게 기여하였다. 황사가 관측되는 기간에는 지역의 PM고농도에 2.5μm 이상의 큰 입자가 기여하는 일반적인 양상과 반대였다.

The present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in roadside and residential areas of two Korean metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon) and a background area (Seokmolee). This purpose was established by analyzing temporal and spacial concentration distribution of total and 7 individual PAHs, which were extracted from ambient particulate matters, and by utilizing a multivariate statistical method (principal component analysis, PCA) for the qualitative determination of potential PAH sources. Target PAHs included benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP). For all surveyed sites, the concentrations of total PAHs were higher in winter season than in other seasons. However, the concentrations of individual PAHs varied with surveyed sites. In both residential and roadside sites of Seoul and Incheon, BbF revealed the highest atmospheric levels. For all 7 target PAHs, the ambient concentrations were higher in Seoul and Incheon than in a background area (Seokmolee). In both residential and roadside areas, the concentrations of 4 target PAHs (BaA, BbF, BkF, DahA) were higher in Incheon than in Seoul. However, both the residential and roadside Chr concentrations were comparable in Seoul and Incheon. In addition, the residential IcdP concentrations were higher in Incheon than in Seoul, whereas the roadside concentrations were higher in Seoul. The roadside and residential BaP concentrations exhibited the reverse result to the IcdP concentrations. An PCA analysis suggested that atmospheric PAHs in both residential and roadside areas would be due to combined effects of several potential sources such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles, coal/oil combustion, and waste incineration.

In order to measure in-situ suspended particle size, volume concentration of suspended particulate matter and current speed, mooring observation was performed at the Gwangyang Bay by using of an optical instrument, 'LISST-100' and an acoustic instrument, 'ADV'(St. S1). And the sediment flux was obtained based on the concentration of suspended particulate matter and current speeds measured at three lines of Gwangyang Bay during ebb and flood tide of August 2006. To investigate the spatial variation of suspended particulate matter, profiling observations were measured difference echo intensity and beam attenuation coefficient by using of ADCP and Transmissometer (Line A, B, C). The suspended sediment flux rate at the mouth of Gwangyang Bay was observed to be higher during asymmetrical than symmetrical of current speeds. The flux of suspended particulate matter concentration and current speeds were transported to southeastern direction of surface layer and northwestern direction of bottom layer at the western area at line A of Gwangyang Bay. Small suspended particles have been found to increase attenuation and transmission more efficiently than similar large particles using acoustic intensity (ADV/ADCP) or optical transmit coefficient (LISST-100/Transmissometer). The application and problems as using optical or acoustic instruments will be detected for use in time varying calibrations to account for non-negligible changes in complex environments in situ particle dynamics are poorly understood.