The ovarian development and oviposition response of two vector beetles of pine wood nematode, Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius, was investigated. The ovary structure of two beetles was investigated by means of light microscopy. The ovary of both beetles was composed of two ovaries that are connected by a common oviduct. Each of the two ovaries was consisted of twelve ovarioles, the functional units of female oogenesis. The ovary type was meroistic telotrophic with nurse cells and oocytes in the tropharium. Ovarian development of two vector beetles was completed at 12-14 days after maturation-feeding pine twigs. Aspect of accumulation of vitellogenins in the ovary of two vectors showed difference in developmental stages and major yolk proteins, differently from vitellogenin. To investigate oviposition performance of two vector beetles, we provided P. thunbergii and P. koraiensis bolts for egg laying and collected emerged adults from each pine bolts in the next year. M. saltuarius females made more oviposition wounds and entrance hole of larvae than M. alternatus on pine bolts. We also investigated whether two beetles can transmission of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the European type of B. mucronatus via oviposition to noninfected dead pines. 48-83% from newly emerged adults of two beetles were carried two species nematode. This results suggested that two species beetles can transmit nematodes through oviposition performance and transmitted nematodes successfully propagate in non-infected dead pines.

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is associated with the pine wilt disease and transmitted by pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus. Because pine sawyer has one-year life cycle, one natural infection of PWN is occurred a year. Therefore, artificial propagation method of PWN is needed to improve experiment associated with PWN. In this study, effect of diameter, paraffin sealing of twig and dosage on pine wood nematode reproduction in Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. PWN reproduction was compared in twigs of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. Numbers of reproduced PWN were higher with decreasing diameter of twig. Distance (5 and 10 cm) from inoculation site of PWN did not influence reproduction of PWN. Reproduced numbers of PWN were higher in the paraffin-sealing twig than non-sealing twig. Dosage of PWN influenced reproduction of PWN. Reproduction rate was the highest at the rate of 10 IJs (13.7 and 61.1-fold increasing in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively 30 days later) whereas lowest at the rate of 1000 Ijs (1.1 and 0.7-fold increasing in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively 30 days later). Numbers of reproduced PWN were more in P. thunbergii than P. densiflora.

This study was carried out to control the disease of wood-cultivated ginseng(panax ginseng) using natural materials. Four fungi spices such as Pythium ultimum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani which caused disease of the wood-cultivated ginseng were investigated. The infection of these fungi causes symptom on roots, stems and leaves. The leaves became dry and die. The disease caused by Pythium ultimum can be prevented by using friendly environmental materials like Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil and Wormstop. Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum might be prevented by using wormstop extracted from Neem tree(Azadirachta indica). No substance tested effectively prevents the growth of Rhizoctonia solani.

이 연구에서는 녹차를 이용한 친환경 복합보드를 건축내장재로의 활용을 위하여, 녹차의 다양한 기능성과 목재섬유의 우수한 강도특성을 살려 녹차-목재섬유 복합보드를 제작하였고, 녹차-목재섬유 복합보드의 정 적 휨강도성능에 미치는 녹차와 목재섬유 배합비율 및 접착제의 영향을 조사하였다. 녹차-목재섬유복합보드 의 휨 강도성능은 녹차의 배합에 따라 대조보드 (control 보드) 보드의 그것보다 감소하였는데, 그 감소비율 은 전반적으로 녹차배합비율이 증가할수록 커지는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 보드제조에 사용된 수지의 종 류에 따라 강도성능의 차이가 나타났는데, 포름알데히드 방산량이 많은 E1급 요소수지가 E0급 요소수지보 다 휨 탄성계수에서는 1.08∼1.53배 그리고 휨 강도는 1.19∼1.82배의 더 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 녹차의 배합비율이 커질수록 양자의 차이는 커지는 것이 확인되었다. 휨 강도는 E1급 요소수지의 경우, 시판용 중밀 도섬유판 (medium density fiberboard, MDF)의 0.94∼1.03배의 값을 나타내어 시판용 중밀도섬유판과 거 의 차이가 없었고, 녹차와 목재섬유를 복합한 우수한 친환경 기능성복합보드제조가 가능한 것이 밝혀졌다.

In this study, we investigated the nematicidal activities of 102 Korean domestic plant extracts which have not been tested before against B. xylophilus. Nematicidal activity of plant extracts were varied according to plant species and extraction part. Among 102 plant extracts, 42 plant extracts in 22 families showed >50% nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode at 10 mg/mL concentration. Among 31 wood extracts, very strong nematicidal activity (100%) was produced from extract of Neolitsea aciculate, Prunus sargentii and Rhus chinensis at 10 mg/mL concentration. Extracts from Camellia japonica, Carpinus cordata, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex cornuta, Myrica rubra, Vaccinium bracteatum, and Zelkova serrata showed strong nematicidal activities (80-99%). The other samples exhibited activities <80%. In a test with leaf extracts, strong neamticidal activity was observed in extract of Machius japonica (100%) followed by Picea koraiensis (99.4%), Meliosma oldhamii (82.7%), and Zelkova serrata (81%). The other 37 plant species revealed <80% mortality. Strong nematicidal activity (>80%) was observed from bark extract of Carpinus cordata, Comus kousa, Cryptomeria japonica, Machius japonica, Quercus glauca and Zelkova serrata. Nematicidal activity of other 19 bark extracts was less than 80%. Twig extract of Smilax china and fruit extract of Forsythia koreana showed 86.6 and 81.4% nematicidal activity at 10 mg/mL concentration, respectively.

The pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is known to be a major pathogen of the pine wilt disease (PWD). However molecular pathology of B. xylophilus is not completely understood, the pathogenecity of PWD is related to cell wall-degrading enzymes such as endoglucanases, expansins and pectate lyases (PELs). Recently, we developed stage-specific expressed tag library of B. xylophilus and identified a novel PEL, Bx-PEL3. We cloned Bx-PEL3 gene with RT-PCR, which showed high similarity to previously reported Bx-PELs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PEL3 was much closer to PELs of B. xylophilus than any other PELs. PEL3 has a conserved intron site as found in Bx-PEL2 in the genomic DNA analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Bx-PEL1 and Bx-PEL2 were more predominantly expressed than the Bx-PEL3 in B. xylophilus. The difference of expression level among Bx-PELs according to growth condition suggests that each Bx-PEL plays different biochemical role in the pathogenesis of the PWD.

Activated carbons are well known as adsorbents for gases and vapors. Micro porous carbons are used for the sorption/separation of light gases, whereas, carbon with bigger pore size are applied for removal of large molecules. Therefore, the control of pore size of activated carbon plays a vital role for their use in specific applications. In the present work, steam activation parameters have been varied to control pore size of the resulting activated carbon. It was found that flow rate of steam has profound effect on both surface characteristic and surface morphology. The flow rate of steam was optimized to retain monolith structure as well as higher surface area.

Wood-PP composite materials were prepared by Taguchi robust design method with L9 orthogonal array to optimize experimental conditions. Tensile strength of the composite materials was considered as the main properties. Amount of wood powder and modifier of resin were chosen as significant parameters. As the result of Taguchi analysis in this study, the amount of wood powder was the most influencing parameter on the increase of tensile strength. The optimal conditions were determined and these results were good agreement with data analyzed by Taguchi robust design method.

This study was performed to investigate the escape of pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, from two vector species (Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius) through oviposition and feeding behavior. First, we checked number of PWNs escaped from M. alternatus emerged from three different cases of pine logs. In case A, healthy pine trees were cut into logs and left in pine forest infected with PWN. In case B, healthy pine trees were cut into logs, left in large screen cage, and let them oviposited by M. alternatus emerged from pine trees infested with PWN. In case C, pine trees which were harboring M. alternatus were cut into logs, and PWN was inoculated artificially. The M. alternatus adults emerged from the above three cases of pine logs were checked in the next year to know how many PWN they were harboring in their bodies. The percentages of M. alternatus harboring PWN (18.3 and 15.6%, respectively) and number of nematodes per vector (5,713.1±9,248.3 and 2,034.1±4,746.8 PWNs, respectively) in case A and B logs are similar to each other. However, the percentage and the number in case C (38.3% and 20,083.1±32,188.3 PWNs) were higher than those of case A and B. Among 52 M. alternatus adults harboring PWN from all the three cases, 20 adults (38.5%) were harboring more than 5,000 PWNs per beetle. And these 20 adults were harboring 97.9% of the total PWNs in 52 adults. Second, we checked the daily escape of PWNs from M. alternatus and M. saltuarius collected at pine forest infested with PWN. The PWN escaped from their vector body for 34.9±12.4 days for M. alternatus, and for 23.9±16.2 days for M. saltuarius, reaching at peak escape during the 2nd week of emergence of the two vector species. A 44.5 and 47.2% to the total PWNs escaped from vector body within 2 weeks of vector emergence for M. alternatus and M. saltuarius, respectively. The number of PWNs escaped from each vector was 3,570.6±5,189.2 and 1,556.2±1,710.3 for M. alternatus and M. saltuarius, respectively.

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-treated wood has been widely used in Korea since 1980s, but the release of chromium, copper, and arsenic from the wood has been reported to cause environmental contamination. This study was aimed at investigating the environmental impact of brook water and sediment from the construction of cylindrical wood piles around a brook (partially immersed in the water) and wood bridge structures over the brook. Ten water and ten composite sediment samples (including one control for each) were collected from sites where a large number of treated wood structures were installed. Samples were analyzed for total chromium, copper, and arsenic using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Water contamination was not observed in all samples, but metal concentrations in the sediment samples were elevated at most sites, indicating the accumulation of metals in the sediment. This study suggested that the use of CCA-treated wood by continuos contact with water can lead to marked leaching of metal components and may ultimately cause health effects on aquatic organisms living on or in the sediment.

Liquefied-wood polymer composite was prepared and mechanical properties was evaluated to develop potential utility of liquefied wood. The liquefied wood was made from waste wood and chemical modified with acetic anhydride and maleic anhydride (MA), phtalic anhydride (PA). The composite sheet was prepared from modified liquefied-wood and polymer(PE). The mechanical, chemical and microscopical properties composite sheet were investigated. The results were summarized as follows, 1. The tensile strength was increased and breaking elongation of composite sheet was decreased with the time of acetylation and the dosage of MA. 2. The Young's modulus of composite sheet was gradually decreased with the dosage of PA. 3. The peak intensity of 1737cm-1 in FT-IR spectra of chemical modified liquefied woods was increased. 4. The dispersity of liquefied woods with PE was improved with chemical modification.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) which is widely used in most of the countries for quarantine purpose, has been designated and under control as ozone depleting substance. This study is on the toxicity of ethanedinitrile as a MeBr alternative to control several wood-related insect pests. LC50 value of Ethanedinitrile(EDN) for Reticulitemes speratus, Tomicus piniperda adults at 21℃ was 0.26, 4.83 mg/L respectively. LC99 value of EDN for R. speratus at open status and closed wooden cubes was 0.65, 0.62 mg/L respectively, whereas MB was 13.96, 31.10 mg/L, which means that the toxicity of EDN for R. spratus is greater and EDN penetrates better into wood as compared with MB. The morality of EDN 20.3 mg/L(6hr) at 25℃ for Crytogenius lutats in wood was 90.3% in larvae, 58.6% in pupae and 89.5% in adults, which means that pupae were more resistant than larvae and adult. All stages of C. lutats were disinfected with EDN at or more than 29.9.mg/L, 6hr(CT product 89 mg hr/L) at 25℃. In sorption and application test, CT product of EDN 50 g/㎥(6hr) was 157 g hr/㎥ in the conditions of 21% wood moisture content with 25% loading, 171 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 25% loading and 158 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 50% loading, respectively. In all treatments, adults of Cryphalus fulvus and R. speratus were completely killed. The minimal CT product (158 g hr/m3) of 6hrs treatment was higher than CT product to disinfect C. lutats (89 mg hr/L). It is expected that it can be used as alternative fumigant of MeBr for woods.

There are increasing interests in developing methods specifically detecting pathogenic Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In order to develop a detecting method for B .xylophilus, at first we generated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to B. xylophilus, discriminating from other pine tree resident nematodes. Among 2304 hybridoma fusions screened. We finally selected a MAb clone, 9F10 and used for further study. To identify the antigenic target of MAb-9F10, we employed several biochemical methods such as SDS-PAGE, 2 dimensional electrophoresis, anion exchange chromatography, and immunoprecipitation to separate and isolate an antigenic target. Proteins from above methods were analyzed via nano-LC-ESI-Q-IT-MS. Peptides of GaLECtin were always detected from several proteomic analyses, suggesting that GaLECtin is the antigenic target of MAb-9F10.

최근 문화유산에 대한 관심이 고조 되면서 노후화된 건조물문화재의 보존에 대한 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 건조물문화재의 대부분이 목재를 주재료로 사용하였으며, 이들 건조물문화재의 노후화에 따른 부식 및 손상에 대한 보존수리는 부재자체의 문화재적 가치를 고려하여 원형유지를 기본원칙으로 한다. 이에 따라, 합성수지를 이용한 보존처리방법이 부각되고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 합성수지로 보강한 원형단면 목재의 압축보강 성능에 관한 실험적 연구로서 합성수지의 보강단면적비율, 단면의 보강방향, 보강길이, 합성수지강도를 변수로 하여 총 14개의 시험체를 제작하여 실험하였다. 실험결과 합성수지를 이용하여 적절하게 보강할 경우 신재이상의 보강효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 문화재의 보수 및 보강에서 가장 중요한 오센티시티(authenticity)를 확보할 수 있을 것이다.

A comparative analysis of the hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and UV abosrber (UVA) and their respective photostabilizing effect on wood plastic composites (WPCs) are reported in this study. The influence of accelerated weathering on the mechanical properties of the composites and the microscopic morphology of a degraded layer on the cross section and the surface were studied. UV absorbers were more efficient at preventing composite lightening than was UV stabilizer. The amount of whitening decreased with the increase of photostabilizers. With the addition of a UV absorber (Tinuvin360), the tensile modulus and strength of the composites increased slightly. However, the addition of a light stabilizer (Tinuvin770) and a UV absorber decreased the tensile modulus and strength of the composites. After 250 and 500 hr exposure, tensile modulus and strength of the un stabilized and stabilized composites decreased. The tensile strength of UV absorber (Chimassorb81)-stabilized composites was significantly greater than that of control and light stabilizer (Tinuvin770)- and UV absorber (Tinuvin360)-stabilized composites. UV absorber-stabilized samples showed less whitening and photodegradation than control and light stabilizer-stabilized samples.

본 연구는 국내산 침엽수 톱밥추출물을 이용하여 버섯의 푸른곰팡이병 방제약제 원료를 개발하고자 시도 되었으며, 푸른곰팡이병의 원인균의 하나인 Trichoderma 속 곰팡이를 대상으로 항균활성을 시험하였다. 1,000 ppm 농도의 낙엽송 열수추출물은 Trichoderma 속 균주에 대하여 최고 20.6%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. 1,000 ppm 농도의 미송 열수추출물은 T. aggressivum에 대하여 60.3%, T. harzianum 52.2%, T. atroviride 46.8%, T. viride 46.1%의 높은 항균활성을 나타내었으며 T. koningii에서는 36.2%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. 미송 열수추출물이 낙엽송 열수추출물보다 Trichoderma 속 균주에 대하여 보다 효과적인 항균화합물을 함유하고 있다고 판단되었다. 낙엽송 열수추출물로부터 분리된 n-hexane 분획물은 Trichoderma 속에 대하여 68.5% ~ 79.9%의 높은 항균활성을 나타냈다. 열수추출물로부터 분리된 미송의 n-hexane 분획물은 T. aggressivum에 대하여 68.5%, T. atroviride에 대하여 71.4%, T. harzianum에 대하여 71.9%, T. koningii에 대하여 75.7%, T. viride에 대하여 82.3%의 높은 항균활성을 나타냈고, ethyl acetate 분획물이 n-hexane 분획물 다음으로 높은 항균활성이 나타내었다. Trichoderma 속 균주에 대한 낙엽송 및 미송 열수추출물의 항균활성은 미송 추출물이 낙엽송 추출물보다 높게 나타났지만, 낙엽송과 미송의 열수추출물로부터 분리된 n-hexane 분획물에 의한 항균활성 차이는 거의 없었다. 미송 열수추출물과 낙엽송 및 미송의 열수추출물로부터 획득된 n-hexane 분획물은 Trichoderma 속에 대한 항균원료로서 사용가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Nematicidal activity of aliphatic compounds was tested against pien wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. There was a significant difference in nematicidal activity among function groups. In a test with alkanols and 2-alkenols, compounds with C8-C11 chain length showed 100% nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. C6-C10 2-alkenals exhibited >95% nematicidal activity, but the other compounds with C11-C14 chain length showed weak activity. Nematicidal activity of alkanoic acids with C7-C11 chain length was strong. Whole compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, alkanals and alkanoic acetate showed weak nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Nematicidal activity of compounds which showed strong nematicidal activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration was tested at a lower concentration. At 0.25 mg/mL concentration, whole compounds except C8 alkanol, C8 2-alkenol and C7 alkanoic acid showed >80% nematicidal activity. C9-C11 alkanols, C10-C11 2-alkenols, C8-C9 2-alkenals and C9-C10 alkanoic acids showed >80% nematicidal activity at 0.125 mg/mL concentration. Only C11 alkanol exhibited strong nematicidal activity at 0.0625 mg/mL concentration

Nanocomposites with polypropylene/clay/wood flour were prepared by melt blending and injection molding. Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties were characterized. The addition of ballmilled clay, compatibilizer and wood flour significantly improved the thermal stability of the hybrids. The tensile modulus and strength of most hybrids was highly increased with the increased loading of clay, maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and wood flour (WF), compared to the PP/WF hybrids. The tensile modulus and strength of most hybrids were highly increased with the increased loading of ballmilled clay, MAPP and wood flour, compared to the hybrids with PP/WF. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photomicrographs illustrated the intercalated and partially exfoliated structures of the hybrids with ballmilled clay, MAPP and wood flour.

푸른 곰팡이병을 일으키는 병원균은 매우 다양하며, 현 재까지 밝혀진 병원균은 Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Penicillium spp. 그리고 Aspergillus spp.로 이 중에서 Trichoderma spp.는 자낭균류에 속하는 Hypocrea spp.의 무성세대로서 발생빈도가 가장 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 버섯의 병해 중에서 가장 방제가 어렵고 버섯의 발생 및 수확에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 대표적인 병의 하나인 푸른 곰팡이병은 고온다습한 조건에서 많이 발생하며 발생초 기에는 버섯균과 비슷한 백색을 띄다가 포자가 형성되면 서 황록색 내지 진녹색으로 변하고, 골목의 표면에 부정형 의 병반을 형성하면서 버섯균의 생장을 억제하여 결국에 는 버섯균을 죽게 한다. 현재 버섯 재배농가에서는 버섯균 사생장 기간동안에 푸른 곰팡이병의 발생을 억제하기 위 하여 버섯배지 살균 전에 균상표면에 벤레이트, 판마쉬, 스포르곤수화제를 살포하는 것이 최대의 방제법이다. 따 라서 본 연구는 버섯 병해의 주범인 그린몰드(green mold)의 생장을 제어하기 위하여 수목추출물 및 nhexane 용해부의 효능을 비교 평가하였다. 수목추출물의 그린몰드에 대한 항균활성은 T. aggressivum 34.7%, T. atroviride 35.7%, T. harzianum 34.9%, T. koningii 31.0%, T. viride 30.7%로, 평균 33.4%의 항균 활성을 나타내었고, T. atroviride에서 수목추출물이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. n-Hexane 용해부의 그린몰드에 대한 항균활성은 T. aggressivum 52.3%, T. atroviride 65.6%, T. harzianum 47.1%, T. koningii 48.5%, T. viride 51.1%로, 평균 52.9%의 항균활성을 나타내었고, T. atroviride에서 nhexane 용해부가 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 수목추출물과 n-hexane 용해부의 그린몰드에 대한 항 균활성은 추출물의 농도에 따라서 5% 수준에서 유의성이 나타났다. 수목추출물과 n-hexane 용해부의 항균활성을 비교하 였을 때 수목추출물보다 수목 n-hexane 용해부에서 더 높은 항균활성이 나타났다.