In recent years, industrial demands for superior mechanical properties of powder metallurgy steel components with low cost are rapidly growing. Sinter hardening that combines sintering and heat treatment in continuous one step is cost-effective. The cooling rate during the sinter hardening process dominates material microstructures, which finally determine the mechanical properties of the parts. This research establishes a numerical model of the relation between various cooling rates and microstructures in a sinter hardenable material. The evolution of a martensitic phase in the treated microstructure during end quench tests using various cooling media of water, oil, and air is predicted from the cooling rate, which is influenced by cooling conditions, using the finite element method simulations. The effects of the cooling condition on the microstructure of the sinter hardening material are found. The obtained limiting size of the sinter hardening part is helpful to design complicate shaped components.

In this study, the behavior of densification of copper powders during high-pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature is investigated using the finite element method. The simulation results show that the center of the workpiece is the first to reach the true density of copper during the compressive stage because the pressure is higher at the center than the periphery. Subsequently, whole workpiece reaches true density after compression due to the high pressure. In addition, the effective strain is increased along the radius during torsional stage. After one rotation, the periphery shows that the effective strain is increased up to 25, which is extensive deformation. These high pressure and severe strain do not only play a key role in consolidation of copper powders but also make the matrix harder by grain refinement.

A strain-gradient crystal plasticity constitutive model was developed in order to predict the Hall Petch behavior of a Ni-base polycrystalline superalloy. The constitutive model involves statistically stored dislocation and geometrically necessary dislocation densities, which were incorporated into the Bailey-Hirsch type flow stress equation with six strength interaction coefficients. A strain-gradient term (called slip-system lattice incompatibility) developed by Acharya was used to calculate the geometrically necessary dislocation density. The description of Kocks-Argon-Ashby type thermally activated strain rate was also used to represent the shear rate of an individual slip system. The constitutive model was implemented in a user material subroutine for crystal plasticity finite element method simulations. The grain size dependence of the flow stress (viz., the Hall- Petch behavior) was predicted for a Ni-base polycrystalline superalloy NIMONIC PE16. Simulation results showed that the present constitutive model fairly reasonably predicts 0.2%-offset yield stresses in a limited range of the grain size.

The porous metallic material has the most superior physical property and the best mechanical capability. This study is investigated with the simulation analysis by compressing three kinds of specimens. Three aluminum foams with the thickness of 10 mm are bonded at Case 1. Two aluminum foams with the thicknesses of 10 mm and 20 mm are bonded at Case 2. It is one aluminum foam with the thickness of 30 mm at Case 3. The two dimensional model is done by ANSYS design modeler and the finite element analysis is performed by ANSYS structural analysis. As the forced displacement of 1 mm during the elapsed time of 60 sec is applied, the forced displacement of 10 mm during the total elapsed time of 600 sec is applied. As the analysis result, the most reaction force is shown at case 2 among three cases. Case 2 is estimated as the best structure. The analysis result of this study is thought to be the data necessary for the safe design about mechanical structure and the development of composite material.

A progressive failure analysis procedure for composite laminates is completed in here. An anisotropic plastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composite material is implemented into computer program for a predictive analysis procedure of composite laminates. Also, in order to describe material behavior beyond the initial yield, the anisotropic work-hardening model and subsequent yield surface are implemented into a computer code, which is Predictive Analysis for Composite Structures (PACS). The accuracy and efficiency of the anisotropic plastic constitutive model and the computer program PACS are verified by solving a number of various fiber-reinforced composite laminates with and without geometric discontinuity. The comparisons of the numerical results to the experimental and other numerical results available in the literature indicate the validity and efficiency of the developed model.

The automotive bumper has the functions of strength, rigidity and fine sight. It protects the driver, front and rear sides of car body through shock absorption at the traffic accident of car. This study investigates the impacts on front side and corner with the low speed of 4.5 km/h by using the model of SUV car body. The models are modelled by CATIA program with three dimensions and are analyzed by the finite element program of ANSYS Explicit STR. The maximum equivalent stresses at impacts of front side(case 1) and corner (case 2) at bumper are 261.72MPa and 365.02MPa respectively. As this stress at case 2 becomes 40% higher than at case 1, the impact of corner is happened easier than at the damage at the impact of front side. These stresses at case 1 and case 2 are shown above the yield stress at material property of steel, it is thought that there are the possibilities of plastic damages at two cases. The maximum deformation and equivalent stress at the support 2 of case 2 become 5 times and 3 times higher than at the support 1 respectively. The damage possibility due to impact at low speed is investigated by the basic analysis result of this study. And this result can be utilized at inspecting the result of impact test on bumper hereafter.

The monolithic glass, without damage, subjected to ballistic impact, is studied by the use of the coded finite element program. To analyze the impact response of monolithic glass like ordinary annealed glass and tempered glass, a finite element approach based on the Hertzian contact law and Sun's higher-order beam finite element is proposed. For verifying effectiveness of this finite element program, the contact force history is analyzed in conjunction with the loading and unloading processes. And, also, the time history of the impact responses such as the strain and stress according to the thickness changes due to transverse impact at the center are calculated

In recent years, there was many conflagration about special structure such as wooden cultural assets, warehouses and factories. The common causes of increase in the fire damage were difficulty of the initial suppression and absence of equipment for appropriate disaster prevention. In this study, the destruction-spray nozzles, a core technology of destruction-spray fire vehicle which is possible for fire suppression of special structure was studied using the finite element method. As a result, the maximum deviation of the part nozzle was 18.1% compared with the reference value. Second, the maximum deviation of the nozzle module was 13.5% compared with the part nozzle. Third, the safety factor about internal pressure of the nozzle module was suitable as 13.6. Finally, the performance of the designed destruction-spray nozzle was satisfied with 4,652.1L/min in excess of the target performance.

동역학의 새로운 변분이론인 혼합 합성 변분이론은 수학물리학을 비롯한 공학에 있어 초기치-경계치 문제해석에 광범위하게 적용될 수 있는 기반을 제공하는 것으로, 본 논문은 이 이론을 토대로 시간에 대한 이차의 형상함수가 적용된 시간 유한요소해석법을 개발하고 그 해석법의 수치특성 확인을 통해 향후 다양한 동적시스템 해석의 적용에 대한 가능성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 가장 기본적인 선형탄성의 단자유도계가 고려되었다. 에너지 보존시스템의 경우(비감쇠 시스템에 외력이 작용치 않는 경우), 제안된 알고리즘 모두는 time-step에 관계없이 안정적이며 수치감쇠가 없이 에너지와 모멘텀이 보존되는 symplecticity property를 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 감쇠시스템인 경우, time-step이 점점 작아질수록 정확한 해에 빠르게 수렴하는 것을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 비선형 유한요소 해석 기법을 적용한 격납건물의 내압취약도 평가를 수행하였다. 대상 구조물은 국내 대표적인 가압경수로형 원전 격납건물 중 하나로 하였다. 비선형 극한내압 해석을 위해 대규모 개구부를 고려한 격납건물의 3차원 유한요소 모델을 도출하였다. 재료 특성 및 구조적 성능에 내포된 불확실성을 고려하기 위하여 각 변수들의 변동성에 대한 극한내압 성능의 민감도 해석을 수행하였다. 민감도 해석 결과를 통해 확률론적 내압 취약도 평가를 위한 불확실성 변수 및 분포 특성을 도출하였다. 현재의 텐던 긴장력 상태를 고려하기 위하여 가동 중 검사 보고서에 기록된 텐던 긴장력 값을 중앙값으로 적용하였다. 누설(leak)과 파단(rupture)을 파괴모드로 정의하고, 각각에 대한 극한내압 취약도 평가를 위하여 한계상태를 정의하였다. 각 파괴모드에 대한 대상 격납건물의 내압취약도를 내압 성능 중앙값, 고신뢰도 저파괴확률 성능값, 신뢰도 수준에 따른 취약도 곡선을 통하여 제시하였다. 누설 및 파단 파괴모드에 대한 고신뢰도 저파괴확률값은 각각 0.7991 MPa, 0.8691 MPa로 평가되었다.

본 논문에서는 범용 유한요소프로그램 ANSYS와 ABAQUS를 이용하여 냉간성형강으로 조립한 조립기둥의 전체좌굴과 뒤틀림좌굴에 대한 비선형해석을 위한 모델링 기법을 소개한다. 냉간성형강의 경우 두께가 얇아서 국부좌굴 등 비선형거동을 보이기 때문에 좌굴에 대한 해석에 매우 섬세한 모델링이 필요하다. ANSYS의 내연적정적모델링에 의한 해석은 좌굴 극한점 부근에서 수렴의 문제를 발생하였지만, ABAQUS의 외연적동적모델링의 경우에는 좌굴 및 좌굴이후의 부재 거동에 대해서 안정적인 결과를 제공하였다. 또한 수치해석 결과는 좌굴실험을 통해 얻어진 축내력에 비해 높은 내력을 보여주고 있다. 이는 실험과정에서 발생하는 편심에 의한 영향으로서 수치해석에 의한 좌굴내력에 적정한 보정치의 적용이 필요하며 본논문에서는 기존 실험데이터와의 비교를 통해 0.88의 값을 제시한다.

PURPOSES : This paper numerically evaluates the contribution of transverse steel to the structural behavior of continuously reinforced concrete pavements to understand the role of transverse steel. METHODS: Two-lane continuously reinforced concrete pavements with and without transverse steel were analyzed through finite element analysis with the aid of commercial finite element analysis program DIANA; the difference in their structural behavior such as deflection, joint opening, and stress distribution was then evaluated. Twenty-node brick elements and three-node beam elements were used to model concrete and steel, respectively. Sub-layers were modeled with horizontal and vertical tensionless spring elements. The interactions between steel and surrounding concrete were considered by connecting their nodes with three orthogonal spring elements. Both wheel loading and environmental loading in addition to self-weight were considered. RESULTS : The use of transverse steel in continuously reinforced concrete pavements does not have significant effects on the structural behavior. The surface deflections change very little with the use of transverse steel. The joint opening decreases when transverse steel is used but the reduction is quite small. The transverse concrete stress, rather, increases when transverse steel is used due to the restraint exerted by the steel but the increase is quite small as well. CONCLUSIONS : The main role of transverse steel in continuously reinforced concrete pavements is supporting longitudinal steel and/or controlling unexpected longitudinal cracks rather than enhancing the structural capacity.

In order to overcome the key shortcoming of Hamilton's principle, recently, the extended framework of Hamilton's principle was developed. To investigate its potential in further applications especially for material non-linearity problems, the focus is initially on a classical single-degree-of-freedom elasto-viscoplastic model. More specifically, the extended framework is applied to the single-degree-of-freedom elasto-viscoplastic model, and a corresponding weak form is numerically implemented through a temporal finite element approach. The method provides a non-iterative algorithm along with unconditional stability with respect to the time step, while yielding whole information to investigate the further dynamics of the considered system.

Numerical analysis of a Ni-PZT stacked piezoelectric micro actuator is investigated for the prediction of mechanical behavior as a preceding research for the manufacturing of three dimensional micro structures. Finite element method is adopted to examine the simulation of a piezoelectric actuator according to applied direction of voltage, by researching displacement characterization of piezoelectric material through piezoelectric theory. PZT-4 is selected as a piezoelectric material. And bimorph finite element modeling is employed to study the response of Ni-PZT bi-layered micro actuator under the various input voltages. The results are presented as maximum displacement values under each applied voltages. Maximum displacement of 0.71μm at 60V is obtained

유한요소법은 구조해석법으로 가장 많이 사용되는 방법으로 자리잡고 있으며, 근래에는 다소 복잡한 동적 및 비선형 문제에도 사용이 일반화되고 있다. 이러한 거동 예측이 어려운 구조해석에도 구조물을 적절한 유한요소와 요소망으로 표현하면 신뢰있는 해석 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 구조물의 동적 또는 비선형 거동에는 예상하지 않은 부분에서 큰 변형이 일어날 수 있으며, 유한요소해석 과정에서 같은 요소망을 계속 사용하면 요소의 모양이 신뢰 범위 밖으로 변형될 수 있으므로 요소망 역시 동적으로 적응할 필요가 있다. 또한, 유한요소 프로그램의 사용자 요구 사항 중 하나가 실시간으로 빠르게 진행되는 것이므로 연산면에서 효율적이어야 한다. 본 연구는 시간영역 동적해석에서 전 단계 해석 결과를 사용하여 계산된 대표 변형률 값을 오차 평가에 사용하여 절점 이동인 r-법과 요소 분할인 h-법의 조합으로 요소 세분화를 진행하여 동적으로 적응하는 요소망 형성 과정을 기술한다. 해석 중 과대하게 변형되는 요소는 모양계수 개념으로 방지한다. 간단한 프레임의 동적 유한 요소해석을 예제로 정확성과 연산 효율성을 보여준다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 적응적 유한요소망 형성 전략은 복잡한 동적 및 비선형 해석에 일반적으로 적용될 수 있다.

In this study, porous titanium samples were manufactured by space holder methods using two kinds of urea and sodium chloride space holders. Three-dimensional pore structures were obtained by a computed-tomography (CT) tech- nique and utilized for finite element analysis in order to investigate the mechanical properties. The CT-based finite ele- ment analyses were in better agreement with the experimental results than unit cell model-based analyses. Both the experimental and CT-based results showed the same tendency that the elastic modulus decreased with increasing the porosities. The total porosity of the bulk body plays a key role in determining the elastic modulus of porous materials.

본 논문에서는 앵커볼트의 체결력을 고려한 유한요소 모델을 제안함으로써 앵커볼트로 연결된 부재의 해석적 평가방법을 제안하였다. LS-DYNA를 사용한 유한요소 모델링은 복잡한 3차원 상세모델보다는 단순화된 앵커모델들을 적용함으로써 해석 효율성을 고려하였다. 앵커볼트는 Beam 혹은 Solid 요소로 토크 조임에 따른 앵커볼트 긴장상태를 반영하였고, 토크 조임에 따른 체결력을 고려하기 위해 너트면에 압축력을 도입하거나 너트를 Shell 혹은 Solid로 고려하여 작용 토크값으로 산정되는 체결력과 등가의 하중을 도입하였다. 외력 작용 시 체결력과 마찰력에 의한 앵커볼트의 하중전달은 nodal rigid 혹은 contact 조건으로 고려하였다. 체결력을 고려한 세 종류의 앵커모델을 적용한 해석결과, Model I과 Model III는 볼트 축력과 전단력이 매우 유사한 값으로 계산되었고, Model II의 경우, 볼트 축력과 전단력이 다소 과소평가되는 것으로 나타났다. Model I은 다른 두 모델에 비해 수치해석적으로 효율적인 것으로 분석되었다.

Stress-strain curves are fundamental properties to study characteristics of materials. Flow stress curves of the powder materials are obtained by indirect testing methods, such as tensile test with the bulk materials and powder compaction test, because it is hard to measure the stress-strain curves of the powder materials using conventional uniax- ial tensile test due to the limitation of the size and shape of the specimen. Instrumented nanoindentation can measure mechanical properties of very small region from several nanometers to several micrometers, so nanoindentation tech- nique is suitable to obtain the stress-strain curve of the powder materials. In this study, a novel technique to obtain the stress-strain curves using the combination of instrumented nanoindentation and finite element method was introduced and the flow stress curves of Fe powder were measured. Then obtained stress-strain curves were verified by the com- parison of the experimental results and the FEA results for powder compaction test.

New material which absorbs impact energy effectively and has excellent mechanical property is developed. The used amount is increased at automobile field day by day. Aluminum foam with various air sell lattices within is one of representative porosity metals which are used at many automobile parts because it has the excellent lightness and impact energy absorption function. For this reason, aluminum foam is used widely as a component among composite materials. This study aims to investigate systematically the mechanical property of foam through computer simulation. In order to obtain the property of aluminum foam, aluminum foam is designed as the dimension of 100mm × 100mm × 25mm and the striker that has the diameter of 12.5mm is supposed to impact aluminum foam with impact energies of 6J, 10J, and 14J. Aluminum foam is not penetrated when striker given by energy of 6J or 10J impacts into it, but aluminum foam is penetrated by striker in case of impact energy of 14J. The result can provide the basic data in order to develop the advanced composite material.