Control of the vector mosquitoes is critical for implementation of patient’s decrease. Vector mosquito control has been mainly carried out using pesticides in Republic of Korea (ROK), which has developed the resistance against selected insecticides. Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and Acethylcholine esterase (AchE) are the target of several classes of insecticides. Genetic mutations of VGSC and AchE have been documented to confer resistances to pyrethroids and organophosphates in mosquitoes, respectively. In our studies, the insecticidal resistable level of An. sinensis from four malaria risk areas near Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was measured. The partial sequence of An. sinensis voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) IIS6 domain for Kdr gene and ace1 gene for AchE was sequenced. An. sinensis from two areas demonstrated significantly higher resistance to pyrethroids and mutation rates of Kdr gene were comparatively higher. In all tested areas An. sinensis showed high insecticidal resistance to organophosphates and > 70% of mutation rates of ace1 gene ware higher. Understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance among vector mosquitoes populations is very important to efficient and effective vector control.

Population density of Culex tritaeniorhynchus was annually monitored to predict the possibility of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak at 10 collection sites throughout Republic of Korea (ROK) during mosquito season from 2011 to 2015. Prevalence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in ROK was spatially and timely very variable and was significantly highest at Busan city during August. Monthly average population density of Cx. tritaeniorhychus showed high correlation to the monthly average daily average temperature and monthly average precipitation. Two models for the estimation of occurrence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus based on annual monthly daily average temperature and monthly precipitation are shown with linear regression equations of exp(0.413×temperature-0.949) and exp(0.01258×precipitation+3.777). JE vector surveillance and vector control is warranted as part of an effective JE management program at ROK.

As the malaria surveillance agency, the Korean Center for Control and Prevention (KCDC) has been monitoring malaria vector mosquito density and Plasmodium vivax infection since 2009. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected at 35 sites in Incheon, northern Gyeonggi and northern Gangwon Province using black light trap daily from April to October 2015. P. vivax infection of malaria vector mosquitoes tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 2015, a total of 57,926 malaria vector mosquitoes were collected among 138,119 mosquitoes. Three P. vivax positive pools were detected among 1,556 pools (13,745 individuals) and its minimum infection rate was 0.22. According to the monitoring result of malaria vector mosquitoes, early summer (June-July) could be an appropriate time for a malaria elimination campaign until September.

This study was performed to recognize species composition of Anopheline mosquitoes and infection rates of Plasmodium vivax in the northern part of South Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected at 9 Republic of Korea (ROK) army installations in northern part of Geyonggi Province near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) using black light traps. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify collected Anopheline specimens and detect P. vivax from them. During June to August 2016, total 481 anopheline mosquitoes were collected and identified. Anopheles kleini was the most frequently collected (56.1%), and followed by An. pullus (16.6%), An. sinensis (16.2%), An. belenrae (7.5%) and An. lesteri (1.5%). 6 pools (4.0%) were positive for P. vivax among 150 pools. The minimum infection rates (MIR) was 1.24. Our ongoing study will provide a meaningful data for the effective malaria elimination strategy.

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is considered as potential vector of Zika virus in Republic of Korea (ROK). Vector control during mosquito season is one of critical factors for decline of viral transmission. Total 14 oversea travel-associated Zika cases by mosquito bite were reported throughout ROK from January to September 2016 and vector control and monitoring at surroundings of patient’s residences was carried out during three weeks after confirmation of the virus. Although population density rates of Ae. albopictus were remarkably various according to ecological surroundings, population density of Ae. albopictus near forest was higher than urban. All captured Aedes mosquitoes were used for detection of three flavivirus, Zika, Dengue and Chikunguya, using RT-PCR and any virus was not detected. Population density of Ae. albopictus decreased > 65% on average after vector control and in one area > 95% of population density decreased. Our data might reveal that vector monitoring and control at surroundings near residences of oversea travel-associated Zika patients might effectively prevent viral transmission by mosquito bite and naturalization of the virus in ROK.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an ongoing global public health emergency with 74 countries (Sep. 19 2016) and territories reporting evidence of ZIKV transmission since 2015. Total 14 cases of Zika have been reported since January 2016 and all cases have been suspected as infections by mosquito bite on overseas. Vector control strategy of comprehensive national Zika control strategies will be presented on this presentation. To efficiently control Ae. albopictus when Zika inflow into ROK, nine ministers of government held on Zika countermeasure meeting, checked preparatory attitudes and assigned roles of each minster for Zika control. Korea guidelines for Ae. albopictus control were distributed to local governments and related ministers of government and vector control agents in all local government were educated by vector control experts. To block transmission of Zika virus by mosquito bite from overseas travel-associated patients Zika patients in ROK, vector monitoring and control were carried out at surroundings near residences of patients and decreased vector population density.

The squid Todarodes pacificus is a commercially important fishery species in East Asia. As East Asians consume raw or lightly cooked squids, there has been growing concern about parasitic infections associated with squid consumption. In the current study, five squids caught in the East Sea were sampled for parasitological research from the biggest fishery market in Seoul, Republic of Korea. They were dissected and examined for parasites using a light microscope. Proteocephalus sp. was isolated and identified using field emission scanning electron microscopy, PCR, and sequencing. Given that Proteocephalus spp. can be affected by water temperature and geographical characteristics, further research on Proteocephalus spp. with respect to changes in water temperature in the East Sea is important.

본 연구는 경상북도 구미시 천생산 지역에서 발달하는 타포니를 대상으로 암석의 풍화 과정 및 타포니의 형성 과 정을 분석하고 있다. 연구지역의 타포니 발달은 조립질 퇴적암인 역암과 역질사암에서 발생빈도가 높으며 타포니의 발생 은 역의 이탈 및 박리가 발생한 지점에서부터 시작되는 것으로 추정된다. 지형적으로 산지의 남사면 암석 노출지에서 타 포니의 집중적 발달이 관찰되는데, 이는 겨울철 기계적 풍화와 여름철 화학적 풍화의 진행이 상대적으로 높은 환경적 조 건에 따른 것으로 해석된다. 타포니가 발달한 암석 표면에서 측정한 함수율의 분포 특성은 타포니 발생 지점이 주변에 비해 높은 함수율을 명확히 보여주고 있어 암석 내의 수분은 어떤 기제로든 타포니 발생에 상당한 영향을 끼치는 것으로 판단된다. 타포니 내에서 확인되는 풍화 침전물 및 이차광물에 관한 분석은 후속 연구로 현재 진행 중에 있다.

탄소흡수원으로써의 산림부문의 중요성이 점차 증가함에 따라 다양한 정책들이 고려되고 있다. 제한된 예산과 자원 여건 하에서 정책의 효율성을 추구하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 최고최저조정법을 이용하여 산림청의 10대 산림 탄소흡수원 증진 정책들의 우선순위를 결정하였다. 산림 분야 전문가 설문조사 결과, 산림경영방식 및 시업체계 개선, 조림 및 식생복구 확대, 산림바이오매스 에너지 활용 및 이용시설 증대, 임목수집 시스템 및 재활용 체계 개선, REDD+ 사업 참여 확대 순으로 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구 결과는 향후 국내 산림탄소흡수원 확충을 위한 정부 핵심 정책을 수행함에 있어서 우선순위를 정하는데 중요한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

Fashion design itself has an independent artistic value of its own. However, legal protection for fashion design is still lacking. In the fashion market, design piracy and trademark piracy are universal phenomena and the imitation behavior is made by a wide range of subjects in real time. The protection of the authentic holder in the relatively-short-cycled fashion design should be done immediately. Accordingly, this study aims to conduct a comparative research on the laws designed to protect fashion design significantly, to promote the creation of fashion design, and to provide implications for the future fashion design protection. The specific objectives of this study are as follows. First, we aim to examine the market trends relating to the theft of the fashion design between Republic of Korea and the United States. The second objective is to consider current legislation to protect fashion design in Republic of Korea and the United States and to analyze the differences between the two countries. Thirdly, the present study seeks to measure consumers’ perception on counterfeit in order to analyze the current status of design piracy. Our results suggest that both countries cohere in that the market size of counterfeit goods is expanding and fashion products are prominent in the counterfeits market. However, while Republic of Korea is not capable of effectively controlling domestic counterfeit products, the United States is trying to protect the intellectual property rights with regulations of counterfeits through the Customs and Border Protection Agency. In the domain of legal protection for fashion design, the United States enacted individual laws such as DPPA and IDPPA through cooperation with the fashion industry and the legal profession since 2006. On the other hand, the effectiveness of laws for fashion design protection appears to be weaker in Republic of Korea. According to the analysis of consumer perception, Korean consumers continuously buy counterfeit goods, whereas U.S. consumers rarely report having had a counterfeit product purchase experience. Korean consumers have a relatively high level of legal knowledge concerning fashion design protection and, compared to their U.S. counterparts, they are negatively recognized about counterfeit goods. Despite this, they do not hesitate to buy counterfeit products in real life. The results of our analysis of the consumer perception suggest that Korean consumers’ attitudes and purchase behaviors with regard to counterfeit goods are inconsistent; the reason underlying this tendency is that the force of the legal system is insufficient. Therefore, this study suggests to strengthen the rigor of the law-enforcement and to establish the laws that would help enhance consumer awareness in the Korean society.

Field surveys for the Bemisia tabaci complex were conducted from 2009 to 2013 in Korea, and the results were compared with published data of the B. tabaci complex. Three species, MED, MEAM1, and JpL, were collected from several provinces. The MED was mainly collected in greenhouses, displacing the earlier invasive species, MEAM1, and the JpL species was collected in the field. JpL is newly confirmed as a unique species of B. tabaci species complex in Korea and Japan.

The objective of this study was to determine the best performing switchgrass (Panicumvirgatum L.) cultivar with three different seeding dates as a bioenergy source in Republic of Korea. Split-plot in time with three replications was performed and three switchgrass cultivars, Carthage (CT), Cave-in-Rock (CIR), and Forestburg (FB) were used in this experiment from 2009 to 2012. Plots were seeded on April 23, May 4, and May 13, 2009 and were harvested once in November each year. No fertilizer was applied to the field for the first year; however, in second and third years (June 2010 and May 2011, respectively), N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers were applied in 67,45 and 90 kg ha-1, respectively. Soil pH (5.9) and climate condition including temperature (10.4∼17.5℃) and precipitation (89.4~109.8 mm month-1) were suitable for switchgrass cultivation. Total dry matter yields were higher in CT and CIR compared to FB and were 16.9, 15.9, and 4.5 ton ha-1, for CT, CIR, and FB, respectively (p<0.0001). The samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), and ash. No significant differences in energy content (p = 0.96) and chemical composition among cultivars (p>0.05) were found. Seeding dates did not affect DM yield (ton ha-1), chemical composition and energy content significantly (p>0.05). Significant difference was observed for heights among CT, CIR, and FB (177.59, 169.98, and 94.89 cm, respectively, p = 0.0002). In conclusion, based on soil characteristics and climate condition in Korea compared to other countries, switchgrass can be cultivated successfully. Considering dry matter yield and energy content of these three cultivars of switchgrass CT and CIR adapted better to climate in Middle Eastern of Republic of Korea than Forestburg for bioenergy purpose.

우리나라는 국가연구개발사업의 결과로 얻어진 성과가 기술이전 되거나 사업화되어 사회로의 확 산이 되도록 하기 위한 여러 법령과 제도가 시행되 고 있다. ｢특허법｣, ｢과학기술기본법｣, ｢기술의 이 전 및 사업화의 촉진에 관한 법률｣, ｢국가연구개발 사업의 관리 등에 관한 규정｣(이하 ‘국연사규정’이 라 한다) 등의 법령들이 무형적 결과물의 확산 정 책에 관련하여 기본적인 원칙을 규정하고 있는데, 해당 법령들은 무형적 결과물에 대한 주요 용어인 “실시”, “기술이전”, “사업화”, “기술료”, “양도” 및 “양여” 등에 대한 개념정의가 치밀하지 못하고, 동 일한 용어에 대해서 법령 내에서 또는 법령 간에 상충하는 부분이 있어 해당 법령들의 해석과 적용 에 있어 논란의 여지가 있다. 한편, 연방정부의 지원을 통해 발생한 기술 및 특허에 대한 소유권의 귀속을 정부에서 연구기관 참여기업 등으로 할 수 있도록 하는 것을 골자 로 한 미국의 Bayh-Dole Act가 1980년에 시행 된 이래, 우리나라도 ｢과학기술기본법｣ 및 ‘국연사 규정’ 등 통해 국가연구개발사업의 무형적 결과물 의 소유권 귀속을 연구개발기관 등으로 할 수 있도 록 하는 등 연구개발결과물이 민간으로 널리 확산 될 수 있도록 노력하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 ‘국연사규정’은 무형적 결과물을 소유한 기관이 해 당 결과물을 타 기관으로 양도(또는 양여)하는 것 을 제한하고 있어 연구결과물의 사회적 확산에 대 해 일정 부분 규제로서 작용하고 있다. 또한 동규 정은 무형적 결과물의 소유기관이 해당 결과물에 대한 권리를 포기하는 경우 발명자(연구책임자)에 게 양도(또는 양여)할 수 있도록 하고 있으나 그 요건 등의 현실성이 부족하여 해당 조항은 사문화 될 수 있다고 생각한다. ‘국연사규정’이 정하고 있는 기술실시계약에 있 어서 국내 중소기업 우선 제도는 지식재산권 시장 의 글로벌화 시대에 해외 시장으로의 기술실시에 제한을 가하는 것이므로 무형적 결과물의 사회적 확산에 대한 규제로 작용하는 부분이 있다. 한편, 동 규정 및 일부 중앙행정부처의 훈령은 기술료 감 면 제도를 두어 사실상의 국내 기관의 지원 정책을 시행하고 있는데, 해당 기술료 감면 제도 및 이에 근거한 정부의 조치는 WTO체제에서의 GATT가 채택한 ‘보조금 및 상계조치 협정’에 위반될 여지가 있으므로 기술료 감면 제도 및 정책을 수립⋅시행 함에 있어 해당 협정에 위배되지 않도록 유의할 필 요가 있다 국가연구개발사업에 대한 기술이전⋅사업화 촉 진 정책 및 제도를 시행함에 있어 통일적인 법령 정비를 시행하는 한편 불필요거나 의도치 않게 발 생한 규제를 풀어 국가연구개발사업의 결과물이 사회적으로 널리 확산될 수 있도록 하는 법체계를 구축해 나갈 필요가 있다고 생각한다.

본 연구는 빛공해의 유형인 야간 천명현상의 변화를 분석하고 결과를 제시하는 것을 주된 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 1992년과 2012년 지표에서 방출된 야외 인공조명을 촬영한 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) 영상과 읍·면·동 행정경계 지도를 활용하였다. 본 연구에 따르면 지난 20여 년 동안 전체 국토의 약 82% 지역에서 야간 천명현상 수준이 증가했고, 약 10% 지역에서 야외 인공조명도가 감소한 것으로 밝혀졌다. DMSP OLS 영상의 최대 화소값으로 대표되는 심각한 수준의 빛공해를 경험하는 것으로 추정된 읍·면·동은 1992년에 전체의 약 6%에 불과했으나, 2012년에는 약 38%로 증가했다. 이와 같이 야간 천명현상의 증가로 인해 발생할 수 있는 부정적 영향을 최소화하기 위해 빛공해 저감대책마련이 시급하고, 이와 함께 공간역학 측면에서 인간 질병 또는 건강과의 상관성에 관한 연구도 필요할 것이다. 이러한 연구를 위해 DMSP OLS와 같은 인공위성 영상은 지역 또는 국가 전체의 야간 천명현상 수준으로 대변되는 빛공해 수준에 대한 기초자료로서 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Vector-borne diseases, including those transmitted by ticks, pose serious public health threats to US military populations, as well as military and civilian populations in the Republic of Korea. (1) From 2004-2010, a total of 54,495 ticks belonging to three genera and eight species [Haemaphysalis longicornis (33,242; 61.0%), H. flava (18,525; 34.0%), Ixodes nipponensis (2,420; 4.4%), H. phasiana (216, 0.4%), H. japonica (33; <0.1%), Amblyomma testudinarium (26; <0.1%), I. turdus (17; <0.1%), and I. persulcatus(16; <0.1%)] were collected by tick drag. (2) As part of the rodent-borne disease surveillance program, a total of 6,773 ticks belonging to two genera and four species were collected from small mammals at US military installations and training sites in Korea from 2004-2009. (3) In collaboration with Seoul National University, a total of 920 ticks, belonging to two genera and six species were collected from small-large mammals. (4) In addition, a total of 250 ticks belonging to two genera and five species were collected from migratory birds. (5) I. simplex and I. vespertilionis also were collected from limited numbers of bats. Additional collections from small-large mammals, migratory birds, bats, and other animals are needed to identify the geographical and host range of ticks and the associated pathogens they harbor. Furthermore, these data can be used to provide predictive emergence and distributions of ticks and their associated pathogens.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has great potential for causing huge economic loss and was the first disease identified by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in its official list of free countries and zones. This study examined the governmental expenditures for five FMD epidemics that occurred in the Republic of Korea between 2000 and 2011. The costs of an epidemic ranged from 26 billion Korean won (KRW, approximately 23.6 million US dollars, ) to a maximum of 2,044 billion KRW (US 1.9 billion). For two epidemics in which vaccinations were implemented, the costs were higher than those epidemics without vaccination. The mean cost for an outbreak ranged from 0.5 billion KRW (US 4.5 million) for the 2010/2011 epidemic to 18.2 billion KRW (US 16.5 million) for the 2000 epidemic. Mean costs per infected premises were 7.0 billion KRW for cattle farms (95% CI: 4.72∼9.28), 1.38 billion KRW for pig farms (0.88∼1.87), 0.11 billion KRW for deer farms (0.08∼0.14), and 0.10 billion KRW for goat farms (0.07∼0.13). The highest cost for an outbreak in cattle seemed associated with the number of outbreak cattle farms in two epidemics in which vaccination was implemented.

Vector mosquitoes are related with various diseases on human, such as malaria (Anopheles sinensis (L.), An. sinensis), Japanese encephalitis (Culex tritaeniorhynchus (L.), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus), yellow fever (Aedes albopictus (L.)), dengue hemorrhagic fever (Ae. albopictus) and filariasis (Ae. albopictus), as well as nuisance insect pests (Culex pipiens pallens Foskal, Cx. p. pallens). Continued and repeated use of conventional insecticides such as organophosphorus and carbamates, pyrethroids has often resulted in the widespread development of resistance and has undesirable effects on non-target organisms and environment. Particularly, widespread insecticide resistance has been a major obstacle in the cost-effective integrated vector management program. In theRepublic of Korea (ROK), studies on mass vector mosquito control using insecticides were mainly carried out until 1970’s such as a fuselage-mounted ULV spray system to C-46 aircraft, effectiveness of ground aerosols ULV premiumsumihtion, a helicopter application of ULV Dibrom and residual toxicity of organophosphates in animal shelters for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Plasmodium vivax malaria vector mosquito control. Regional insecticide resistance of vector mosquitoes has been annually evaluated since ,early 1980’s, the first detailed study on susceptibility of seven mosquito species to 13 organophosphorus insecticides revealed the DDT and lindane resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhyunchus. Marked annual and regional variations of insecticide resistance have been observed. In comparative resistance, the resistance ratios of various insecticides were compared among each other using two strains of vector mosquitoes that were collected from same locality. An. sinensis from Koyang-si in 1992 and 1981 demonstrated >100 folds and >3000 folds of higher resistance to DDT and to bio-resmethrin. An. sinensis from Paju-si in 2008 demonstrated 30 folds of higher susceptibility to fenthion than those collected in seven years ago. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus from Gwanju in 2010 and in 1992 showed >100 folds of higher resistance to pyrethroids. In comparative regional resistance monitoring, Cx. p. pallens from six localities in the ROK in 2008 and six geospatially-distant field Cx. tritaeniorhynchus strains in 2011 showed marked regional resistance variations. Field populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus from agricultural areas demonstrated extremely higher insecticide resistance to pyrethroids than those from non-agricultural areas. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations from rice paddies had been under heavy selection pressure due to pyrethroids, which were used for a long time to control agricultural pests in the localities. These results indicate that careful selection and rotational use of these insecticides may results in continued satisfactory control against field populations of vector mosquitoes

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille are important pests of humans and livestock and many species act as vectors of important medical and veterinary pathogens. Culicoides and other biting flies were collected using black light traps set near nine cowsheds, as described by Kim et al., and New Jersey light traps set at 10 US army installations and one military training site from May to October, 2010– 2011 as part of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency and 65th Medical Brigade (Eighth US Army, Korea) arthropod-borne disease surveillance program. Culicoides spp. were separated and identified to species using the keys and descriptions of Arnaud, Wada and Yu et al. and checklist of Cho and Chong. Kim et al. provided a brief summary of the history of research into the Culicoides fauna of the ROK noting the presence of several species of medical and veterinary importance. There are currently 28 species of Culicoides reported from the ROK and the presence of additional species has been reported by Cho & Chong, Kang & Yu and Lee, suggesting that the fauna has not yet been fully documented. Additionally, recent uses of DNA barcoding, by Bellis et al. have clarified the status of several species of Culicoides elsewhere and if applied more fully to Korean material, will likely reveal more records and perhaps new species. Surveys of adult biting midges from the ROK resulted in the discovery of three species previously not known from the ROK. So a total of 31 species of Culicoides are now known from the ROK. This study reports the presence of C. nasuensis Kitaoka, C. pallidulus Yu and C. jacobsoni Macfie from the ROK and an updated checklist of the Culicoides fauna of the ROK.