분리막 생물반응기(MBR)는 전통적인 수처리 방법과 비교하여 안정적인 수질확보, 처리부지 감소, 높은 유기물 제거 등의 장점으로 인하여 매우 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 긴 고형물 체류시간과 높은 미생물 농도로 인하여 종종 인제거에 제한이 있다. 전통적으로 인을 제거하기 위해 화학적 침전 방법이 가장 널리 사용되고 있으나 이는 과량의 응집제 주입으로 인한 비용 문제 및 대량의 슬러지 발생의 한계점을 가지고 있다. 반면 흡착공정은 상대적으로 운전이 쉽고 간단하며 슬러지 발생량을 현저히 줄일 수 있는 방법이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 입상 금속산화물 흡착제를 개발하고 이를 이용하여 MBR처리수 내의 인을 제거하는데 적용하고 성능을 평가하였다. 본 연구는 환경부의 연구비(과제번호 2013001390002)를 지원받아 진행되었습니다.

Western flower thrips (WFT), Franklinella occidentalis, is a major pest of ornamentals. Mycotized millet grains with entomopathogenic fungi applied to soil of potted marigold plants was tested to target pupating thrips. Two experimental fungal isolates, (Beauveria bassiana [ARS7060] and Metarhizium anisopliae [ERL1171]), were compared with the registered B.bassiana strain GHA and untreated controls in greenhouse caged trials. Mycotized millet grains were mixed into the upper surface of the potting soil in pots of flowering ‘Hero Yellow’ marigolds (4 g/pot). One week after application five mated WFT females were released onto each plant (four plants per cage). At 8 wks post-infestation, the mean total number of thrips per plant was 81 and 90% less in the ERL1171 and ARS 7060 treatments, respectively, than in the controls. The mean numbers of thrips per plant for the control and GHA treatments were not significantly different. Plant damage was 60% less on plants treated with the experimental fungi than the control and GHA treatments. At 10 wks post-application, 75-90% of WFT collected from the treatments were infected with the experimental isolates. These results demonstrate that soil applications of entomopathogenic fungi can reduce WFT populations significantly and prevent damage.

Cabbage is one of the major vegetable crops especially in Korea. Various insect pests intimidate the cabbage production. Moreover, an excessive spray of chemical insecticides leads to development of insecticide resistance as well adverse effects on environment and humans. The brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae, is a coleopteran pest. Both larval and adult stages feed cabbage. This study aimed to develop an effective microbial biopesticide against P. brassicae by adding immunosuppressive agent to Bacillus thurigiensis (Bt). To determine an optimal immunosuppressive agent, two bacterial species of Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata (Ptt) and Xenorhabdus nematophila were compared in their insecticidal activity against P. brassicae, and Ptt was selected. Among four subspecies of Bt, B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) was selected. Ptt bacterial culture broth possessed immunosuppressive agent(s) because the bacterial culture broth significantly increased other bacterial growth in P. brassicae hemolymph. When the Ptt broth was added to Btt, it significantly increased the insecticidal activity of Btt. Bt-Plus was prepared by mixing Btt and Ptt bacterial culture and sprayed the cabbage infested by P. brassicae. The Bt-Plus was much more effective than Btt treatment. This study reports a novel Bt insecticide to control P. brassicae.

항만국통제를 이용한 해적행위 퇴치는 선박이나 항만 및 그 주변에서 모든 형태의 불법행위를 방지할 수 있는 예방적 조치이므로 매우 효과적이다. 더욱 이 항만국통제는 해적행위를 예방할 뿐만 아니라, 감시, 체포, 소추 및 처벌하 는 보안관련 국제협약을 이행하기 위한 검증된 제도이다. 오늘날 나이지리아에 서 주요 공격대상인 유조선에 대한 대부분의 해적행위는 국가경제의 대들보인 기름과 가스의 개발이 이루어지고 있는 영해 이내에서 발생하고 있다. 본래 해 적행위란 1982년 유엔해양법협약 제101조에 따라 공해상에서 민간선박 또는 민 간항공기의 승무원이나 승객이 사적 목적으로 다른 선박이나 항공기 또는 그 선박이나 항공기 내의 사람이나 재산에 대하여 범하는 불법적 폭력행위, 억류 또는 약탈행위를 말한다. 그러나 저자는 오늘날 나이지리아를 포함한 대부분의 해상 불법행위는 영해 이내의 수역에서 발생하고 있고, 또 공해상으로 그 행위 가 확장하고 있기 때문에 이들 불법행위를 해적행위로 간주하고 이에 대한 대 응방안을 제시한다. 이 논문에서는 나이지리아에서의 해적행위를 퇴치하기 위 한 방안으로서 항만국통제의 효과적인 활용에 대하여 검토한다.

The purpose of this study was to compare weight control behaviour, eating habits, and health-related life habits accordingto degree of obesity among normal, overweight, and obese groups. Self-perception of weight and desire for weight controlin males (p<0.001) and females (p<0.001) varied among the three groups. Reasons (p<0.001), experience (p<0.01), andmethod of weight control (p<0.05) were different among the three female groups, whereas males did not show anydifferences. Intake of nutritional supplements in the male obese group was higher compared to other groups (p<0.01),whereas eating habits were not significantly different among the three groups for both males and females. Food habits scorefor intake of fruits, milk, and yogurt were higher in females than males (p<0.001). Correlation coefficients of food habitsscore and anthropometric measurements showed that hip circumference was negative for intake of fruits in males, whereasRBW and BMI were positive for food combination, intake of bean products, and fishes in females (p<0.05). Frequency andfitting exercise in the obese female group were lower than in the other groups (p<0.01). Therefore, proper nutritionaleducation for obese individuals is recommended proper self-perception of weight, good food habits, and regular exercise.

Spatial structures as like dome structure have the different dynamic characteristics from general rahmen structures. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately analyze dynamic characteristics and effectively control of seismic response of spatial structure subjected to multi-supported excitation. In this study, star dome structure that is subjected to multi-supported excitation was used as an example spatial structure. The response of the star dome structure under multiple support excitation are analyzed by means of the pseudo excitation method. Pseudo excitation method shows that the structural response is divided into two parts, ground displacement and structural dynamic response due to ground motion excitation. And the application of passive tuned mass damper(TMD) to seismic response control of star dome structures has been investigated. From this numerical analysis, it is shown that the seismic response of spatial structure under multiple support seismic excitation are different from those of spatial structure under unique excitation. And it is reasonable to install TMD to the dominant points of each mode. And it is found that the passive TMD could effectively reduce the seismic responses of dome structure subjected to multi-supported excitation.

모기의 유충인 장구벌레를 식물의 피도와 식물높이를 이 용하여 효율적으로 줄일 수 있는 방법을 알아보았다. 자연 상태와 유사한 인공수조 34개에서 식생 피도와 높이에 따른 장구벌레 개체수를 측정하였다. 피도가 30% 이하인 수조 13개에서 평균 2.21마리로 매우 많았고, 피도가 30~60%인 수조 10개에서는 평균 0.6마리로 적게 관찰되었다. 70%이 상인 수조 11개에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 피도가 0일 때 평 균 15.67마리로 가장 높은 개체수를 보였다. 식물 높이에 따른 장구벌레는 식물이 없거나 수면만 덮는 0.1㎝에서 평 균1.43마리를 관찰했고, 식물 높이가 1㎝ 이상인 수조는 평 균 0.61마리로 장구벌레의 개체수가 매우 적었다.

Entomopathogenic fungi infect some arthropod pest and have been used for biological control. Some entomopathogenic fungi have high potential in insect pest management worldwide, and most of researches were given to Hypocreales order of Ascomycota, but little in Zygomycota, such as Entomophthorales in our country. We have identified some species belonging to Entomophthorales and investigated cultural features and ecology of Entomophaga aulicae. E. aulicae in sweet potato fields, where Aedia leucomelas was a dominant pest, had caused epizootics from 2002–2005. E. aulicae-infected A. leucomelas larva were mostly found from August to October and its occurrence was significantly related to the precipitation. E. aulicae were mainly observed in dead A. leucomelas larval populations (infection rate = 41.3% in 2002), rather than other lepidopteran pests. E. aulicae was morphologically and genetically identified and its virulence was characterized in laboratory conditions. Additionally, pest infection by Zoophthora radicans, Neozygites floridana and some Entomophthorales have been identified. On the basis with this information, we need research to predict the prevalence and to develop biological control agent using Entomophthorales including E. aulicae that contribute to regulation of host populations.

Methyl bromide(MB) is a fumigant for quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) that can eradicate target pests within short fumigation periods. However, MB, an ozone-depleting substance, is scheduled to be phased out in the second decade of this century. In contrast to MB alternatives for soil fumigation, there is no ideal alternative fumigant to MB for QPS of perishable commodities. It is important that all target insect pests are killed within a short fumigation time. The citrus mealybug(Planococcuscitri), a problematicquarantine pest from Korea, was exposed to ethyl formate and phosphine for different times and to different concentrations of EF(0.0∼33.4 mg/L) and PH3(0.25∼1.0 mg/L) in small desiccators. The eggs showed more tolerance than the nymphs and adults. To control the eggs, they were treated with a mixture of EF and PH3 for 2 and 4-hr. The egg stage showed 100% mortality with EF:PH3(25.1:0.25, 16.7:0.5, and 16.7:1.0 mg/L) at 4-hr. Treatment with a mixture of EF and PH3 for 4-hr at 8°C can control all stages of the citrus mealybug.

Biological control as a tactic of environmentally safer agriculture has not been widely accepted by farmers. In Japan integrated biological control with native natural enemies is rapidly developing for greenhouse vegetables, because of high prices of commercially mass-reared biological control agents. We have studied the effective use of natural enemies at farm level, focusing on generalist predators, although there are differences in using natural enemies for augmentation in greenhouses and conservation in open fields. Recently, however, insectary plants (crops) have been considered as a key component for enhancing natural enemies. We have examined the effectiveness of candidate insectary plants on natural enemies and implemented biointensive IPM with insectary plants at farm-level. Our recent study suggested that some herbs and crops are highly effective on improving the survival and reproduction of generalist predators. By growing such plants in vegetable greenhouses and open-fields, natural enemy populations could be enhanced and thus stably persist even after targeted prey populations are exploited. Moreover, insectary plants may result in a shift of IPM from level I to level II.

In insects, the sense of smell is a complex and highly sensitive modality, governing essential decisions such as choice of food and oviposition sites. Plants emit substantial amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the characteristic scent represents a dynamic communication channel. Understanding this odor-mediated system is critically important in the habitat management and in the largest view of the conservation biological control. Here we suggest that the fitness of the egg parasitoid ,an important biological control agent of the green vegetable bug may be improved through the understanding of chemical communication in the biological control system. Initially, the attractiveness of four flowering plant species, chosen from apanelofplants based on the longevity of the eggparasitoid on these plants, to T. basalis was assessed, which indicated significant behavioral attraction of T. basalis to the buckwheat flowers. Subsequently, and GC-MS analysis were carried out to identify the olfactory-active VOC semanated from buck wheat, demonstrating that the antennalol factory receptor neurons of T. basalis were responsive to some aliphatic acids as well as a few common plant volatiles. In behavioral bioassays using synthetic formulation based on the chemical and electrophysiological analysis, T. basalis exhibited significant behavioral attraction to the synthetic blend at optimum dose. The findings, in a wider perspective, form the basis for further improvement of the use of the companion plants that may increase the insects’ communities’ ability to persist in an environment.

장경간 교량의 낮은 감쇠비로 인하여 발생하는 구조물의 진동은 구조물의 안전성 및 사용성에 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 시공 중인 교량에 지배적으로 발생하는 연직 방향 진동을 제어하기 위하여 능동형 질량댐퍼(AMD)를 연구하였다. 대상 사장교의 동특성을 조사하기 위하여 모드 해석이 수행되었으며 이를 바탕으로 제어 성능과 설치 공간에 적합한 AMD를 설계하기 위하서 LQR(Linear Quadratic Regulator) 제어 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 성능 검증을 위하여 건설 단계의 대상 구조물과 AMD를 1/10.5의 상사비로 축소시킨 시작품을 설계, 제작하였으며, 시스템 식별을 수행하여 Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) 제어 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 성능 실험 결과 AMD 제어 시에 높은 제어 효과를 구현하였으며, 실험 결과를 수치해석과 비교를 통하여 제어기 설계의 타당성을 확인하였다.

Conservation biological control (CBC) is one of the pest management tactics based on protecting and maintaining natural enemies that already exist in the crop environment. Among many appropriate practices to control pests, CBC has been considered as a sustainable means and a less expensive alternatives to chemicals. It contains an introduction of non-crop plants as shelter habitat for providing natural enemies with food sources, overwintering or refuges shelters. As a small scale experiment of CBC, we tried to intercrop six kinds of floral plants (buckwheat, red clover, Agastache rugosa, Chrysanthemum indicum, Allium tuberosum, Lythrum anceps) with napa cabbage in order to attract some natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps that could be fed on them in the cabbage fields, which is a novel way for conservation of natural enemies, but none showed significant result. For the development of integrated pest management system by harmonizing biological and chemical control, we carried out evaluating toxicity of 30 pesticides to parasitoids and investigating effectiveness of traps. With leaf dipping method for adult and body dipping method for cocoons, 12 pesticides showed under 30% of toxicity being selected as safer by IOBC. Using sex-pheromone traps for attracting lepidopteran pests showed that DBM, CAW and CL occurred less than untreated fields; 67.5%, 70.6% and 44.0%, respectively. Also, yellow sticky traps could reduce some pests; 52% for flea beetle, 62% for cabbage sawfly and 41% for Phaedon brassicae. These results are expected to give basic information to develop conservation biological control of DBM with indigenous parasitoids in the cabbage fields on a large scale in the future. Before developing and distributing a promising pest control method, we should consider whether it can be compatible with other agricultural practices or various situations around fields.

지난 100년간 우리나라 평균기온은 1.5°C 상승(세계평 균 0.74°C)하는 등 산림생태계 변화가 빠르게 진행되고 있 다. 1960∼1990년에는 솔나방, 솔잎혹파리 등 해충에 의한 피해가 대부분이고, 2000년에는 재선충병, 참나무시들음병 등 병·균류에 의한 피해 급증하였다. 최근 2010년대에는 꽃 매미, 미국선녀벌레 등 외래병해충의 국내유입 및 기후변화 에 따른 병해충 피해 확산되고 있다. (산림청, 2010) 우리나 라의 산림에서, 참나무가 차지하는 중요도를 감안할 때 최 근 기후변화에 따른 참나무시들음병의 확산에 따라 숲 생태 의 급속한 변화에 이를 막기 위한 발생지역 수목의 직경급 에 따른 피해정도를 조사하고 기후변화에 따른 치악산국립 공원 내 참나무시들음병 발생현황 및 방제에 따른 감소경향 을 파악하고자한다. 치악산국립공원 참나무시들음병 발생지역에 설치한 방 형구와 피해지역의 전수조사의 결과로 얻어진 자료에 의하 여 각 수종별 상대밀도, 상대피도(흉고 단면적) 및 상대 빈 도를 각각 계산 했으며, 이들을 토대로 수종의 상대적인 중 요도를 나타내는 측도로서 상대우점치를 구하였으며, 상층, 중층, 하층의 개체의 크기를 고려하여 평균상대우점치를 계 산하였다(Curtis and mclntosh 1951; Greig-Smith,1983). 종구성의 다양한 정도를 나타내는 측도인 종다양성은 종다 양도(evenness, J′), 우점도(dominance. D)에 의하여 종합적 으로 비교 하였으며, 일반적으로 이용되는 Shannon의 수식 (Pielou, 1975)을 적용하였다. 참나무시들음병이 발생한 피 해지역의 피해목에 대하여 산림청(2007)에서 지정한 3단계 의 피해구분을 이용하여 흉고직경과 피해도(경·중·심)를 조 사하고 개체수를 파악하여 피해목의 직경급별분포와 피해 정도의 변화를 보았다. 2013년 6월부터 10월까지 치악산국 립공원의 협조를 받아 온·습도계(HoBo)를 설치하고 치악산 국립공원내 참나무시들음병 피해지역 온도와 습도를 측정 하여 기후변화를 파악하였다. 참나무시들음병 발생지역의 상대 우점치는 신갈나무의 상대우점치가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그 외 다른 수종의 상 대우점치는 낮게 나타났다. 참나무시들음병 발생지역의 전 수조사 결과 피해목은 해마다 약 30%의 감소율을 보았으며 ha당 피해는 약 58%의 감소율을 보였다. 국립공원의 참나 무시들음병 방제로 인한 영향도 있지만 조사지역은 해발고 742∼783m로서 고산지역의 특징을 가지며, 고산지역에서 의 참나무시들음병은 시간의 경과에 따라 점차 감소하는 추세를 보이는 것이라 사료된다. 참나무시들음병 발생지역 의 피해목의 흉고직경 분포에서 중경목과 대경목의 비율이 상당히 높고 소경목의 비율이 적게 나타났으며 신갈나무가 졸참나무와 굴참나무보다 많이 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 광릉긴나무좀은 다른 참나무류(굴참나무, 졸참나 무)보다 신갈나무를 선호하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 치악 산국립공원 참나무시들음병 발생조사지역의 종다양도는 0.714로 나타났으며 전국의 국립공원지역의 참나무 우점군 집과 비슷한 종다양도를 나타내고 있었다. 2012년 상원사 지역에 발생한 참나무시들음병은 해발고 900∼1,000m에 서 발생하였고, 부곡지구의 결과와 마찬가지로 전 수종이 신갈나무였으며 흉고직경 20㎝이상인 중경목과 대경목의 피해가 많았다. 부곡지구와 상원사 지역은 서로 근접해 있 지 않으며 낮은 해발고에서부터 높은 해발고의 점차적인 유입이 없고 고립된 피해를 받은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 상원사 지역은 등산로 반경 좌우 20m 안에 피해목이 분포하였으며 이는 광릉긴나무좀이 임도나 등산로를 통해 유입이 된다고 추정된다.

The water distribution system should be invariably operated on continuous pattern for 24 hours a day. Occasionally, it is not practically possible to operate for 24 hours due to water shortage or financial constraints. Therefore an intermittent water supply is unavoidable in water shortage area and developing countries.But the intermittent water supply can introduce large pressure forces and rapid fluid accelerations into a water supply network. These disturbances may result in new pipe failure, leakage and secondary contamination.This paper proposed an improvement methodology to prevent the disturbances by intermittent water supply. For the study, the hydraulic variation of intermittent flow in water distribution system was measured and analyzed in the field by comparing with simulation of hydraulic model. Installations of control valves such as, pressure reducing and sustaining and air valves were employed for pressure and flow control. The effectiveness of the methods are presented by comparing hydraulic conditions before and after introducing the proposed solutions.

위해요소관리 중심의 복숭아 GAP 모델 개발에 필요한 미생물 위해분석 자료를 확보하기 위해 충북 영동에 소재한 3곳의 복숭아 농장을 대상으로 재배단계별로 총 240점의 시료를 수집하여 미생물 오염도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 일반세균과 대장균군은 모든 시료에서 1.0~7.4 및 0.0~5.4 log CFU/g(or mL, leaf, hand, 100 cm2) 수준으로 검출되었다. 대장균은 240점의 시료 중 농업용수 2점, 복숭아 잎 1점, 작업복 1점, 장갑 1점 등 총 5점의 시료에서 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물은 S. aureus는 작업자 개인위생에서만 0.9 log CFU/hand(or 100 cm2) 이하로 검출되었고, B. cereus는 토양에서 최대 6.4 log CFU/g까지 검출되었으며, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 및 Salmonella spp.는 검출되지 않았다. 곰팡이는 모든 시료에서 0.0~5.1 log CFU/g(or mL, leaf, hand, 100 cm2) 범위로 검출되었다.

Material flow control (MFC) is a kind of operational policy to control of the movement of raw materials, components, and products through the manufacturing lines. It is very important because it varies throughput, line cycle time, and work-in-process (WIP) under the same manufacturing environments. MFC can be largely categorized into three types such as Push, Pull, and Hybrid. In this paper, we set various manufacturing environments to compare five existing MFC mechanisms: Push, Pull, and Hybrid (CONWIP, Gated MaxWIP, Critical WIP Loops, etc). Three manufacturing environments, manufacturing policies (make to stock and make to order), demand (low, medium, high), and line balancing (balanced, unbalanced, and highly unbalanced) are considered. The MFCs are compared in the point of the five functional efficiencies and the proposed compounded efficiency. The simulation results shows that the Push is superior in the functional efficiency and GMWIP is superior in the compounded efficiency.

Mealworms, Tenebrio molitor (L.) is used as an important animal feed additive for growth promotion and health management, but potentially exposes to fungal infection. In this work, virulence of two species of entomopathogenic fungi against the insect, and the relationship between abiotic features and virulence were investigated. Secondly our consideration was also given to the effect of chemical fungicides on conidial germination for risk control. Between Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Metarhizium roberstii (Mr) (previously M. anisopliae), Bb isolates had much higher virulence (~100% mortality in 3~4 days after the treatment), rather than Mr isolates in laboratory assays. Next, fungus-treated mealworms were kept at wheat bran at 20, 25, 30 and 35℃ with 3, 6, 9 times of water spray to the feeds for set-up of different humidity conditions. Inoculation of fungi to mealworms was conducted by fungal spray and feeding methods, which resulted in higher virulence in feeding method. In the feeding method, all temperature treatments except 35℃ showed high virulence against mealworms, but any significant relationship between virulence and humidity was not observed. In the chemical fungicide screening, fluazinam (CAS No. 79622-59-6) and mancozeb (8018-01-7) significantly inhibited the germination of Bb and Mr conidia. This work suggest that contamination of wheat bran with fungal pathogens, particularly B. bassiana may induce mycosis of mealworms, but introduction of effective fungicides possibly reduce fungal infection.

For replacement of methyl bromide(MB) in Korea, VapormateTM, a gas formulation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, are firslty introduced in import bananas and VivakilTM, a gas formulation of phosphine(PH3) with carbon dioxide, are ready to commercial use in export cut flowers. Their applications are being extended for other import and export commodities. Ethyl formate have been shown to have effectiveness short exposure time(<4hr) but it has a limited application at low temperature for TSM(Two spotted spider mites) due to some phytotoxic to strawberry. Phosphine gas has demonstrated their efficacy to TSM at low temperature but only meets quarantine requirement when applying longer fumigation time(>24hr) to control CA(cotton aphids). We firstly evaluated two MB alternatives, EF and PH3, have enhansive effect within short exposure time(4hr) at low temperature(5℃) for controlling both TSM and CA without any injury to export strawberries.

본 연구에서는 풍진동 제어를 위해 39층 테크노마트 건물에 능동형 질량 감쇠기를 적용하기 위한 수치해석적 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저, 태풍 풍응답 계측 및 풍동실험을 통해 테크노마트 단변방향 진동에 대한 사용성 개선이 필요함을 확인하였다. AMD에 요구되는 스트로크 확보를 위한 건물의 여유 공간, 설치 위치, 허용 무게 등을 알아보고 제진장치 배치 및 사양을 결정하였다. 그리고 테크노마트의 최상거주층인 39층 단변방향을 대상으로 한 1자유도 해석모델에 대해 선형제어방법인 속도피드백, LQR, LQG 알고리즘과 비선형제어방법인 Bnag-bang 알고리즘을 적용하는 해석연구를 수행하였다. 해석결과 제어 전·후의 최대가속도는 11.83cm/s2에서 4.19cm/s2으로, 진동감지확률은 90%에서 50%이하로 감소하여 Bang-bang 제어알고리즘을 적용할 경우 제어성능이 가장 좋은 것을 확인하였으며 각각의 알고리즘으로 구현된 AMD의 최대 스트로크가 모두 허용범위 수준을 만족하는 결과가 나왔다. 또한, 실제 AMD의 안정적은 작동을 위해 요구되는 원점보정 신호 방안을 제안하여, 제한된 스트로크 내에서 제진장치를 안정적으로 운행할 수 있음을 확인 하였다.