신라왕조의 석축 산성에서 조사된 성벽을 관통하는 배수장치에 대한 기왕의 연구를 보충하였다. 조사된 사례가 3개소에서 12개소 이상으로 증가된 고고학적 발굴조사 성과를 반영하여 형식적 구분을 다시 하였다. 성곽에서의 배수장치로서의 수문은 교량형(橋梁形)과 암거형(暗渠形), 누조(漏槽) 등으로 크게 구분된다. 이글에서는 특히 성벽 통과형 암거형식을 다루고, 그 시설된 숫자에 따라 단구식(單口式)과 다구식(多口式)을 구분하였다. 다구식은 성내의 수위 변화에 대비하여 수위(水位)에 따른 배수가 가능하게 만든 것들이다. 종래 출수구(出水口) 외면의 형태에 따라 형태를 구분하였던 점을 고쳐서 입수구와 출수구를 잇는 수로의 횡단면 형태에 따라 오각형, 사다리꼴, 사각형에 추가하여 삼각형의 유형이 있음을 새로 추가하였다. 이중 가장 보편적인 사례는 방형 단면의 것들이며, 이런 형태는 신라 하대에서 고려를 거쳐 조선시대 후기까지도 그 사례를 찾을 수 있는 반면, 나머지 형태는 신라의 5세기 후반에서 7세기에 걸쳐 다양하게 축조되었다. 이들 여러 형태 가운데 단면 사각형은 중세와 근세의 산성까지 가장 오랫동안 시설되었다.

The study was conducted to investigate the spring emergence pattern of G. molesta and to forecast the emerging time of overwintering G. molesta on tree fruit orchards. G. molesta is one of major insect pests on fruit trees in Korea. The host range of G. molesta includes many economically important tree fruit plants such as apple, pear, peach and plum. The overwintering G. molesta emerge from late March as an adult lay eggs on the shoot of peach or fruits of apple, plum and peach. Therefore, it is important to understand the biofix and to forecast the emerging peak period of overwintering G. molesta for establishing the pest management strategy. The pheromone trap of G. molesta has been utilized to monitor the population density in apple orchard. The commercial stick trap (GreenAgroTech) and lure (Z8-12:AC, E8-12:Ac, Z8-12:OH, 95:5:1) was set to monitor the population density of G. molesta on each place (56 different fruit orchards). The record of temperature was received from meteorological center close to monitoring orchards. The parameters for forecasting the emerging time and peak period of overwintering G. molesta were calculated from the results of Yang et al (1997 and 2001). Although the estimated biofix of G. molesta was not fitted well, the peak period of overwintering G. molesta was explained by linear regression model. The spring emergence pattern of G. molesta was presented differently related to host plant and geographical location. The peak period of G. molesta at the same mornitoring county was presented differently according to host plant. The synchronization between host plant and G. molesta may be studied to figure out the spring emerging time of overwintering G. molesta.

The Bunhuangsa stone pagoda, constructed in AD. 634, National Treasure no. 30, has been named as 'brick-copied pagoda' since the Japanese-ruling period by scholars. It is said that the Chinese brick pagoda was its precedent model, however the Bunhuangsa Pagoda is the oldest of all the Chinese-style brick pagodas except one, the Sungaksa Pagoda. The Chinese pagoda cannot have been a precedent model to copy due to its complex detail of wood vestige, as the Bunhuangsa pagoda is simple form without ornament. Domestic brick pagodas cannot have been a precedent model to copy as well, because all the domestic brick pagodas are younger than the Bunhuangsa Pagoda. Therefore, the terminology 'brick-copied pagoda' is a fallacy; it is rather that later brick pagoda copied the precedent the Bunhuangsa stone pagoda. The Bunhuangsa Pagoda is simply a piled-up pagoda of thick or thin, big or small slates of stone, facing only one smooth side and therefore needing nothing to relate to brick. The originality of the pagoda is more related to simple piled-up Indian stone stupa rather than Chinese brick pagoda. The roof form of its gradually stepped projection comes from the harmika of the summit of Indian stupa. Contrary to general history, old Silla Dynasty imported Buddhism directly from India by sea. From written national history and by temple foundation history, the Indian Buddhism evangelist possibly made influence to the erecting of temple and pagoda. The original wrong terminology has made a harmful effect gradually to the naming of mass-styled stone pagoda of only carved stepped-roof form after brick-copied pagoda. The false term 'brick-copied pagoda' should be discarded, which comes with superficial observation based on toadyism to China and colonialism to Japan. Instead of the fallacious term, this paper suggests multi-storied ‘piled-up pagoda with slate stone.'

This study aims to investigate the changing aspects about research methodology of stone pagoda from the period of Japanese colonial to now. There were the differences in purpose, method and analysis of the research according to each period. In Japanese colonial period, the purpose of research was to make lists of almost stone pagodas in Korea. Following this, Japanese researchers conducted detailed research for academic purpose. They took measurements of stone pagodas and made drawings. After liberation the research was focused on the relics contained in pagodas. They proceeded to investigate the inner relics in order to attract the attention of the people. In the late 1900's, the repair works of cultural heritages were increased. Many reports of the repair works were released and sent to administration offices. The reports contained the change aspects of situation between before work and after with drawings or simple investigation documents. In the 1990's, the restoration works for important stone pagodas were started by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. Since then, researches from various way - architectural and conservational researches about historical interpretation, shape, structure, proportion, technique, etc. - progressed for careful restoration and accurate study. In Recent years, various professional organizations(in the field of structure, physics, chemistry, biology, lithology, etc.) started to join the researches. Researches conducted studies directly with the stone pagodas, as well as conducting indirect studies with the stone pagodas, such as the structural stability of stone pagodas, the characteristics of rock, and conservation chemicals. Today the research project 'The preservation project of stone cultural property' is being conducted by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. The purpose of this project is to gain more detailed and accurate investigation documents to be provided for the people. In conclusion, researches from various fields must be included in the research. Furthermore, a synthetic study should be done through comparing similar characteristics or different characteristics among many research results.

S-파 크로스홀 검측을 이용하여 쇄석말뚝의 건전도를 평가하였다. 이 평가 기법은 현장타설말뚝의 크로스홀 초음파 검측(CSL)과 개념적으로 유사하다. 이 기법의 주요한 차이점은 CSL에서는 P-파를 사용하나 이 기법에서는 S-파를 이용한다는 사실이다. 그 이유는 S-파만이 물보다 느린 매질의 강성을 감지할 수 있는 유일한 탄성파이기 때문이다. 양방향 S-파를 생성할 수 있는 전기-기계식 발진자를 사용하여 검측을 수행하였다. 이 쇄석말뚝의 형상을 말뚝을 통과하는 S-파 도달시간, 쇄석과 주변지반의 S-파속도 주상도를 이용하여 재생하였다. 쇄석의 S-파속도 주상도는 쇄석의 내부마찰각 및 정지토압계수로 산출하는 것이 타당한 것으로 확인되었다. 쇄석말뚝의 직경 산정은 이 내부마찰각과 토압계수에 크게 영향을 받지 않는다.

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

본고는 청동기시대 석기의 취락 내 제작 양상에 관한 연구이다. 석기의 제작 단계는 대체적으로 타격에 의한 1차 성형의 1단계, 고타와 약마를 통해 거친 면을 다듬고 세부적인 형태를 조정하는 2단계, 세부 마연을 행하는 3단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 이상 설정된 단계별 미제품과 석기 제작 도구의 출토 양상, 그리고 석기 제작과 관련된 유구 내부의 흔적 등을 종합적으로 비교·검토한 결과, 유적의 점유시기보다는 입지에 따라 제작상에 차이가 있었던 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 취락 내 석기 제작의 시기별 변화상은 각 유적에서 출토된 미제품과 완제품의 조성 비율을 통하여 살펴볼 수 있었다. 먼저, 가공 도구 가운데 고석의 주거지 당 출토량이 전기에 비하여 후기에 급감하는데, 고타기법이 합인석부의 제작에 주로 이용되는 점과 합인석부가 화전농경에 관련된 도구임을 감안하여 이러한 농경 방식이 청동기시대 후기에 감소하였음을 짐작할 수 있었다. 또한 미제품과 완제품의 조성비 비교 결과 전기 단계에 훨씬 더 많은 미제품과 파손품이 발생하였음이 확인되었는데, 이는 후기 단계에 석기의 형태가 제작하기 쉬운 형태로 변화한 사실과 관련된 것으로 추정하였다. 이밖에 입지·시기별 변화와 관계없이 주거지 면적이 넓어질수록 미제품과 완제품의 출토량이 많아지는 경향성도 확인되었다. 이와 병행하여 실시한 석기 제작 실험 결과, 선형석기의 제작에 있어서 양극기법의 유용함과 석도의 천공 작업 시 고타 과정을 거치는 것이 그렇지 않은 경우보다 효율적이라는 점을 확인하였다. 또한 석부는 강한 암질의 석재를 대상으로 제작하기 때문에 형태가 비슷한 것을 이용하여 작업을 최소화 하였으며, 특정 부분을 마연하는 경우 가공 대상물을 고정시키고 소형의 지석을 움직이는 것이 보다 효율적이라는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.

1) The structural system of『Hwaeomgyeong』has its core in the fact it deals with certain themes repeatedly on the basis of 「Sipjipum」as a system of discipline.( The key of Euisang's ideas lay in referring to the whole 『Hwaeomgyeong』as Beopseong and expressing it with the term, 'Haeng'. Here 'Haeng' is a system of discipline based on 「Sipjipum」. This indicates that 『Hwaeomgyeong』can be fully represented just by 「Sipjipum」because the twos are structurally similar) (1) In 「Sipjipum」, a summary of 『Hwaeomgyeong』is contained. Thus descriptions of 「Sipjipum」may be like those of 『Hwaeomgyeong』. (2) 『Hwaeomgyeong』had a three-dimensional spatial structure which corresponds with the Heaven of Yok Gye Yuk Cheon and the Earth, when associated with places of preaching Buddhist sermons. 2) This researcher investigated stone platforms of the Buseoksa Temple with references to 『Hwaeomgyeong』and 「Sipjipum」. 1) All the platforms, whether their building is still remained on them or not, comply better with implications of 「Sipjipum」. 2) Different heights of the stone platforms and the axial refraction of the platforms brought by their shape changes all imply variations in discipline levels descrided in 「Sipjipum」, in terms of form and symbolic implication. Sites which mainly compose the stone platforms also comply with descriptions contained in 『Hwaeomgyeong』regarding the place, frequency and contents of preaching Buddhist sermons. In conclusion, the outside of the Buseoksa Temple is composed of architectural spaces for which contents of 『Hwaeomgyeong』and 「Sipjipum」and the frequency and place of preaching Buddhist sermons are fully considered and comprehended.

Korea's stone buildings are varied in their types such as stone pagodas, stone lanterns, stone bridges, stoneworks, etc. These account for more than 30% over the entire cultural properties, but research achievements are lacking compared to wooden buildings. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the shape, role and transition of Tapgu, which had been used to set up boundary at a stone pagoda, one of the stone buildings. The 20th stone pagodas, which have relative accuracy in its forming year, have been studied around national treasure or treasure between 7th century and 9th century. There are a lot of different opinions about the role and meaning of Tapgu, and at this writer's option, Tapgu is defined as follows: First, each structure plays a different role. A structure to pass the load in the upper part to the ground can be seen as a stair or a pedestal, but a structure to form double foundations can be considered as Tapgu. Second, Tapgu can be used to divide areas with stones or stepping stones. As a result, the shape, role and transition of Tapgu is as follows: Firstly, when it comes to its shape, Tapgu includes flagstone type, belt type, double foundation type, compound type. Flagstone type had been used to set up boundary at stone pagodas by using foundation stone, belt type by keeping apart from stone pagodas, and double foundation stone by installing dual foundation stones. Secondly, Tapgu is considered to set up boundary in the case of flagstone and plate stone, and acts like a structure which can prevent surrounding area of stone pagoda from coming up while being stuck around stone pagodas. Belt type was installed only for the purpose of forming boundary. At the bottom, double foundation stone had been used to pass the load in the upper part to the ground in the same way as the foundation stone in the upper part, and the boundaries were set varying the size. Thirdly, when it comes to the transition of Tapgu, flagstone type of boundary stone had been installed in the 7th century, and belt type of boundary stone had been mainly installed in the 8th century. And double foundation stone had been installed in the 9th century. Comprehensively, flagstone type and belt type had been made around the 7th and 8th century when Tapgu was regarded important and stone pagoda started to be built. At the turn to the 9th century, the role of Tapgu had been increasingly losing in the construction of stone pagoda, and foundation stone started to appear.

본 연구는 고성능콘크리트의 강도조절과 수화열 저감을 위하여 쇄석 쇄사 생산시 발생되는 쇄석미분말을 사용하여 고성능콘리트의 강도, 유동성 내구성능 및 건조수축 특성을 검토한 것이다. 실험결과 쇄석미분말은 치환율 10% 증가시마다 무치환시의 압축강도를 약 10~15%씩 감소시키며, 변형계수와 물구속비를 감소시켜 고성능콘크리트의 유동성 향상에 효과적이다. 또한, 고성능콘크리트에서 쇄식미분말 10% 치환시 마다 단위시멘트량 감소에 따른 최고 단열온도상승량을 약 4℃씩 감소시켰다. 반면 건조수축랑은 10% 치환시마다 약 5% 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 고성능콘크리트의 내구성은 단위분체량과 유동성향상에 따른 조직의 치밀화로 쇄석미분말의 치환에 관계없이 상대동탄성계수 100%이상으로 우수하게 나타났다. 이와 같이 문제로서 쇄석미분말의 사용은 치환량에 따른 고성능콘크리트의 강도조절이 가능하며 수차 발열량을 저감시킬 수 있다.

In this study, the structural stability of stone pagoda in Korea is evaluated with regard to the contact characteristics between stone blocks and a method for restoring the static stability of the stone pagoda by increasing the friction coefficient between stone blocks are proposed. Existing steel insertions, which are used for a temporary retrofitting method, bring about not only decoloration on the surface due to its corrosion but also stress concentration in stone blocks which may end up fracturing blocks. In order to replace the stiff insertions such as iron with ductile materials, lead or tin, experirnental test is conducted for identifying the friction characteristics of stone blocks without/with various types of insertions and the results indicated that a ductile compound metal insertion brought about the increase of the friction coefficients when compared to the existing iron insertion.

석기는 청동기인들의 실제적인 삶의 필요에 의하여 고안되었기 때문에 기능적 속성 파악을 통한 당시인의 생활방식이나 생계수단 등의 연구에 있어서 효과적이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 석기분석을 바탕으로 청동기시대 취락의 생계유형과 그 변화상을 검토하고, 더 나아가 취락 간의 사회경제적 측면에 대하여 살펴보았다. 물론 석기만의 분석을 통하여 취락의 생계경제를 언급하는 것은 무리가 따를 수밖에 없지만, 고고학적 현상을 해석하기 위한 다양한 접근 방법을 제시한다는 측면에서 나름대로 의미를 가질 것이라 생각한다. 분석을 통하여 확인된 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 우선 대단위 취락의 생계유형은 공통적으로 농경에 기반을 둔 경제생활을 영위하는 동시에 자연지리적 환경을 최대한 활용하여 수렵이나 채집활동, 유적의 입지에 따라 어로활동까지 병행하는 모습으로 복원되었다. 그리고 시간의 흐름에 따라 논농사의 집약화에 의한 생산량의 증대와 농경 비중의 확대, 증대된 생산물을 차지하기 위한 집단 간 갈등과 교역을 목적으로 한 석기 생산량 증가 등의 변화상이 관찰되었다. 다음으로 호서지역 청동기시대 취락의 사회경제적 측면에 대해서는 특수한 역할을 담당하는 취락이 후기부터 등장하였는데, 저장 중심 유적이나 제사 관련 유적이 다른 취락과 유사한 생계경제 방식을 취한데 반하여 교역 관련 유적은 농경에 의존하는 대신 교역 등에서의 우월적 지위를 통하여 식량의 공급이 이루어진 것으로 추정되었다. 또, 호서지역의 최상위 취락이라 할 수 있는 관창리유적과 송국리유적에 대한 조성비 비교 결과, 생계방식상의 유사성이 확인되었다.

요즘은 비선형해석과 유한요소해석이 가능하며 또 불연속면을 모델링을 통해 구현할 수 있도록 개발된 컴퓨터 프로그램이 개발되어 사용되고 있다. 그러나 석조구조물의 물성을 파악하지 않고서는 이러한 프로그램을 이용하여 실제거동을 예측하기가 매우 곤란하다. 이를 위해 석재와 석재의 접촉부의 강성의 변수를 사이부재를 가정하는 방식으로 수행하였으며, 실제 고유진동수를 측정하고, 석탑을 다자유도계 구조물로 가정하여 고유치 해석을 한 다음 이론상 고유진동수와 실제고유진동수가 일치하도록 접촉면의 강성을 조절하는 방식으로 모델링을 수행하였다. 연구를 위해 정림사지 오층석탑을 대상으로 구조모델링을 실시하였다. 본 연구결과는 석탑형 문화재에 대해 범용 프로그램을 이용한 구조모델링을 가능하도록 함으로써 주요 석탑형 문화재의 연직하중 뿐 아니라 진동이나 횡력에 대한 구조안전성 평가를 하는 과정에서도 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

우리나라의 석조문화재를 모델링할 때 불연속면을 갖는 구조재의 강성을 어떻게 규명하느냐가 매우 중요하지만 원형보존을 해야 하는 문화재의 특성상 이를 파악하기란 매우 곤란하다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 비파괴조사를 이용하여 고유진동수를 측정한 후, 시행착오법을 이용하여 측정된 고유진동수와 컴퓨터 모델링 결과 파악된 고유진동수를 비교함으로써 불연속면의 강성, 구조재의 탄성계수 등 홍예교를 이루는 재료의 구조적 물성을 추정함으로써 컴퓨터 모델링을 하는 방법을 제시하고 홍예교량의 동적특성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과 무사석 및 적심석의 강성이 홍예교의 동적특성에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.

Three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site, one of the early staged stone pagodas, has been known as a standard of Silla stone pagodas. A stone pagoda is not only a stone art work and but also a stone architecture. In understanding the stone pagoda it is very important to be approached with technological side in which we can investigate the stone pagoda deeply and as well as to have been approached with art historical view. Also it needs that we should see the stone pagoda in view of structural safety. We can get many high technique from our ancestors who made Gameunsajiseoktap. 1. To reduce any deformation such as relaxation and sinking of members which is caused by a heavy load the members such as the lower tier of the base is made up of the foundation stone and side stone in each, comprising one stone. 2. A special construction method for connection between wall stone and column stone in stereobates was invented. It is to make column stone projected partially and wall stone be caved in that two members should be jointed well. This unique method is not used any longer after the three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple Site. 3. In each side upper and lower member are not engaged as the size of roof stones and support stones of roof stones are different. It can be done for a distribution of perpendicular load and a prevention for relaxation of members. 4. It makes sure that to make upper ends of support stones 10mm lower was to be avoid upper loads to it judging from survey in disassemblying east pagoda. It proves that ancestors who made this stone pagoda had a technique to understand the structural matters to make small members as big as possible, not to engage in joint, to avoid in ends of members from upper load.

Through analysing on construction cases of stupa built in A.D. 7,8th, I have researched about these : constructive methods of inner soil of stupa, spatial compositions, characteristics of structures, arrangements of inner soil and etc. And cases analysed are six ; Mireuksajiseoktap(stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple site), Gameunsajisamcheumgseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Gameunsa Temple site), Goseonsajisamcheungseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Goseonsa Temple site), Wolseong nawolliocheungseoktap(five storied stone pagoda in Nawonri, Wolseong), Guksagokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Guksa valley), Giamgokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Giam valley). Additionally we researched about inner soil of Sacheonwangsaji tapji(basement of stone stupa site in Sacheonwang Temple site) to speculate on composition of Synthetically, the foundation could be divided as core space and outer space. ; the former as structural function and the latter as ornamental function. And the core area could be divided again as center column space and buffer space. The relationship between core spaces and its formation are as belows; First, according to the area of foundation and scale of stone pagoda, formations of core are differed. As the scale of stone pagoda goes bigger, and the area of foundation goes larger, the structure of stone pagoda comprised by center column type and layered-core which endure upper load independently. On the contrary, as the scale of stone pagoda goes smaller, and the area of foundation goes lesser, the structure of stone pagoda tend to use only center column to endure upper part. Second, spatial composition of core area is comprised as two spaces, one which endure upper load and buffer space which absorb side pressure and upper pressure. The buffer space tend to be used in case of those structures which could not endure side pressure or have lots of joint. In some cases, it was located below the cover stone of foundation and gained upper load. And in case that have not gained pressure from side stone, the buffer space are comprised by smalle stone or roof tile to get structural supplement.

Bulguk Temple, one of the national temples, sublimated the high formalism and symbolism into lovely art, and thus be called the pinnacle of Korean architecture. Of many characteristic structures of Bulguk Temple, the stone stereobate and stairs have a great importance in that we can read out the purpose of the architect through their relics. Especially, the stone stairs are noteworthy for they structuralize the intentional space division. The objects of this observation are Yeonwhagyo and Chilbogyo bridges at the entrance of Keungnakjeon precinct, and Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo stairs at the entrance of Daewoongjun precinct. All these relics are the structures that divide the precinct areas on the basis of Buddhist theory and have strong symbolic meanings as well. Although the diverse studies have made on the structures, there are many insufficient aspects for the manifestation of the meanings. In this study, I considered the Buddhist dogmatic meanings of the structures in the formalistic view of the Buddhist architecture. The study was proceeded in the way that the establishments of former studies were fully reflected in it. Through the study, I could confirm that the objects of consideration have the double formalistic meanings and they are strongly structuralizing the symbolism.