The purpose of this study is to examined the electrofusion and activation conditions for the production of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. In this study, immature oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 with and without hormones for 22 hours. Skin fibroblasts cells of porcine were transferred into the perivitelline space of enucleated in vitro matured oocytes. Cell fusion was performed with two different pulses that each one pulse (DC) of 1.1 kV/cm or 1.5 kV/cm for 30 μsec. After fusion subsequent activation were divided into three groups; non-treatment (control) and treatment with 2 mM 6-DMAP or 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B for 4 hours. Transferred embryos were cultured in PZM-3 (Porcine Zygote Medium-3) in 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 39℃ for 7 day. Apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3, BCL-2, mTOR, and MMP-2) were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. There was no significant difference between two different electrofusion stimuli in the cleavage rate; 64.9±4.8% in 1.1 kV/cm and 62.7±4.0% in 1.5 kV/cm. However, blastocyst formation rate (%) was significantly different among three different activation groups (no treatment, 2 mM 6-DMAP or 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B) combined with electrofusion of 1.1 kV/cm. The blastocyst formation rate was 12.6±2.5, 20.0±5.0, and 34.9±4.3% in control, 2 mM 6-DMAP, and 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B, respectively. Immunofluorescence data showed that expression levels of caspase-3 in SCNT embryos undeveloped to blastocyst stage were higher than those in the blastocyst stage embryos. Expression levels of Bcl-2 in blastocyst stage embryos were higher than those in the arrested SCNT embryos. These results showed that the combination of an electric pulse (1.1 kV/cm for 30 μsec) and 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B treatment was effective for production of the porcine SCNT embryos.

According to enhancement of roles and functions of enterprises’ distribution centers, recent trend of distribution centers are specialization and diversification which have generated lots of new distribution center building or expansion of the existing ones and led attention on stock transfer importance in case of distribution center relocation. This thesis is a study for how to reduce stock transfer leadtime in order to minimize business risk and how to increase inventory accuracy when stock ownership is transferred in case of distribution center relocation, and to provide inventory accuracy management methods and inventory in/out management types, detailed definition to evaluate level for inventory accuracy management and pros/cons by inventory in/out management type assuming ‘the higher inventory accuracy before stock transfer, the shorter stock transfer leadtime when distribution center is relocated'. This thesis provides detailed procedure to secure an absolute stock transfer leadtime and process to confirm hugh inventory accuracy by stakeholders which should be sloved by Task Force Team for stock transfer in case of distribution center relocation.

Introduction With the opening of the 4th revolution era, platform business started to come into the spotlight. It was in the early 2000s that academics started full-scale research on platform based on the two-sided market theory but in fact the two-sided market is a business model that has existed around us since before. Examples include credit card industry, real estate brokering, and auctions. These industries are creating value through the interaction of two markets of different needs through a company that provides a specific platform (Rochet and Tirole, 2003, 2006). Recently, with the widespread use of services and products based on high technology, platform business is pouring into our lives at an amazing speed. With a single ID, you can shop, pay for, and receive shipping from a variety of online stores, without having to go through a lot of memberships. You do not have to search every single hotel for the best price, best location. You can even find a room in the house and see the reviews of customers who have stayed there. Compared to traditional pipeline business, one of the key differentiating features of the platform business is a two-sided network effect where consumers and consumers, producers and producers, and consumers and producers interact with each other. This two-sided network effect, with a positive feedback loop, has become a major driver of platform company growth. In the two-sided market, the platform‟s value to any given user largely depends on the size of the users on the other side of the platform due to the indirect network effect (Evans, 2003; Parker & Van Alstyne, 2005). Therefore, increasing the size of one side market, including the issue of „chicken or egg‟, is an indispensable task for the platform managers to maximize platform performance. But more important than increasing the size of one side of the market is transforming the new customers to loyal customers and creating positive feedback loops. This study explores the process of online payment platform users signing up, forming user loyalty, and spreading the loyalty to the sellers and platform providers. More specifically, this study examines (1) what causes the consumers to join the online payment platform at the beginning (2) what are the drivers that lead new members to the active, loyal users (3) whether the loyalty to the payment platform has a positive effect on the attitude toward the sellers (the other side market) and the platform company (platform provider). Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Two- Sided Markets and the Platform The definition of the two-sided market is varied by scholars. Chakravoti and Roson (2006) defines the two-sided market as a market where two different groups of users interact through the platform and the value created at this time is influenced by the indirect externalities of the network. Here, the platform is a physical, virtual, or institutional environment that allows different groups of users to facilitate transactions or interactions. According to Evans (2003), three necessary conditions for two sided platform markets are: (1) there are two distinct groups of customers; (2) there are externalities associated with customer A and B becoming connected or coordinated in some fashion; (3) an intermediary can facilitate that coordination efficiently than bi-lateral relationships between the members of the group. For example, we can think of a credit card company. There is a group of card holders and merchants and the demands of these two groups are very different. There is also a network effect between the two groups. Customers will not use credit cards with fewer merchants. The greater the number of merchants, the greater the benefits the customers have. Likewise, the more cardholders there are, the more profitable the merchants can generate. The intermediary role of the two groups of users to interact is a credit card company. Perceived value and Loyalty to the Online Payment Platform The loyalty to the online payment system can be expressed as the level of participation and commitment the member has over other similar payment systems. O‟Brien and Jones (1995) argue the value perception as an important prerequisite factor in developing brand loyalty; that is, only after the customer has perceived the online payment system as valuable, then would the customer become loyal to the system. The expectations that the perceived value can affect the loyalty to the online payment platform may be explained in terms of “Social Exchange Theory” (Thibaut and Kelly 1959). Within this framework, the customer will remain in the platform only when he or she perceives the value, which is defined as a trade-off between costs and benefits (Woodruff and Gardial 1996) is sufficient. Overall, perceived value of the online payment platform would affect customer loyalty. More specifically, it is expected that non-economic values such as simplicity in account setting, convenience in use will have a more meaningful effect than the economic value including sign-up grant at the stage of attracting new customers. But in the process of new customers becoming active and loyal users, the economic value including mileage points, discount coupons and free trial coupons will play a more important role in addition to this convenience. For example, benefit of being able to use the accumulated mileage or discount coupon on any online store within the platform will make consumers to stay on this payment platform and become loyal customers. Based on such argument, we put forward the following hypothesis. H1: Non economic value has a positive effect on online payment platform loyalty H2: Economic value has a positive effect on online payment platform loyalty. Loyalty Transfer According to Eisenmann et al. (2006), the platforms exhibit two types of network effects: A same-side effect, in which increasing the number of users on one side of the network makes it either more or less valuable to users on the same side; and a cross-side effect, in which increasing number of users on one side makes it either more or less valuable to the users on the other side. In case of online payment platform, it is expected that there will be a positive cross-side network effect. As the number of consumers using a specific online payment platform increases, the number of partner shops participating in the platform will increase, allowing consumers to shop in more diverse online stores. Once customers experienced the value of a specific online payment system, they would insist on paying by this method when shopping online (Parker, Alstein and Choudary, 2016), that is, becoming a loyal customer. Oliver (1999) defines customer loyalty as a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same brand purchasing. The loyal customers will be among the many online stores selling the same products/services at a same price, shopping at stores that show their favorite online payment system logo, and encouraging friends and family to use the payment system. The frequent transactions will affect consumer‟s attitude towards a certain brand or store and diffuse their loyalty. The customers that are loyal to the payment platform will not only actively try to earn points but also be willing to go and shop at the stores participating in the platform. Some customers may prefer a store among many even though they have not used it before because it belongs to the platform. The loyalty to the platform also can be transferred to the loyalty on the platform provider. Customers will have a favorable attitude when the platform providers do other business (for example, online banking, debit card business, etc.). Given the above, we put forward the following 3 hypotheses. H3: Platform loyalty has a positive effect on the loyalty toward the sellers, the other side market. H4: Positive attitude toward the sellers within the platform has a positive effect on attitude toward the platform company H5: Platform loyalty has a positive effect on the attitude toward the platform company. Conceptual Framework Data Analysis and Results The data used in this study were obtained from a survey of 562 online payment platform users. Data analysis shows that non-economic values such as simplicity, convenience, and platform reliability have a more significant impact on platform loyalty than economic values such as sign-up bonus. However, it was found that economic factors such as mileage points, and discount coupons are more influential factors in the process of converting new members to active users. In addition, loyalty to the payment system has a positive effect on attitudes towards sellers where one can use the means of payment. Also, it can be seen that the customer loyalty to the platform and the favorable attitude toward the sellers make a favorable attitude toward the platform company providing and managing the two-sided market. Conclusion and Discussion This study may contribute to a better understanding of platform business in three particular ways. First, understanding the loyalty diffusion mechanisms within the platform can support platform companies to develop effective strategies to attract new consumers to the platform and to transform them into active users. Second, even though the study uses the data collected from individual consumer level, the findings may provide some inspiration for B2B relationships. For example, as the number of loyal buyers and sellers sharing the platform increases, the value of the platform increases and the platform company can use it as a powerful bargaining power when it comes to third business. Third, the study may help us to understand the role of Platform in two-sided market and how the customer loyalty becomes diffused. Although this study explored the loyalty formation and diffusion using the sample of the major payment systems in Korea, it may be premature to generalize the findings at this stage. It is important to note that there may be negative network effects. They need to be evaluated further through careful research.

In the present study, the white reduction system was designed and manufactured to evaluate the performance of a heat exchange system using a wave heat exchanger. The reducing effect of white smoke and the amount of heat recovered from cooling water were investigated experimentally using the cooling and dehumidifying method. The white smoke reduction system consists of two parts; the generating part and the reducing part of white smoke. Experimental conditions on EA(exhaust air) and SW(supply water) were fixed. And the outlet temperature and absolute humidity of EA were measured according to inlet velocity of SA(supply air). The outlet temperatures and absolute humidities of EA gradually decreased as inlet velocities of SA increased. From the experimental results, we can see that the absolute humidity reduction rate of EA was max. 84%, and the heat recovery rate of SW was max. 42%.

Acidic and basic mixtures of odorous compounds are commonly emitted from various sources, and, in an absorption process, pH conditions in the liquid phase significantly affect the performance. In this study, the effect of pH on mass transfer in a bubble column reactor was evaluated using hydrogen sulfide and ammonia as a model mixture. Their mass transfer coefficients were then calculated. Furthermore, the total mass transfer coefficients as a function of pH were evaluated, and the experimental data were fitted into an empirical equation using dimensionless numbers. The mass transfer rates of hydrogen sulfide, the non-ionic form, increased dramatically with increasing pHs, while those of ammonia were almost unchanged because of its high solubility. As a result, a favorable pH condition for less soluble compounds must be selected to achieve high absorption capacity. The total mass transfer rates, which took into account pH effects as well as all the non-ionic and ionic constituents together, were found to be from 2.2 to 2.4 × 10−3 min−1 for hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, respectively, and they were almost constant at different pHs. The empirical equations, which were derived to obtain the best fit for the total mass transfer rates, implied that a method to increase diffusivity of each compound should be applied to improve overall mass transfer. In addition, when using the empirical equation, a mass transfer coefficient at a given set of pH and operating conditions can be calculated and used to design a water scrubbing process.

본 연구는 한인밀집지역인 뉴욕과 뉴저지 지역의 한인교회를 연구조사한 정보를 바탕으로 쓰여졌다. 이 교회들에 만연한 교인들의 수평이동과 찾아보기 힘든 회심성장의 상황이 한국교회와 유사하다. 교회론이 선교론보다 선행함으로 말미암아 being a church 보다는 doing a church에 집중함으로 교회의 구조, 시설, 프로그램에 집중하게 되었다. 선교론에서 출발하여 교회론이 실천되는 모델이 될 경우 하나님의 선교(Missio Dei)로서 전도와 제자도를 실천하게 되며, 그 결과로 교회가 세워지게 되는 것으로 이해한다. 제자를 재생산하는 교회는 스스로 선교적임을 인식한다. 폴 히버트의 세트이론을 통하여 경계이론의 획일성이 수평이동 중심의 교회를 설명하고, 중심이론의 다양성이 제자 재생산 중심의 교회를 설명한다. 이는 복잡한 교회구조 보다는 더 많은 양육자(disciplemaker) 중심의 교회로의 전환을 전제 한다. 이러한 교회는 제자 삼기와 재생산에 대한 확고한 의도를 가지며, 보냄 받은 교회로서 교회를 삶과 분리하지 않는다. 재생산을 위한 기본 단위로서 소그룹을 이해하며, 소그룹 중심의 전도와 제자삼기는 예수님의 제자도와 재생산의 원리를 실천하는 길임을 확인하게 된다.

본 연구는 서양종꿀벌 여왕벌을 택배나 차량 등으로 이동 시킬 때, 여왕벌의 폐사, 훼손 등을 줄이고 농가의 벌통에 잘 유입하여 여왕벌이 정상적으로 산란할 수 있는 최적의 방법을 찾고자, 2013년 5월 25일부터 8월 2일까지 경북 예천군 소재 2개 양봉농가에서 여왕벌 60마리를 대상으로 총 3회에 걸쳐 수행되었다. 여왕벌 이동기구는 양봉농가 및 국외 연구소에서 주로 사용하고 있는 소형왕롱과 소형벌통 2종류를 대상으로 시험 하였다. 시험 결과, 1~2일 정도의 짧은 기간에는 이동왕롱의 종류에 따라 여왕벌의 생존율 및 산란일에서 차이가 없었다. 유입 성공율을 보면, 소형왕롱으로 이동시킨 여왕벌은 30% 정도의 유입에 실패 하였으나, 소형벌통은 유입실패율이 10% 이하로 나타났다. 산란능력 검사를 위한 봉개된 육아방수 조사에서는, 소형벌통을 이용한 여왕벌 유입군이 소형왕롱을 이용한 여왕벌 유입군 보다 봉개된 육아방수가 4~75%까지 많게 나타났다. 한편 소형벌통은 소비 1매를 그대로 무왕군에 합봉하여 모두 여왕벌 유입이 잘 되었으나, 소형왕롱을 이용한 여왕벌의 직접 소문유입의 경우 여왕벌이 일벌의 공격을 여러 마리가 죽었다. 따라서 소형왕롱을 저밀소비에 하루 정도 부착하여 두어다가 여왕벌을 풀어주는 간접유입이 더 효과적이며, 유밀기, 봉충소비의 발췌, 먹이의 풍부, 무왕군의 벌세력 등이 유입 성공율에 영향을 미쳤다.

Recently, Korean companies have become more interested in overseas market, and semi-finished goods have become more and more active. In addition, most of Korean companies are in the form of Complete Knock Down, which is produced in low-wage countries in accordance with glottalization. As a result of the logistics movement between countries, there are many controversies such as tax problems and transfer of added value. Therefore, most companies set Transfer Price with the support of external organizations. In this paper, we propose a practical method for the proper transfer price setting using the cost-plus pricing method.

In the event of an outbreak of fire in an underground subway station, the speed of movement slows down as many people try to evacuate at once and bottlenecks might begin to occur in some locations, potentially resulting in catastrophic accidents. This study aims to analyze egress routes depending on, among other factors that influence evacuation in the event of an outbreak of fire, the characteristics of occupants and the initial points of fire using the GongEgress simulation program. The simulation result shows that the evacuation time of the vulnerable users is found to take 18% longer than that of ordinary people, and the transfer passageways have lower survival probability compared to that of the platforms. Through the analysis of the results, the structural features of the underground subway station and the points of fire are proved to be the major factors that determine the survival probability of the occupants. Therefore, safety training for passengers through conducting fire drills at the station or fire accident simulations can be established in the evacuation route and plan for reaction at the station or fire accident simulations. Key Words : Underground subway station, Fire accident simulations, Evacuation route, Vulnerable users, Transfer station

In this paper, we study the effect of cooling dehumidification process and wave heat exchanger on the reduction of white smoke and the efficiency by combination of heat exchanger with numerical analysis method. For this purpose, four types of heat exchange systems combined with 5-stage wave heat exchangers were selected to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchange system in the winter condition. As the high temperature exhaust air flowed from HX 1 to HX 5, the final outlet temperatures of the four heat exchange systems(Cases 1, 2, 3 and 4) gradually decreased. The heat transfer rate and dehumidification amount were the best in Case 1 and Case 3, respectively. It can be seen that the heat flow in the heat exchanger is different according to the combination of the four kinds of wave heat exchanger and the fluid flow.

A numerical approach for ventilated disc brake with holes is carried out to investigate the effect of holes on the heat transfer characteristics. The numerical simulation code STAR-CCM+ is utilized to calculate flow and temperature fields with polyhedral meshes. The steady state results show that the holes make the flow velocity on the outer surface increasing, which induce the improvement of convective heat transfer on the outer surface. In the ventilated channel with holes, the convective heat transfer can be reduced due to the inflow of hot air through holes. In unsteady state, the disc has reached the highest temperature in 1,8s since the brake was engaged. The surface of disc without holes has maximum temperatures along the ventilated channels, while the surface temperatures of dis with holes are uniform.

In this study, a thermal-gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TG-CVI) process was numerically studied in order to enhance the deposition uniformity within the preform. The computational fluid dynamics technique was used to solve the governing equations for heat transfer and gas flow during the TG-CVI process for two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) models. The temperature profiles in the 2-D and 3-D models showed good agreement with each other and with the experimental results. The densification process was investigated in a 2-D axisymmetric model. Computation results showed the distribution of the SiC deposition rate within the preform. The results also showed that using two-zone heater gave better deposition uniformity.

In this study, the appearance change and the heat․moisture transfer properties of knitted fabric by yarn shrinkage were examined to obtain useful data on the development of thermo-sensitive functional materials. Eleven types of knitted fabric were knitted using highly bulky acrylic-blended yarn. After shrinking the specimens using dry heat treatment, the appearance change and thickness were measured. An HEC simulator was adopted for measuring the heat․moisture transfer properties of specimens by yarn shrinkage. When holes were arranged vertically in the mesh structure, the specimens with 2,500 and 5,000 holes showed high percent change of hole area, appearance, and thickness. When holes were diagonally arranged in the mesh structure, the percent change of hole area in the specimen with 1,250 holes was larger than the one with 2,500 holes. However, the dimensional stability of the specimen with 2,500 holes was better because of its smaller appearance and thickness change. In the tuck structure, the percent change of hole area in the specimen with 625 and 416 holes was relatively large compared with the appearance and thickness change. Furthermore, the hole size in the tuck structure was smaller than that in the mesh structure but the percent change of hole area was larger. Therefore, it was proved that the tuck structure is more suitable than the mesh structure for developing thermo-sensitive functional materials. Heat․moisture transfer property test verified that the change of hole area by yarn shrinkage enabled obtaining the thermal effect due to the distinct temperature difference in the inner layer.

This study is to compare the effect of estrus synchronization and embryo transfer between Korean and Mongolian cattle. Embryos were collected from 9 donors housed in Asan city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. Embryos were collected 9 donors from Khushaat sum, Selenge province and Bayanchandmani sum, Tov province in Mongolia. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) and Prostaglandin (PG) were used for superovulation. Subsequently, Artificial Insemination (AI) was done for donor cow and embryo was collected after 7 and 8 days. Collected embryos were compared between Mongolian and Korean cattle. Finally, good quality and fresh embryos were transferred to 50 and 22 recipients of cows in Korea and Mongolia respectively. The findings show that Korean native cattle each donor cow produced on an average 16.9 embryos and, 10.9 embryos were found transferable. But in case of Mongolia the average production of embryos per donor cow was 8.6 embryos and, 6.2 embryos were found transferable. Embryo collection after 7 and 8 days was not difference in embryo production in Korea. But, in Mongolia embryo production after 8 days was found more efficient than the 7 days. Korean native recipient's cows (74.6%) and Mongolian recipient's cows (71.0%) respectively were found transferable ovarian stage. The result suggested that efficiency of embryo production from the superovulation method treated of Korean cow were higher than the Mongolian cow. The pregnancy rate of Korea native cattle was 72%, which was about 10% higher than that of Mongolia cattle.