This article focuses on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a potential cause of trade, investment, financial, maritime, energy trade and intellectual property disputes. In so doing this contribution discusses the increasing “systemic rivalry” among authoritarian, neoliberal and ordo-liberal conceptions of international economic law and the resulting legal problems in the settlement of BRI disputes inside the EU countries, whose courts may not recognize arbitration awards by Chinese arbitration institutions and may hold Chinese investors accountable for disregard for human and labor rights in their BRI investment inside the EU countries.

2017년 미국 DOE 주도하에 수행된 국제공동 복합모드운반시험 중 도로트럭운반시험, 연안항해시험, 대서양항해시험에서 측정된 가속도 및 변형률 데이터를 분석하였다. 먼저 각 운반모드 별로 발생한 하중이 전달경로에 따라 하중이 증폭되는지 감쇄되는지가 조사되었다. 그 결과 운반모드 및 하중경로 내 어떤 부분이냐에 따라 발생한 하중이 모의핵연료집합체에 전달되는 특성이 다름을 확인하였다. 그리고 변형률 데이터를 분석하여 육상 및 해상운반동안 발생한 변형률이 사용후핵연료에 건전성에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 그 결과 측정된 변형률은 사용후핵연료의 건전성에는 영향을 미치지 못하는 정도로 작은 크기임을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 분석된 가속도와 피로평가 결과는 예정된 국내 정상운반시험조건에서의 운반시험에 유용한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the level of the light-environment and the driver's visual ability on the change in the driver's perception of a forward curved section at night. The study also aims to identify factors that should be considered to ensure safety while entering curved sections of a road at night. METHODS : Data collected from a virtual driving experiment, conducted by the Korean Institute of Construction Technology (2017), were used. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the effects of changes in the light-environment factors (road surface luminance and glare) and the driver’s visual ability on a driver's perception of the road. Additionally, analysis of the moderated effect of visual ability on light-environment factors indicated that the difference in drivers’ visual abilities impact the influence of light-environment factors on their perception. A driver's ability to perceive, as a response variable, was categorized into 'failure' and 'success' by comparing the perceived distance and minimum reaction sight distance. Covariates were also defined. Road surface luminance levels were categorized into 'unlit road surface luminance' (luminance ≤ 0.1 nt) and 'lit road surface luminance' (luminance > 0.1 nt), based on 0.1 nt, which is the typical level observed on unlit roads. The glare level was categorized as 'with glare' and 'without glare' based on whether the glare was from a high-beam caused by an oncoming vehicle or not. The driver's visual ability level was categorized into 'low visual ability' (age ≥ 50) and 'high visual ability' (age ≤ 49), considering that after the age of 50, the drive’s visual ability sharply declines. RESULTS : The level of road surface luminance, glare, and driver's visual ability were analyzed to be significant factors that impact the driver's ability to perceive curved road sections at night. A driver's perception was found to reduce when the road surface luminance is very low, owing to the lack of road lighting ('unlit road luminance'), when glare is caused by oncoming vehicles ('with glare'), and if the driver's visual ability level is low owing to an older age ('low visual ability'). The driver's ability to perceive a curved section is most affected by the road surface luminance level. The effect is reduced in the order of glare occurrence and the driver's visual ability level. The visual ability was analyzed as a factor that impacts the intensity of the effect of change of the light-environment on the change of the driver's ability to perceive the road. The ability to perceive a curved section deteriorates significantly in 'low visual ability' drivers, aged 50 and above, compared to drivers with 'high visual ability,' under the age of 49, when the light-environment conditions are adverse with regard to the driver’s perception (road surface luminance: 'lit road surface luminance'→'unlit road surface luminance,' glare: 'without glare'→'with glare'). CONCLUSIONS : Supplementation, in terms of road lighting standards that can lead to improvements in the level of light-environment, should be considered first, rather than the implementation of restrictions on the right of movement, such as restricting the passage of low visual ability or aging drivers who are disadvantageous in terms of gaining good perception of the road at night. When establishing alternatives so that safety on roads at night is improved, it is necessary to consider improving drivers' perception by expanding road lighting installation. The road lighting criteria should be modified such that the glare caused by oncoming traffic, which is an influential factor in the linear change in perception, and the level of light-environment thereof are improved.

PURPOSES : This study evaluated the effects of dynamic road marking (DRM) on the reduction in drivers’ workload under rainy conditions. Changes in workload in two cases were evaluated: only-lane marking and a combination of lane marking and DRM. METHODS : Rainy conditions were simulated by utilizing the full-scale road weather proving ground. Moreover, participants’ eye movements were used as the indicators for workload. RESULTS : Workload in case of the combination of lane marking and DRM was found to decrease by 44.6% compared to the case of onlylane marking, under the rain intensity of 15 mm/h. Moreover, workload decreased by 50.7% in case of the combination of lane marking and DRM compared to the only-lane marking case, under 30 mm/h rain intensity. CONCLUSIONS : This study validated the positive effects of the DRM in workload reduction under rainy conditions.

유화가 외국 예술 형태로 중국에 도입한지 백 년을 넘어선 이 단 계에서 우리는 유화를 중국의 관점에서 다시 검토해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 중국 유화 민족화에서의 유교 미학 특성을 정리하고, 중국 유화가의 작품을 결합하여 유교의 잠재 의식을 분석하였으며, 중국 유화의 민족화 과정에서 나타나는 예술적 정신을 도출하였다. 중국 유화를 민족화의 맥락에서, 중국 유화의 민족화를 위한 가이드로서 유교 미학의 이론적 가치와 의의에 관한 연구가 요구된다.

PURPOSES : The commuting time is changing due to the changes in working style and hours. Thus, if the operating hours of parttime bus-only lanes, which are being implemented to increase on-time reliability, do not reflect the rush hour due to the changes in the commuting form, the effectiveness of part-time buses decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the punctuality of the bus, we would like to improve the operation time of part-time bus-only lanes by reflecting the rush hour according to the changes in commuting times. METHODS : Peak time was analyzed by surveying traffic volume, speed, and number of public transportation users in the curb bus lane operation section of the Daejeon Metropolitan City. The improvement effect was analyzed based on the passing speed ratio of general vehicles and buses when the implementation time of the dedicated vehicles was improved. RESULTS : The curb bus lane operation time in Daejeon was 40 min shorter than the average operating time of 2 h and 40 min in other major cities. Based on a 2 h analysis, the minimum speed occurrence time was 17:30 to 19:30, the maximum traffic occurrence time was 17:00 to 19:00, and the maximum number of passengers was during 17:00 to 19:00, which is different from the operation time of the afternoon bus-only lanes. CONCLUSIONS : By reflecting the analyzed peak hours, the operating hours of the afternoon lane are improved from 18:00~20:00 to 17:00~19:30. Prior to the implementation of the dedicated vehicles, the traffic speed of the buses and general vehicles is 1.8 (general/bus), It was analyzed that the traffic speed of general vehicles and buses after implementation was reduced to 1.5 (general/bus), thus improving the operation time in terms of the purpose and effectiveness of bus-only lanes.

코맥 매카시의『더 로드』에서 종교적인 문제는 가장 논의가 치열한 영역이라 할 수 있다. 작품에서는 비록 하나님에 대한 믿음이 중심적이고 중요한 주제 이기는 하나 존재에 대한 확신이 선명하지는 않다. 실제로 하나님의 존재와 그에 대한 믿음이 실존하는가하는 문제는 작품 전체에 걸쳐 모호하게 처리되는 경우가 많다.『더 로드』라는 작품에서 묘사되는 세상은 황량할 뿐 만 아니라 생명의 소리도 들리지 않기 때문에 하나님의 존재를 논한다는 것은 회의적인 반응을 불러일으킨다. 하지만 작품에서 남자와 그 남자의 아들은 비록 종말을 맞 은 것처럼 보이는 세상에서 살아가지만 하나님에 대한 믿음을 잃지 않는다. 아버지는 아들에게서 하나님의 말씀을 듣는다. 그는 만약 그가 하나님의 말씀이 아니라면 하나님은 결코 말한 적이 없다고 생각한다. 들은 믿음을 잃지 않은 극 소수의 생존자로서 언제나 선한 사람들로 남고자 하는데 이는 서로간의 신뢰와 믿음을 바탕으로 삶의 의의를 발견하고자 하는 노력이고 그 근저엔 하나님에 대한 굳건한 믿음이 자리 잡고 있다. 결과적으로 매카시는『더 로드』라는 작품을 통해 하나님에 대한 믿음을 유지하는 종교적인 가치체계를 회복함으로써 혼란한 세계에서 새로운 희망을 품을 수 있는 기준을 찾고자 한다. 결과적으로 그는 미래의 암울한 모습을 그리는 포스트 아포칼립스 디스토피아 소설에서 하나님의 존재를 인간의 사명과 관련해서 설명하고 있다.

도로측구는 도로 노면배수 기능 및 도로포장 양단면에 구조적 지지력을 제공하고, 주행차로로부터 분리된 공간을 확보함으로써 차량이 도보로 침입하는 것을 방지하여 안전성 확보를 하는 기능을 가지고 있다. 하지만, 도로측구는 예상치 못한 차량하중 재하 및 극심한 환경 및 기후조건 등의 영향으로 손상을 입는 경우가 많으며, 특히 측구 시공 시 기존면 처리 미숙으로 인한 반사균열이 발생하는 사례가 많다. 본 연구에서는, 도로측구 반사균열 저감을 위해서 합성 분리막의 적용성을 실내, 수치해석, 현장실험을 통해 평가하였으며, 평가결과 도로측구 시공 및 유지보수에 효율성이 있을 것으로 판단된다.

‘투키디데스 함정’(Thucydides Trap)과 ‘중진국 함정’(Middle income Trap)이라는 두 개의 수렁 앞에 직면한 중국은 이를 돌파하기 위해 지 정학에 기반한 전략인 ‘일대일로’를 내놓았다. 이에 대해 국제사회는 전 통적 실크로드의 협력 공간이 확대 및 심화됨에 따라 이에 새롭게 부여 된 시대성·선진성·개척성 등에 기대를 하면서 동시에 지정학적 긴장 야기에 대한 우려의 목소리도 있다. 본 연구는 일대일로가 중국의 국가 대외전략 변화의 맥락 속에서 어떻게 등장하고 변화하였는지를 살펴보 았고, 전통적 지정학 및 지경학, 비판지정학의 이론을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 또한 전통적 지정학이 가지는 영토주의, 국가주의의 근원적 한계 로 인한 일대일로에 대한 이분법적 관점에 대해 비판지정학이 강조해온 탈영토 및 탈국가성에 주목하여 살펴보는 동시에, 최근 사회학뿐만 아 니라 다양한 영역에서 연구되는 있는 행위자-네트워크이론(ANT)의 개 념을 다룬다. 인간과 비인간(자연) 행위자 사이에서 상호작용을 다루는 행위자-네트워크이론에 따라 일대일로는 교량, 댐 등을 도로, 철도 등 의 ‘선’으로 연결하는 ‘일대일로 1.0 버전’과 중국 중심의 유라시아 경 제블록인 ‘면’으로 확장 연결하는 ‘일대일로 2.0 버전’을 뛰어넘어 4차 산업혁명 시대의 핵심기술들이 ‘입체’적으로 상호 교차·연계될 기술표준 으로 확장 연결되는 ‘일대일로 3.0 버전’으로 진화할 것을 제안한다. 이 로써 일대일로는 지정학적 갈등과 충돌의 위험을 줄이면서, 4차 산업혁 명 시대의 첨단기술 패권 선점을 위한 선의의 경쟁과 인류기술의 비약 적 발전을 위한 진보된 플랫폼으로 전환될 것으로 전망된다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this fundamental study is to estimate the concentration of resuspended road dust in urban areas. This involves examining and measuring the factors that affect the dust concentration and measuring these factors and the concentration directly and indirectly by analyzing the factor-effect relationship of the dust in actual operation. METHODS : From the literature review, the factors that influence resuspended road dust, including traffic, environment, and weather data of roads and their relationship analysis were obtained to determine the effects of each element on resuspended road dust. The data characteristics and the quantitative changes in the factors when a high concentration of resuspended road dust is generated are analyzed for each condition. The concentrations of the resuspended dust are presented from the perspective of each factor. RESULTS : When the vehicle speed increased from 60 to 80 km/h, the measured resuspended dust concentration increased by 8㎍/m3 on the average. When the traffic was grouped, the resuspended concentration at 1200-1400 veh/h was 15.84㎍/m3 higher than that of 500-800 veh/h. A high concentration of 60㎍/m3 or more was generated in the SCL high and middle sections, and a high concentration of 10㎍/m3 or more was generated in the SCL low section. Eight cases were observed in the SCL high and middle section at an intense atmospheric wind speed of 3 m/s or more than the SCL level of zero cases. A high concentration of 89.8㎍/m3 resuspended dust was observed after 31 h of rainfall, and the dust concentration gradually decreased by over 50 h. Hence, the passing time after the rainfall, SCL and wind speed, traffic and vehicle speed, and air background (observation) concentration, all have a direct effect on the resuspended dust concentration. Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on atmospheric dust concentration. CONCLUSIONS : The quantitative indicators of the factors using an estimation model of resuspended road dust in urban areas can be obtained if the conditions for high concentrations of resuspended dust are established using the quantitative relationship of the resuspended road dust factors presented in this study.

In order to facilitate its Belt and Road Initiative, China has issued dozens of policy documents and detailed guidelines, improved its legal and supervisory systems, and taken full advantage of all existing cooperation mechanisms at the bilateral, regional, sub-regional and multilateral levels. The current cooperation mechanism is characterized by non-systemicity, which makes it dependent upon other existing regional cooperation mechanisms. In fact, it has no uniform institutional structure, nor any dispute settlement mechanism. Although this non-systematic approach is based in China’s successful experience in opening up to outside influence and in the flexibility that enabled its rise to global prominence, this very flexibility also poses challenges to the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative by leaving it open to conflict with existing regional cooperation mechanisms. Therefore, to ensure the success of the Belt and Road Initiative, China should undertake a systematic plan for implementation by establishing a comprehensive legal framework; streamlining paths to economic cooperation; and institutionalizing the cooperation mechanism with a formal dispute settlement mechanism at its core.

본 연구는 분지구조의 초입부를 가로막는 도로를 신설함에 있어, 일대 마을에 생활기반을 둔 지역주민의 시점에서 도로형식을 결정하는 방안 모색을 위한 연구이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 성토형 도로와 교량형 도로에 대한 선호도 및 선호도 결정요인에 대해 집중하였다. 대상지인 영암군 금정면 안노리 안노마을은 서측을 제외한 동, 남, 북측은 농암산으로 둘러싸인 분지 로 이루어져 있으며, 성토형도로가 계획 중에 있다. 조망권 관련 지역민의 피해정도를 파악하기 위하여 기존 경관, 성토형 도로, 교량형 도로 등 총 3개의 경관을 대상으로 9개의 경관형용사쌍을 선정하여 조사하였다. 연구결과, 기존 경관은 교량형 도로경관과 성토형 도로경관에 비해 경관적 가치가 높게 느껴지며, 교량형 도로경관에 비해 성토형 도로경관에서 더 큰 위압감과 답 답함이 느껴지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 내부인과 외부인을 나누어 유형별 특징을 검토한 결과, 외부인은 목적이 되는 대상물 중심으로, 내부인은 목적이 되는 대상물과 더불어 그 주변 환 경과의 관계성을 보는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 분지형 마을 입구를 가로지르는 도로의 신설은 지역 주민들에게 심리적 압박감과 불안감을 야기하는 요인이 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있는 결과이다. 따라서, 분지형 지형구조의 지역에서 도로의 신설이 불가피한 경우, 교량형 도로와 성토형 도로 중 교량형 도로로 신설하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

PURPOSES: This study aims to evaluate the resistance to chemical attack of combined organic and inorganic hybrid mortars as the repair materials (i.e., HRM mortar) used for concrete road facilities through a comparison with mortars made from cement repair materials (i.e., IRM mortar). METHODS: Inorganic materials used as a binder and two mineral fillers were adopted to produce HRM mortars. The ratio of the main resin versus the hardener was fixed at 2:1. For comparison, IRM mortars made of cement repair materials were also manufactured. The mortars were exposed to chemical solutions, such as NaCl, MgSO4, Na2SO4, and H2SO4, with the same concentration of 5% after 7 days of curing. The compressive strength, compressive strength loss, mass ratio, and relative bulk density of the mortar samples exposed to the chemical solutions were measured at predetermined periods. In addition, a scanning electron microscope observation was performed to evaluate the microstructures and the products formed by the chemical reaction of the mortar samples. RESULTS : As a result, the resistance to chemical attack of the HRM mortars was found to be much better than that of the IRM mortars, regardless of the types of attacking sources. This finding implies that HRM is a highly promising and versatile material because of its excellent resistance to chemical attack. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the combined organic and inorganic hybrid mortars is a possible option for repair of concrete road facilities exposed to aggressive environments.

PURPOSES : This study investigates the abrasion characteristics of coarse aggregate using the Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test and the accelerated polishing machine (APM) test. The coarse aggregates are randomly exposed on the surface of asphalt concrete pavements and on exposed aggregate concrete pavements. The exposed aggregates play a very important role in providing skid resistance. Therefore, the adequate abrasion resistance of coarse aggregate must be ensured to maintain the skid resistance during service life. In Korea, the LA abrasion test is conducted according to the KS F 2508 standard for the evaluation of the abrasion resistance of coarse aggregate. However, the road surface abrasion is caused by the friction between the tire and the road surface structure; hence, whether the LA abrasion test, which evaluates the abrasion caused by the impact of coarse aggregates and steel balls, can evaluate the road surface abrasion is questionable. A comparison and an analysis between the APM and LA abrasion tests were conducted herein to evaluate the road abrasion. An analysis was also performed to analyze whether the abrasion characteristics appeared depending on the type of coarse aggregate. METHODS: The results of the APM and LA abrasion tests for various aggregate types were obtained through a series of experiments and literature reviews. The correlation between the LA abrasion loss and the PV data was derived. In addition, the influence of the aggregate type on the abrasion resistance was investigated. RESULTS : An abrasion resistance database was established, and the relationship between the rock types and the abrasion resistance was statistically determined. The results showed that the PV was increased to 0.54 along with a 1% increasing rate of the LA abrasion loss with a 0.67 coefficient of determination. The abrasion resistance was also influenced by the aggregate type, which was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: A good relationship between the PV and the LA abrasion loss was obtained, allowing the use of the LA abrasion test (KS F 2508) alone, to reasonably evaluate the abrasion resistance of the exposed aggregate texture. The aggregate types were also found to have an impact on the abrasion resistance.

본 연구는 도로시설물의 염화칼슘 제거를 위한 미세기포 세척장비의 최적 운용조건에 대하여 성능평가를 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 미세기포의 직경은 196.6±100.6nm 에 1.36×108개/ml의 농도를 나타낸다. 세척장비의 분사장치에 대한 실험 성능결과, 100bar의 분사압력에서 100cm, 150cm 분사거리에 약 93%, 91%의 세척효율이 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 미세기포 생성(순환)횟수를 2-6회로 증가시킴에 따라 최소 1%에서 7%까지 염화물 제거율이 높아짐을 확인하였다. 미세기포 생성 공기유량을 4 ml/min에서 0.5 ml/min으로 낮춤에 따라 세척효율이 최대 30%까지 증가하는 것이 확인되었다. 일반 상수도와 미세기포의 세척효율은 미세기포가 일반상수도 보다 세척효율이 25% 높게 나타났다.