본 연구에서는 평활화 유한요소법(Smoothed finite element method)을 도입한 위상분야법(Phase-field method)에 대해 소개하고자 한다. 위상분야법은 최근 균열 개시 및 전파 해석에 많이 사용되는 기법으로 균열 표면을 추적하기 위한 추가적인 처리기법이 필요하 지 않는 특징이 있다. 위상분야법에서 복잡한 균열 전파를 포착하기 위해 높은 정확도의 변형률 에너지를 평활화 유한요소법을 도입 하여 계산하였다. 평활화 유한요소법은 유한요소를 하위 셀로 나누고 각각의 하위 셀을 평활화 영역으로 재조립하여 변형률 에너지 를 계산하게 된다. 또한 해석 시간 단축을 위하여 쿼드트리 요소망을 제안한 기법에 사용하였다. 수치 예제를 통하여 제안한 기법을 참 조해 및 유한요소법과 비교하여 검증하였다.

Hydrogen is one of the main candidates in replacing fossil fuels in the forthcoming years. However, hydrogen technologies must deal with safety aspects due to the specific sub�stance properties. This study aims to provide an overview on the loss of mechanical properties of cryogenic materials, which may lead to serious consequences, such as fires and explosions. The hydrogen embrittlement of cryogenic steels was investigated through slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRTs) and thermal desorption analyses of electrochemically H-charged specimens. As a prior study to confirm mechanical properties under liquid hydrogen conditions, the amount of diffusive hydrogen that causes hydrogen embrittlement was confirmed after charging hydrogen using an electrochemical method for 4 types of steel materials applied as cryogenic materials did. When exposed to the same hydrogen charging conditions, the amount of hydrogen diffused into the 9% nickel steel is the highest compared to the austenitic steel type. It is considered that this is because the diffusion and integration of hydrogen into the interior is easy. It is necessary to analyze the relationship between hydrogen loading and mechanical properties, and this will be carried out in a follow-up study.

The aim of this study is develop a state-funded education and training curriculum to contribute to the development of the fashion industry infrastructure. This will be achieved based on the service sector by the competitive clothing sales personnel and fashion startups. The study was conducted using a qualitative research method. The participants were 20 representatives of fashion-related companies and employees from one traditional market and two fashion outlets in Seogu, Gwangju. Data was collected from September 2015 to January 2017 by demand surveys and in-depth interviews. These were conducted on the same day at each clothing store office. In addition, existing literature was also reviewed. The collected data were first summarized into 64 meaning units from which three themes were derived by arranging, classifying, and analyzing the data. The findings of the study are as follows. First, the education and training curriculum for fashion job creation is aimed at job-oriented field-types with the objective of cultivating professional skills for online to offline fashion professionals. Second, the curriculum for fashion advisors was developed to consisted of 8 courses of 150 hours, including job knowledge, a foreign language, fashionspecific knowledge, fashion marketing & VMD, store management know-how, clothing repair, field trip, and internship. Third, the curriculum for fashion entrepreneurs consisted of 8 courses of 106 hours, including entrepreneurship, fashion practice, startup, field trip, finance & taxation accounting, marketing, social enterprise course, and internship.

본 연구는 수수 × 수단그라스 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 적정 수확 시기 및 수확 후 재생과정에서 요구되는 적정 질소 시비 수준을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 포장 실험은 2017부터 2018년까지 실시했으며, 시험구 배치는 난괴법(RCBD)으로 여름 수확 후 질소 추비 수준을 달리하여(0, 50, 100, 150 kg N/ha; 0N, 50N, 100N, 150N) 처리하였다. 재생과정에서 canopy height은 2017년 여름 수확 후(DAT, day after summer harvest treatment) DAT23에서 DAT48로 경과함에 따라 약 3.0배, 2018년 DAT26에서 DAT48로 경과함에 따라 약 2.9배 신장하였다. 엽록소 함량은 재생과정 초기 질소 무처리구와 질소처리구간 유의한 차이가 나타났으나, DAT48 이후 처리 간 차이는 없었다. 여름 수확은 2017년 파종 후 61일 뒤, 2018년 파종 후 83일 뒤 각각 이루어졌으며 건물수량은 8.6Mg/ha, 11.0Mg/ha로 차이를 보였다. 생육시기별 2차 수확의 건물수량은 2017년의 경우 생육이 진전됨에 따라 꾸준히 증가하였으며, 2018년에는 DAT76까지 증가하였다. 2017년 DAT107에서 무처리구(9.0Mg/ha)에 비해 질소 처리구(12.3Mg/ha)에서 1.4배 높았으며, 무처리의 수량이 낮았던 2018년 DAT113에서는 무처리구(2.3Mg/ha)에 비해 질소 처리구 (5.6Mg/ha)로 2.5배 높았다. 수확물의 바이오에탄올 품질을 나타내는 바이오에탄올 수율(TEP)는 생육 후기 cellulose와 hemicellulose 비율 감소로 일부 줄어들었으나, 전체적인 TEP변화는 생육시기나 추비수준과 관계없이 5% 이내로 큰 차이는 없었다. 총 바이오에탄올 수량(total TEY)은 2017년 DAT107에서 7,944L/ha, 2018년 DAT76에서 7,163L/ha로 추정되었다. 따라서 TEY를 높이려면 수확물의 단위면적당 건물중을 증가시키는 재배방법이 필요하다. 여름 수확 후 충분한 재생을 위해서 필요한 질소 추비 수준은 100kg N/ha 이상이었으며, 2차 수확은 여름 수확 실시 후 2개월 이상 경과 한 이후 실시해야 한다.

The phenomenon of incomplete correspondence between writing and language units is widespread in the Dongba Scripture The White Bat’s Search for Sacred Books. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis and investigation of the incomplete correspondence in the Scripture, and then summarizes several common types and gives examples. This paper hopes to provide a reference for scholars to understand Chinese characters and other mature hieroglyphs in the early stage.

정조(正祖, 재위 1776-1800)시대를 대표하는 국중(國中) 최고의 화가였던 김홍도 (金弘道, 1745-1806년 이후)는 문인 수준의 지적 소양까지 겸비했던 인물이다. 그러나 양반이 아니면 사회적 대우를 거의 받지 못했던 신분제 사회의 질곡은 김홍도 또한 넘기 힘든 벽이었다. 본고에서 필자는 사농공상(士農工商)의 위계질서를 바탕으로 형성 된 엄격한 신분제 사회라는 한계 속에서 김홍도가 느꼈을 비애와 자기 연민을 중심으로 이러한 그의 신분 의식이 어떻게 그의 작품 속에 드러나 있는가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 신분제적 모순에서 김홍도가 느낀 소외감과 불만을 유추해보는데 가장 중요한 작품은 고려대학교박물관 소장의 <송하취생도(松下吹笙圖)>이다. 이 그림에서 흥미로운 부분은 그림 오른쪽에 적혀있는 김홍도의 제발로 그 내용은 “생황의 [길고 짧은] 들쑥날쑥한 모습은 봉황의 날갯짓 같고 월당(月堂)에 울려 퍼지는 생황 소리는 용(龍)의 울음보다 처절하네(筠管參差排鳳翅, 月堂凄切勝龍吟)”이다. 김홍도가 느낀 신분제적 차별과 관련해서 주목되는 것은 “용의 울음(龍吟)”이다. 중인 출신의 시인이었던 이득원(李得元, 1639-1682)은 한 시에서 “용처럼 으르렁거리고(龍吼) 빈산의 귀신처럼 울부짖는 칼”로 신분제적 차별 속에서 고통받았던 자신을 비유하였다. 그런데 이 제발에서 김홍도는 용의 울음보다도 더 처절한 생황 소리를 자신의 울분과 고뇌를 표현하는 상징으로 활용하였다. <단원도(檀園圖)>(1784년, 개인 소장)는 김홍도가 1781년에 자신의 집에서 강희언(姜熙彦, 1738-?), 정란(鄭瀾, 1725-?)과 같이 가진 모임을 그린 그림이다. 이 그림의 제발에서 김홍도는 이 모임을 ‘진솔회(眞率會)’로 지칭하였다. 그런데 이 진솔회는 북송시대를 대표하는 문인이었던 사마광(司馬光, 1019-1086)의 아회였던 ‘진솔회(眞率 會)’를 모델로 한 것이었다. 김홍도가 자신의 모임을 사마광의 진솔회에 비유한 것은 그가 스스로에 대해 매우 강한 자부심을 가지고 있었음을 보여준다. 김홍도는 당시(唐詩), 송시(宋詩)에 대한 이해가 깊었으며 다수의 시의도(詩意圖)도 제작하였다. 김홍도는 문 인적 소양을 갖춘 화가로 높은 자존 의식을 지니고 있었다. 그러나 엄격한 신분제 사회에서 김홍도는 뛰어난 재주와 능력을 지니고 있었지만 그 뜻을 펼칠 수 없었다. 중인으로서 그가 느낀 슬픔과 좌절감은 그의 그림 속에 녹아있다. 정조시대를 대표하는 최고의 도화서 화가였던 그의 화려한 명성 뒤에 숨어있었던 그의 신분 의식을 고려하지 않는 한 우리의 김홍도에 대한 이해는 절반에 불과할 수밖에 없다.

본고는 이수경의 원 잡극 도류취와 풍몽룡의 명대 소설 월명화상도류취를 통해 잡극과 소설이라는 두 장르를 비교 분석하였다. 이를 위해 도류취 고사가 민간전설에서 잡극과 소설로 발전해 나간 변천과정에 대해 살펴보았고, 도류취 고사가 주로 수용된 잡극과 소설의 구성과 내용을 비교함으로써 각 장르 간의 유사점과 차이점을 살펴보았다. 두 작품은 불교라는 동일한 종교적 색채를 담고 있지만 잡극 도류취 는 일반대중들에게 연극의 형식으로 불교의 교리도 선양하고 오락적 요소도 제공했던 작품임에 반해, 소설은 파 계승의 이야기를 통해 인간의 본성과 불교의 금욕과 인과응보를 이야기하나 다분히 명대 독 서인의 흥미를 끌기 위한 상업적 의도가 엿보이는 작품이라 평할 만하다. 중국 전통문학의 주도권이 소설과 희곡으로 넘어오기 시작한 남송 이래로 소설과 희곡은 늘 상호 영향관계에 놓여 있었으며, 각자의 창작에 자양분이 되어 중국문학을 더욱 풍부하게 만든 핵심이었다. 따라서 두 장르 간 교차연구내지는 결합연구는 중국 근·현대문학을 이해할 수 있는 중요한 자원이 될 수 있다는 측면에서 본 연구의 의의를 찾고자 한다.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of rainfall after cutting on nutritive value of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) hay. Fresh Italian ryegrass was treated with 3 days natural rainfall (56.5, 14.0 and 1.6 mm) after cutting without tedding. Rainfall effect on Italian ryegrass quality was evaluated based on Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC). The quality of Italian ryegrass was decreased with extending raining days. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was increased from 0.4 to 4.7% by 1 day advancement in raining. CF content was decreased from 8.1 to 32.8%. CP and CA contents did not change, but NFC content was decreased from 0.5 to 8.4%. The quality damage by the number of raining days after cutting Italian ryegrass was the lowest on the first day from exposure to rain.

Yang Shen (1488-1559) was born in Si Chuan Xin Dou. 《Ming Shi》 said that Yang Shen is the most famous for the extensive memorization and abundant writings. Yang Shen also contributed to the philology researches. According to Wang Wen Cai’s 《Yang Shen Xue Pu》, Yang Shen had many kinds of writings, such as 《Shuo Wen Xian Xun》, 《Liu Shu Lian Zheng》, 《Liu Shu Bo Zheng》 etc., but most of them are disappeared. 《Liu Shu Suo Yin》was thought that it’s disappeared, it can be found in the library of RENMIN UNIVERSITY of CHINA. It was included in 《Si Ku Quan Shu Cun Mu Cong Shu》. From Yang Shen’s 《Liu Shu Suo Yin-Introduction》, we knows that Yang Shen was based on abundant philology researches to appear his research system. Yang Shen had different academic judgements for each text researchers’s theories to appear Yang Shen’s conceptions of “Zhuan Zhu Gu Yin”. 《Qin Ding Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu》 was based on the the text textual content to comment Yang Shen’s 《Liu Shu Suo Yin》 negative. We can discuss the comment is appropriate or not? 《Liu Shu Suo Yin》 is distinguished into rhyme, so it had its own system. These researches are related to Yang Shen’s other research works in Xiao Xue. In philology researches, we can investigate Yang Shen’s contribution to philology researches with 《Liu Shu Suo Yin》 to clarify and analyze.

The ductile-brittle transition behavior of two austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N-C alloys with different grain sizes was investigated in this study. The alloys exhibited a ductile-brittle transition behavior because of an unusual brittle fracture at low temperatures unlike conventional austenitic alloys. The alloy specimens with a smaller grain size had a higher yield and tensile strengths than those with a larger grain size due to grain refinement strengthening. However, a decrease in the grain size deteriorated the low-temperature toughness by increasing the ductile-brittle transition temperature because nitrogen or carbon could enhance the effectiveness of the grain boundaries to overcome the thermal energy. It could be explained by the temperature dependence of the yield stress based on low-temperature tensile tests. In order to improve both the strength and toughness of austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn-N-C alloys with different chemical compositions and grain sizes, more systematic studies are required to understand the effect of the grain size on the mechanical properties in relation to the temperature sensitivity of yield and fracture stresses.

In this study, low-carbon hypoeutectoid steels with different ferrite-pearlite microstructures were fabricated byvarying transformation temperature. The microstructural factors such as pearlite fraction and interlamellar spacing, and cementitethickness were quantitatively measured and then Charpy impact tests conducted on the specimens in order to investigate thecorrelation of the microstructural factors with impact toughness and ductile-brittle transition temperature. The microstructuralanalysis results showed that the pearlite interlamellar spacing and cementite thickness decreases while the pearlite fractionincreases as the transformation temperature decreases. Although the specimens with higher pearlite fractions have low absorbedenergy, on the other hand, the absorbed energy is higher in room temperature than in low temperature. The upper-shelf energyslightly increases with decreasing the pearlite interlamellar spacing. However, the ductile-brittle transition temperature is hardlyaffected by the pearlite interlamellar spacing because there is an optimum interlamellar spacing dependent on lamellar ferriteand cementite thickness and because the increase in pearlite fraction and the decrease in interlamellar spacing with decreasingtransformation temperature have a contradictory role on absorbed energy.

취나물의 보존과 유통 시에 미생물 품질을 높이기 위하여 hurdle technology를 이용한 데침, 위생처리제와 감압포장 처리에 따른 분석을 하였다. 데침 열처리 후 위생처리제로는 20% 에탄올과 10% NaCl에서 6일 후에 총 세균수가 2 log CFU/g으로 효과적으로 제어되었다. 데침 시의 물온도는 100℃ 온도가 균의 제어에 더 유리하였으며, 보관온도는 4℃ 온도가 균 증식을 적게 하였다. 2회 반복적인 데침과 NaCl 첨가 80℃ 데침 물온도의 처리에서도 현저한 증식 억제 효과를 확인하였다. 데침 시에 접촉되었던 물이 없는 감압포장 상태에서의 데침도 10일간 2 log CFU/g 총세균수를 보여 주어 세균 억제에 효과적임을 알았다. 그리므로 80~100℃에서 10% NaCl 물로 2회 반복 데침이 취나물의 미생물적인 품질을 높여 주었고, 물 접촉이 없는 반복 데침도 취나물의 보관 유통에 도움이 됨을 알 수가 있었다.

In order to clarify the effect of Nb addition on the ductile-brittle transition property of sintered TiC, TiC-10 mol% Nb composites were researched using a three-point bending test at temperatures from room temperature to 2020 K, and the fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the Nb addition decreases the ductile-brittle transition temperature of sintered TiC by 300 K and increases the ductility. The room temperature bending strength was maintained at up to 1800 K, but drastically dropped at higher temperatures in pure TiC. The strength increased moderately to a value of 320MPa at 1600 K in TiC-10 mol% Nb composites, which is 40% of the room temperature strength. Pores were observed in both the grains and the grain boundaries. It can be seen that, as Nb was added, the size of the grain decreased. The ductile-brittle transition temperature in TiC-10 mol% Nb composites was determined to be 1550 K. Above 1970 K, yieldpoint behavior was observed. When the grain boundary and cleavage strengths exceed the yield strength, plastic deformation is observed at about the same stress level in bending as in compression. The effect of Nb addition is discussed from the viewpoint of ability for plastic deformation.

The effect of interstitial elements on the ductile-brittle transition behavior of austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-2Ni alloys with different nitrogen and carbon contents was investigated in this study. All the alloys exhibited ductile-brittle transition behavior because of unusual low-temperature brittle fracture, even though they have a faced-centered cubic structure. With the same interstitial content, the combined addition of nitrogen and carbon, compared to the sole addition of nitrogen, improved the low-temperature toughness and thus decreased the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) because this combined addition effectively enhances the metallic component of the interatomic bonds and is accompanied by good plasticity and toughness due to the increased free electron concentration. The increase in carbon content or of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, however, could increase the DBTT since either of these causes the occurrence of intergranular fracture that lead to the deterioration of the toughness at low temperatures. The secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis results for the observation of carbon and nitrogen distributions confirms that the carbon and nitrogen atoms were significantly segregated to the austenite grain boundaries and then caused grain boundary embrittlement. In order to successfully develop austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn alloys for low-temperature application, therefore, more systematic study is required to determine the optimum content and ratio of carbon and nitrogen in terms of free electron concentration and grain boundary embrittlement.

The influence of Cu and Ni on the ductile-brittle transition behavior of metastable austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N alloys with N contents below 0.5 wt.% was investigated in terms of austenite stability and microstructure. All the metastable austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N alloys exhibited a ductile-brittle transition behavior by unusual low-temperature brittle fracture, irrespective of Cu and/or Ni addition, and deformation-induced martensitic transformation occasionally occurred during Charpy impact testing at lower temperatures due to reduced austenite stability resulting from insufficient N content. The formation of deformation-induced martensite substantially increased the ductile-brittle transition temperature(DBTT) by deteriorating low-temperature toughness because the martensite was more brittle than the parent austenite phase beyond the energy absorbed during transformation, and its volume fraction was too small. On the other hand, the Cu addition to the metastable austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N alloy increased DBTT because the presence of δ-ferrite had a negative effect on low-temperature toughness. However, the combined addition of Cu and Ni to the metastable austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N alloy decreased DBTT, compared to the sole addtion of Ni or Cu. This could be explained by the fact that the combined addition of Cu and Ni largely enhanced austenite stability, and suppressed the formation of deformation-induced martensite and δ-ferrite in conjunction with the beneficial effect of Cu which may increase stacking fault energy, so that it allows cross-slip to occur and thus reduces the planarity of the deformation mechanism.

A comparison of essential oils composition of Aster tataricus L. (gaemichwi), Ligularia fischeri (gomchwi), Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai (miyeokchwi), and Aster scaber (chamchwi) was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the identification of volatile flavor characteristics in chwi-namuls. The essential oils were extracted by the hydro distillation extraction method. One hundred volatile flavor components were identified from gaemichwi essential oil. α-Pinene (11.5%) was the most abundant compound, followed by myrcene (8.9%) and β pinene (7.5%). Ninety-one volatile flavor components were identified from the essential oil of gomchwi. Aromadendrene (14.8%) was the most abundant component, followed by β-caryophyllene (7.6%) and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene) cyclohexene (7.3%). Ninety-five volatile flavor constituents were detected in the essential oil of miyeokchwi, moreover, spathulenol (15.7%) was the most abundant component. Ninety-six volatile flavor constituents were detected in the essential oil of chamchwi. Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (21.9%) was the most abundant component, followed by β-caryophyllene (9.5%) and δ terpinene (8.9%). The essential oil composition of gaemichwi was characterized by a higher contents of pinenes. The essential oil composition of gomchwi can be easily distinguished by the percentage of aromadendrene. Spathulenol and epi bicyclosesquiphellandrene were regarded as the characteristic odorants of miyeokchwi and chamchwi, respectively.