Integrating exegetical and textual scholarship with analysis of the Eastern Jin text Cārya-nidāna, this study resolves gaps in inter-character relation communication in Great Chinese Dictionary (second edition). Specifically, the characters zè (仄), cè (側), cè (惻), cè (𡍫) and cè (畟) should each supplement the semantic value of "filled; filled to capacity", and their phonetic loan relationships necessitate clarification. The pronological entry (1) for cè (側) as 阻力切 should be marked with the historical reading zè. While emphasizing that the phonetic differentiation of cè/zè (側) is influenced by its near-synonym zè (仄), it is crucial to note that zè (側)'s "narrow" semantic sense is independently derived and didn't require the inter-character relation with zè (仄). The character niè ( ) and liè ( ) should be introduced, with an explanation of its variant relationship between niè (孽) and liè (鬣).The meaning of "long hair (on the human body and head)" should be added to liè (𣰌), with an explanation of its variant relationship between liè (鬣). The relationship of being alternative forms of each other between gāi (姟) and gāi (垓) should be established. The character méng (萠) should be introduced, with an explanation of its variant relationship between méng (萌).

This study examines an 8-ja (1,66 m) gnomon built by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI, 127°22′32″ N, 36°23′57″ E) in 2011. This gnomon is an astronomical instrument with the same function as the Small Gnomon, which was built in 1440 during the reign of King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty. The length of the column’s (or crossbar’s) shadow cast by the sun at the meridian passage was measured for a total of 303 days out of the 1,492-day observation period, which lasted from December 2015 to December 2019. The shadow lengths showed a measurement error of -0.8 to 1.2 cm compared to modern calculations. Furthermore, this study also estimated the time of the winter solstice using shadow lengths obtained from modern calculations for 50 days before and after the winter solstice. This calculation method was first introduced in the Daming Calendar (462) by Zu Zhongzhi (祖冲之, 429-500) and was applied to the Shushi Calendar (1281) by Guo Shoujing (郭守敬, 1231~1316). The time of the winter solstice did not demonstrate a constant value on the days before and after the winter solstice but showed a decreasing pattern, which had a constant slope each year. The tropical year can be obtained from the time of the winter solstice of two consecutive years. The fractional part of the tropical year (0.242 189 days) was estimated 0.242 789 ± 0.003 570 days in 2015-2016 (using data from 23 days both before and after the winter solstice) and 0.242 480 ± 0.004 616 days in 2016-2017 (using data from 45 days both before and after the winter solstice). Ultimately, the length of the tropical year estimated from the shadow lengths measured by the KASI’s 8-ja gnomon achieved an accuracy of 365.24 days. The observation value of the 8-ja gnomon showed an error of 0.1624 (±0.1229) days. It was found that this actual measurement error could result in an error of 3.9 h in the estimation of the time of the winter solstice or the accuracy of the length of the tropical year.

In this study, the pre-stress characteristics of magnetic rheological rubber, an intelligent material widely applied to mechanical systems, are measured. Intelligent materials are substances that change their properties in response to external inputs and are extensively used in mechanical systems. Magnetic rheological rubber is a representative intelligent material that can exhibit variable characteristics depending on the conditions. When measuring the physical properties of magnetic rheological rubber, it is placed in a magnetic field application device, where a magnetic field is applied, and the material is subjected to pre-stress. Similarly, when manufacturing intelligent mechanical systems using magnetic rheological rubber, pre-stress is induced by components used to apply the magnetic field. Generally, when a material is subjected to pre-stress, its properties change. Consequently, the performance of magnetic rheological rubber under pre-stress also varies. If the characteristics of the material under pre-stress change, the expected performance during design may deviate, leading to differences in the mechanical system's performance from the intended design. This variability makes it challenging to design mechanical systems based on intelligent materials, highlighting the importance of experimentally investigating their characteristics. Therefore, this study measures and identifies the pre-stress characteristics of magnetic rheological rubber under pre-stress. These findings can be applied to improve the measurement methods and design approaches for magnetic rheological rubber in pre-stressed conditions.

본 사건의 청구인은 배우자와 이혼한 후 자녀를 혼자 양육하며 지출한 과거의 양육비를 청구하는 소송을 제기하였다. 대법원은 종전 판례를 변 경하여 과거 양육비에 관한 권리의 성질상 그 권리의 소멸시효는 자녀가 성년이 되어 양육의무가 종료된 때부터 진행한다고 결정하였다. 그러나 과거 양육비 청구권의 법적 성질 등은 자녀가 성년이 되었다는 사정만으 로 달라진다고 할 수 없다. 과거 양육비의 지급을 구할 권리는 가정법원 심판 등에 의해 구체적인 청구권으로 성립하기 전에는 친족관계에 기하 여 인정되는 추상적 청구권의 성질을 지니어 소멸시효가 진행할 여지가 없는 것으로 평가된다. 이렇게 본 연구는 배우자와 이혼한 청구인이 과 거 지출한 양육비를 청구한 사건에서 종전 판례를 변경한 대법원의 결정 을 처음으로 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 과거 양육비에 관한 권리가 자녀 가 성년이 되어 양육의무가 종료된 때 소멸시효가 진행되는지를 규명함 으로써 아동을 위한 최선의 이익에 부합하고, 인간다운 생활을 구현하는 데 필요한 기초자료를 제공했다는 점에서 연구 의의가 있다.

평균적으로 1년 내지 3년 이상이 걸리는 민사소송 과정에서 당사자 일방 이 그 소송결과를 보지 못한 채 사망하는 경우가 종종 발생한다. 이 경우 상속관계가 간명하고 상속인들이 망인의 소송상 지위를 이어받기를 원하는 경우라면 별 문제가 없을 것이다. 그러나 상속관계가 복잡하고 일부 상속인 들은 망인의 소송에 관여하지 않기를 원하는 경우에는 수계절차에서 누락 되는 상속인이 생길 수 있다. 이때 수계절차를 밟은 상속인들에 대해서만 판결이 선고되고 상소가 이루어진 경우 수계절차에서 누락된 상속인들은 어떻게 구제받을 수 있는지 문제가 된다. 최근 대법원 2023. 8. 18.자 2022그779 결정은, 소송계속 중 당사자가 사망하고 일부상속인만 수계절차를 밟아 판결이 선고되었는데 상소에 관한 특별수권이 있는 망인의 소송대리인이 직접 항소를 한 경우에 관하여 중요 한 판시를 했다. 즉 당사자 표시가 잘못되었음에도 망인의 소송상 지위를 당연승계한 정당한 상속인들 모두에게 효력이 미치는 판결에 대하여 잘못 된 당사자 표시를 신뢰한 망인의 소송대리인이 잘못 기재된 당사자 모두를 상소인으로 표시하여 상소를 제기한 경우에는 상소를 제기한 자의 합리적 의사에 비추어 위 판결 전부에 대하여 상소가 제기된 것으로 보는 것이 타 당하고, 상소제기에 관한 특별수권이 부여되어 있는 망인의 소송대리인이 상소를 제기한 이후부터는 그 소송대리권이 소멸함에 따라 망인의 공동상 속인 중 수계절차를 밟은 일부 상속인 외에 나머지 상속인에 대한 소송절 차는 중단된 상태에 있으므로 위 나머지 상속인 또는 상대방이 소송절차가 중단된 상태에 있는 상소심법원에 소송절차의 수계신청을 할 수 있다는 취지이다. 위 결정은 우리 민사소송법 제95조, 제238조 등의 규정에 충실하고, 항 소를 제기하는 소송대리인의 합리적 의사를 고려하여 항소의 인적효력범위 를 정하였으며, 수계절차에서 누락된 상속인들에 대한 소송관계는 소송대 리인의 항소제기시에 중단된 채로 계속되어 있다고 보아 항소심에 수계신 청을 하여 개별적으로 판결을 선고받아 구제받을 수 있다는 점에서 타당하 다 할 것이다.

In the “宀” radical of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字): “家，凥也。从宀，豭省聲。𠖔，古文 家.” Duan Yucai believed that, the character “家” (jia) is composed of the radicals “宀” and “豕”, and should be classified under the radical “豕” instead of “宀”. The so-called “豭省聲” mentioned by Xu Shen is baseless. Based on the research of scholars in the Qing Dynasty, as well as the evidence from oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, it can be concluded that “豭” is a newly created character, and its ancient form should be “𢑓”, which is “豕” with an additional semantic stroke indicating a male pig. The original intention of “豭省聲” should be to omit the character form of “叚” while preserve the pronunciation of “叚”. This takes into account both the ideographic character “家” derived from “ (𢑓)” and the phonetic-semantic character “家” derived from “ (豭)”. Duan Yucai proposed the concepts of “the original meaning of character creation” and “the original sense of character usage” to distinguish between the original meaning and the extended borrowed meaning, which is the value of his theory.

The demand for ceramic brackets, which have a high aesthetic purpose due to their high light transmission is increasing due to the application of poly-crystalline alumina material. Brackets using this material require stable properties that should not fracture during the treatment period. In this paper, the fracture strength of a ceramic bracket made of the same material used in clinical practice was checked by applying torque with a square stainless steel wire. The wire used in the test was prepared with cross-section sizes of 017 inch ✕ 025 inch, 018 inch ✕ 025 inch, and 019 inch ✕ 025 inch. There were a total of 150 bracket specimens and after ligating wires in the slots, torque was applied to each of 75 specimens in the gingival and occlusal directions. The torque test used digital torque meter equipment and the torque value at which the bracket slot fractured due to plastic deformation of the ligated wire was confirmed. Based on the resulting data we plan to use the data to recommend stable torque use and develop future bracket design.

This study divided the area capable of producing domestic forage into grazing pasture, hay production area, and silage crop area, calculated the required area according to the forage production volume, and examined whether self-sufficiency in forage leads to cost savings. When the self-sufficiency rate of forage for dairy cows and Hanwoo is 80%, the improvement in profitability per heaf ranges from 3% to 9%, typically around 5%, which is considered a significant benefit for both corporate and individual businesses. The average profit per ranch is expected to increase about KRW 50 million per year, and the country as a whole is expected to reduce forage costs by KRW 0.9 trillion per year. Recently, efforts are being made by the government and local authorities to cultivate summer forage at the rice fields for improving self-sufficiency in forage feed to stabilize rice supply and demand. Furthermore, it is also necessary to conduct research on reducing the cost of concentrated feed and TMR (Total mixed ration).

The new biography of Jin Yunqiao published in the 19th year of Si De of Vietnam (1866) is the earliest version of “The New Jin Yun Qiao Biography” discovered at present. The text of “The New Jin Yun Qiao Biography” is divided into two columns, the upper column is a six-character poem, and the lower column is an eight-character poem, with a total of 2390 sentences and 16724 muttering words. The relationship between Nom characters in the book and Vietnamese recorded is complex. Through investigation, there are three situations: one word with many words, one word with many words and one word with one word. There are many words in a word, which can be subdivided into homophones, near sounds and different meanings, and near sounds and near meanings according to the sound and meaning relationship between words. According to the relationship between characters and their use functions, the word multi-character can be subdivided into “native use-native use”, “native use-borrowing” and “borrowing use-borrowing”. Word by word, according to the different use attributes, can be divided into two categories: “original use” and “borrowing”. The reason for the complex relationship between words and characters is related to the low standardization of Nom and Vietnamese. A Nom has many written variants, and a Vietnamese vocabulary has many phonetic expressions.

루쉰의 ｢묘비문(墓碣文)｣에 대한 기존 연구가 간과했던 측면의 하나는 산문시가 지닌 문학적, 미학적 특성에 대해 충분히 주의를 기울이지 않았다는 것이다. 루쉰의 사상은 체계적이고 논리적인 개념이 아니라 예술적이고 시적인 형상으로 표현될 수 밖에 없는 특성을 지니고 있다. 이런 의미에서 “시화된 철학”이라는 용어로 루쉰의 사상을 개괄하는 것이 가능하다고 할 것이다. 이런 시화된 철학은 동서양의 철학사 상사에서 일반적 경향이라고 할 수는 없지만, 그래도 꾸준하게 있어 온 것이 사실이 다. 시화된 철학이라는 말은 시와 사상, 형상과 개념의 고도의 융합을 가리키는 것이 다. 시로 표현될 수밖에 없는 사상, 사상을 떠나서 존재할 수 없는 시, 이런 특이한 시와 사상은 그 예술적, 미학적 특징에 대한 텍스트 분석이 그대로 사상적, 철학적 의미에 대한 해석과 직결되는 놀라운 경험을 제공한다. 이런 의미에서 본고에서는 예술과 사상의 긴밀한 결합에 주목함으로써 ｢묘비문｣에 대한 기존 연구에서 간과되 거나 해석하기 어려웠던 문제들에 대해 하나의 새로운 해결책을 제시해 볼 것이다. 따라서 ｢묘비문｣에 대한 텍스트 분석과 사상적 해석을 고도로 융합시키는 것이 이 글의 과제이다.

Zhong Hua Zi Jing is Chinese teaching material promoted nationwide and overseas for the purpose of “fast literacy and early reading”, which covers Level 4 Chinese characters specified in the HSK exam outline. Its content includes knowledge of fifty major categories, including astronomy, geography, human relations, history, and the like. Therefore, this study is based on Xu Tongqiang’s sinogram-based theory. This paper proposes a teaching plan using the Zhong Hua Zi Jing in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in order to achieves positive results in vocabulary and Chinese character learning. A survey was first conducted on Korean students in years three and four of the Chinese language major to demonstrate their level of understanding of Chinese characters included in Zhong Hua Zi Jing, and to elucidate the level of understanding of Chinese characters Zhong Hua Zi Jing. Then, the necessity and specific solutions of using Zhong Hua Zi Jing to teach vocabulary mainly based on Chinese characters was explored.

This article explores the different meanings of the number ‘three’ in proverbs. According to the analysis of this article, the number ‘three’ in proverbs, while carrying the basic meaning of quantity, has more expanded meanings in Korean, Chinese and Japanese proverbs, where it may mean ‘many’, ‘all (whole)’, ‘part’, ‘small’, and even more abstracted concepts. In contrast, the number ‘three’ in the English proverbs is largely biased towards negative meanings. At the end of this study, the analysis of the number ‘three’ in proverbs through machine translation shows that machine translation has many limitations on the translation of the many meanings of the number ‘three’.

The two most well-known Chinese characters dictionaries are Songben Yupian from China and Quanyun Yupian from Korea. These dictionaries contain a wealth of information on Chinese characters at the diachronic and synchronic level, while also retaining much information on Chinese characters during the period of its movement overseas. This paper is a corpus-based study which analyzes the differences in the style of arrangement, phonetic notation mode, interpretation, form interpretation, and other aspects of the two dictionaries, and further summarizes the laws of the development of Chinese characters in overseas dissemination. The result of this study indicates that the function of the two dictionaries is different, that the Chinese characters remained stable during their transmission to other countries, and that the overall trend in the evolution of the characters is toward simplification, and that the main way that Chinese characters morph extraterritorially is via phonetic and semantic replacement.

망문백자는 기면 위에 도안화된 그물문을 장식한 것으로 중국과 일본, 한국에서 제작됐 다. 본 연구는 그동안 종합적으로 조망되지 못했던 망문백자의 양식을 규명하고, 동아시아 망문백자의 제작양상과 특징을 고찰했다. 망문백자는 명 말기 수출자기 양식으로 확산됐다. 따라서 명 말기 망문백자가 유통되었던 국가들의 자료를 종합하여 살펴봄으로써 중국 망문백 자 제작 경향을 파악했다. 한편, 중국 망문백자는 주요 소비국이었던 일본에서 모방 및 변용 되었다. 일본은 경질백 자를 생산한 이래로 망문백자를 꾸준히 생산한 것으로 이해된다. 일본에서 망문 그 자체는 길상상징으로 도자기를 비롯한 공예품의 의장으로 애호됐다. 특히 도안집을 통해 널리 유포 되었는데, 이러한 도안집이 조선 19세기 이후 등장하는 망문백자 제작에 자극이 되었을 가 능성을 추정했다. 조선 후기는 백자 제작에 있어서 일본의 영향이 고조되는 시기로 대일교류 를 통한 망문백자 제작을 밝혔다. 이처럼 중국과 일본, 조선에 이르기까지 각국에서 망문백 자 제작과 수용이 각기 다른 양상으로 나타난 점을 통해 동아시아에서 공통으로 출현하는 망 문백자의 상호 영향관계를 탐구했다.

This study aims to prepare a colloidal silica-containing powder to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of rivaroxaban using a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). We investigate the impact of colloidal silica on a nanoemulsion system for preparing powdered SNEDDS. The liquid SNEDDS comprises 30/20/50 (w/w/w) Peceol/ Cremophor RH40/Tween 80, which results in the formation of the smallest droplets. Three powdered SNEDDS formulations are prepared by suspending the liquid SNEDDS formulation using colloidal silica and spray drying. The powdered SNEDDS prepared with liquid SNEDDS and colloidal silica at a ratio of 1/0.5 (w/w) exhibits the highest water solubility (0.94 ± 0.62 vs. 26.70 ± 1.81 μg/mL) and dissolution rate (38.4 ± 3.6 vs. 85.5 ± 3.4%, 45 min) when compared to the drug alone. Morphologically, the liquid SNEDDS is adsorbed onto colloidal silica and forms smaller particles. In conclusion, an SNEDDS containing rivaroxaban, prepared using colloidal silica, facilitates the creation of a nanoemulsion and enhances the water solubility of rivaroxaban. Accordingly, this technology holds significant potential for commercialization.

This paper probes the elements of theoretical necessity, starting with the word ruo (若) in Duan Yucai’s Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zhu (段玉裁《說文解字註》). From the prospective of theoretical methods of “Ruo (若) ,” the theoretical necessity of “Ruo (若) ,” the exegesis functions of “Ruo (若) ” and different intonations with different modal particles, the author conducted multi-level and multi-dimensional analysis on “Ruo (若) ” in Duan Yucai’s Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zhu (段玉裁《說文解 字註》) so as to explore the concepts of theoretical necessity from Duan Yucai.