This study analyzed the effect of workers' socio-psychological burden factors on musculoskeletal disorders. A survey was conducted targeting office and field workers in the Seoul metropolitan area. Analysis was performed using the results of 357 surveys out of 400 surveys. The analysis results were derived as follows. First, the socio-psychological burden factor did not show statistically significant results for musculoskeletal disorders. Second, it was found that job stress factors also had a positive effect on musculoskeletal disorders. Third, social psychological burden factors were found to be more positive than office workers than field workers. Fourth, there was a statistically significant correlation between job stress and musculoskeletal disease risk scores. From the above results, job stress factors affect musculoskeletal disease risk factors (work frequency, pain level, and duration) and the increase in musculoskeletal disorders and the number of accidents.

In order to conduct a study on the importance of the wrist joint, which causes a lot of pain among middle-aged people, in relation to work related to musculoskeletal disorders, the effect of stretching on grasping power was studied. In order to compare the grasping power of the wrist for middle-aged people in their 50s, the experiment was conducted by comparing before and after the wrist joint motion stretching. According to the experimental results of wrist gripping power for the control group and the experiment group on wrist gripping power, it was investigated that stretching did not change much in increasing wrist gripping power, but stretching application had an effect on wrist gripping power. In terms of preventing musculoskeletal accidents, reducing pain due to degenerative diseases, and preventing accidents, stretching seems to have an effect when approaching, so it is considered that continuous stretching before and after work is necessary. Therefore, it is suggested that stretching time secured quantitatively through safety and health education before work is necessary.

The　possibility of developing musculoskeletal disorders increases with the length of service of the worker. Musculoskeletal disorders can occur when performing repetitive and forceful movements. Therefore, Cargo drivers operate repeatedly in the wrong posture for a long time. When loading and unloading a cargo, the cargo driver works repeatedly with force. Cargo operators are also exposed to musculoskeletal disorders in the working environment due to poor posture and repetitive movements. In this study, we are going to conduct a study on the level of awareness and prevention of the possibility of musculoskeletal disorders in cargo drivers for long periods of time. As a result of the study, the factors that cause musculoskeletal disorders in each group can occur during the long-term operation and preparation of drivers.

목적: 물리 치료사의 업무 중 근골격계 장애를 유발하는 환경 적 요인 및 자세 요인에 대한 실태 조사 및 결과를 분석하고 산업안전공단 근골격계 질환 예방 메뉴얼에 따른 개선 방안을 제시하고 그 결과를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 방법: 본 연구에서는 신경계 치료 분야 종사자 30 명, 근골격 치료 분야 종사자 30명, 총 60명을 대상으로 하였다. 측정 방법은 물리 치료사의 치료 영상을 30 분 동안 촬영했다. 작업 자세는 2분 간격으로 15번 절단하여 분석하였다. 평가 도구는 OWAS 및 REBA를 사용한 자세 분석을 사용하였다. 근골격계 및 신경계 대상자들은 문제점을 파악하고 그에 맞는 산업안전공단 근골격계 질환 예방 매뉴얼을 통해 2주간 중재 후 변화를 측정하였다. 결과: 신체 부위 별 유병률과 특징적 분포는 신경계와 근골격계에서 허리 통증의 비율이 가장 높았다. OWAS 기준에 따른 작업 자세 분포는 신경계 분야에서 신체, 다리, 체중, 활동에서 유의한 감소를 보였으며(p <0.05), 근골격계 분야에서 다리와 활동에서 유의한 감소를 보였다(p <0.05). REBA 평가 기준에 따른 근무 태도 분포는 모두 유의한 감소를 보였다(p <0.05). 결론: 본 연구에서는 작업 관련 근골격계 증상 예방을 위한 부적절한 작업 자세 예방 교육의 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 근골격계 예방 교육을 마련하고 질병을 줄이기위한 환경 적 요인과 자세 요인을 바꾸는 것이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

The study evaluated the accuracy and intra-rater reliability for OWAS (Ovako Working posture Analysing System), RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) to improve their evaluation accuracy and reliability. Participants (n = 163) with undergraduate degree were recruited in this study and trained for 6 hours about the ergonomic assessment methods. Ergonomic assessments were conducted using OWAS, RULA, and REBA for a representative work with dynamic posture found in manufacturing industries. The study compared action categories (overall level) and detailed evaluation scores for individual body part. Action categories of the participants significantly differed from the golden reference defined by ergonomic experts. The participants underrated or omitted scores for truck (37.4% of the participants) and legs (52.8%) in OWAS. Similarly, the participants underrated or omitted additional scores for all body parts except the hand and wrist in RULA (53.5%) and REBA (54.8%). On the other hand, the participants overrated scores for the hand and wrist in RULA (55.2%) and REBA (39.9%). The results found in this study can help of selecting focus points and parts during assessment and education to improve accuracy and reliability of the ergonomic assessment methods.

목적 : 전면진입착석 화장실을 구현하고 실제 사용자에게 적용한 후 평가해봄으로써 휠체어 사용자들에게 신체적인 부담이 적으며 사용상 만족도가 높은 화장실로서의 적용 가능성을 타진해 보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 연구방법 : 휠체어 사용자 40명에게 일반적 특성과 현재 사용하고 있는 휠체어에 관한 정보에 대한 설문조사를 실시한 후 기존에 사용하고 있는 화장실과 전면진입착석 화장실에서 화장실 용무를 시연하는 과제를 수행하도록 하였다. Rapid Entire Body Assessment(REBA)를 적용한 근골격계질환 위험성 평가, Quebec Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0(QUEST 2.0)을 활용한 사용자 만족도 조사, 사용 후 주관적 의견을 평가하였다. 결과 : REBA 평가 결과 기존의 화장실을 이용했을 때 점수(6.53±1.15)와 전면진입착석 화장실을 이용한 후 점수(3.18±.38)는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이(z=-5.930, p<.001)를 보였다. 사용자 만족도 조사 결과 내구성(4.48±.62)이 가장 좋은 점수로 평가되었고 안전성(4.38±.63), 필요성(4.33±.73), 범용성(4.3±.61) 순서로 점수가 높았고 크기 적절성(3.93±.67)이 가장 낮은 점수를 받았다. 사용 후 주관적 의견 조사에서 ‘몸을 회전하지 않아도 되니 편하다(30.8%)’가 가장 많았다. 결론 : 본 연구결과 전면진입착석 화장실이 근골격계질환의 위험성을 낮출 수 있다는 가능성과 사용자들의 만족도가 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 작업치료사가 환경수정 중재 방법을 고려할 경우 응용할 수 있는 참고자료로 활용하길 바라며 추후 연구에서 개인적 화장실 뿐만아니라 공공화장실에서도 활용할 수 있는 작업치료학의 발전에 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

This study analyzed symptoms of MSDs(Musculokeletal Disorders) associated with characteristics of smartphone usage based on questionnaire survey. This study also tried to identify their relationship based on the results from questionnaire survey. A total of 943 subjects participated for the survey. The results in terms of symptoms associated with smartphone usage were as follows; 1) 49.8% of respondents experienced symptoms associated with MSDs, 2) 35.9%, 34.0%, 22.1%, 21.7% and 20.9% of respondents had symptoms at shoulder, neck, elbow, wrist, and fingers respectively, 3) The effect of ‘daily time of data use’, ‘monthly costs’ for MSDs of respondents was significant. Specifically, this study has some significance since it tries to identify the relationship between MSDs symptoms and characteristics of smartphone usage. The results of the study can be good basis for better design and user guidelines of smartphone to prevent MSDs associated with smartphone usage.

This study tried to identify the problems associated with the posture to be analyzed and tried to suggest guidelines for MSDs(Musculoskeletal Disorders) evaluation based on working posture. A total of 50 jobs from 3 different types of industries(electronics, hospitals, automobiles) were used for MSDs evaluation study which was done by 6 observers. Two indexes were applied to identify the problem in this study which were percentage of agreement and counter-time-error rate. Specifically, ‘counter-time-error rate’ represented a degree of consistency in terms of selecting the posture to be analyzed time after time. Main results of the study were as follows; 1) The average percentage of agreement for representative posture for whole body was relatively higher than that for representative postures for individual body parts, 2) The counter-time-error rate(%) has been reduced as the evaluation process has repeated for the same job. 3) The counter-time-error rate(%) for electronics, hospitals, and automobiles were 63.4%, 61.2%, and 67.3% respectively. 4) The counter-time-error rate(%) for the job with the work cycle of 0.5 to 2 minutes were lower than that of the jobs with the work cycles less than 0.5 minute or greater than 2 minute. 5) The work cycles and the number of trials had significant effects on counter-time-error rate while the types of industries did not have significant effects on counter-time-error rate. Some guidelines could be prepared from the results of the study. Probably, there should have an extension in terms of form and matter for this study in order to have more practical output.

Objective : This study is a descriptive examination related to musculoskeletal disorders and the risk factors between pediatric and adult occupational therapists as a way to provide basic information for the purpose of preventing musculoskeletal disorders.Methods : This study surveyed 101 occupational therapists who are employed at ten general hospitals and social welfare centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. A questionnaire was used as the research tool for determining their socio-demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, workload, task frequency, and symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders. The data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 17.0.Results : The waist and back are the areas that pediatric and adult therapists complain about being the most painful. The next problem areas are the shoulders followed by the neck. When reviewing the occurrence of factors that influence musculoskeletal disorders according to the body area, the results show that these factors increased 4 to 15 times depending on the therapist's posture while treating patients, conducting their workload, and frequently doing tasks.Conclusion : The results show that the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders of occupational therapists is significantly higher. To enhance the posture and physical task environment for therapists working in a diverse range of departments, further studies are needed.

The study targeted Japanese employees who have visited hospital for spinal disorder. The study analyzed work environment and pain relief methods of work-related back pain patients, and the relationship between back pain and other body parts. The purpose of this study was to provide draw up measures for patients with back pain and to provide basic data for the sustainable prevention program. The study result of back pain, in other words, employees suffering from lumbago, had disparity between occupations; the highest number of patients were made up of 16-years or above long-serving employees, and below 5-years of short-serving employees. There were more patients complaining of chronic lumbago than acute lumbago, and patients recognized poor posture as the primary cause of lumbago. Furthermore, 99.5% of spinal disorder patients complain back pain, 23.2% use only alternative therapy, and 15.2% visit clinic and hospital with alternative therapy. Patients showed pain reduction and high satisfaction after using alternative therapy. The study targeted Japanese employees where complement therapy is more generalized than that of Korea, and thus there should be multilateral management programs provided in Korea as well.

This study tried to develop a basis for quantitative index of working postures associated with WMSDs (Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders) that could overcome realistic restriction during application of typical checklists for WMSDs evaluation. The baseline data(for a total of 603 jbs) for this study was obtained from automobile manufacturing company. Specifically, data for back posture was analyzed in this study to have a better and more objective method in terms of job relevance than typical methods such as OWAS, RULA, and REBA. Major statistical tools were clustering, logistic regression and so on. The main results in this study could be summarized as follows; 1) The relationship between working posture and WMSDs symptom at back was statistically significant based on the results from logistic regression, 2) Based on clustering analysis, three levels for WMSDs risk at back were produced for flexion as follows: low risk(< 18.5°), medium risk(18.5°～ 36.0°), high risk(> 36.0°), 3) The sensitivities on risk levels of back flexion was 93.8% while the specificities on risk levels of back flexion was 99.1%. The results showed that the data associated with back postures in this study could provide a good basis for job evaluation of WMSDs at back. Specifically, this evaluation methodology was different from the methods usually used at WMSDs study since it tried to be based on direct job relevance from real working situation. Further evaluation for other body parts as well as back would provide more stability and reliability in WMSDs evaluation study.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between fire fighter's musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom and their absence from disease and accident. Online questionnaire was distributed with a total of 7,673 fire fighters, and statistical analysis was conducted to the collected data. The result shows that on a one year basis, patients with musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom felt symptom in sequence of back, shoulder, neck, knee. The result verified that 12.9% of absence of disease and 5.9% of absence of accident experienced these symptoms. Both absence from disease and absence from accident showed body part symptoms related to neck and shoulder. This study ascertained the relationship between fire fighters' absence and their musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom. The author hopes this study to be used as a basis of precautionary program for absence management.

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of smartphone usage and posture of users during using smartphone. A survey was conducted for 983 smartphone users to understand the association between smartphone usage and including subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Main results from the survey were as follows; 1) 18.8% of the subjects experienced musculoskeletal symptoms at least at one of body parts. Specifically, 8.1%, 5.6%, 4.1%, and 11.3% of the subjects experienced musculoskeletal symptoms at neck, shoulder, elbow, and hand respectively, 2) The symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders were also associated with amount of text message and time for daily usage of smartphone. Specifically, relative risks of musculoskeletal disorders at hand/wrist/fingers in terms of "amount of text message" and "time for daily usage" for experienced user were 1.425 and 1.368 respectively to inexperienced user. This study identified 'amount of text message' and 'time for daily usage' as the major risk factors of smartphone usage in terms of musculoskeletal symptoms. The results of the study provided a good basis in order to remove or reduce the risks associated with musculoskeletal symptoms due to smartphone usage.

제주도 내 관광객수는 최근 5년간 꾸준히 증가했으며 2012년 12월을 기준으로 960만명을 돌파하였다. 서비스업의 전체 사업장 및 근로자 역시 최근 5년간 증가하였으며 서비스업 종사자의 경우 전체 근로자 173,996명의 47%를 차지하고 있다. 업무상질병자 중 근골격계질환자 수는 전체의 90%를 차지하고 있으며(2012년 12월 기준) 근로자의 신규유입이 적고 노령근로자가 많은 점을 감안하였을 때 업무상 질병 발생율은 향후 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 제주도 내 관광객 수 증가에 따른 서비스업 종사자의 근골격계질환 발생현황 분석으로 향후 제주도 내 발생되는 근골격계질환의 예방에 기여하고자 한다.

This study attempted to evaluate the direct and indirect effect of emotional labor, job and psychosocial stress, and fatigue of beauty industry workers on their musculoskeletal diseases. The findings of this study showed that, among the workers with perceived symptoms of musculoskeletal diseases, the body part with the most commonly occurring symptom was the shoulder, followed by neck, low back, wrist, arm, foot and knee. As for the effect of work-related psychological factors on musculoskeletal diseases, it was found that the workers with musculoskeletal diseases were more affected by emotional labor and fatigue than non-symptom workers. It was also shown that when their job stress increased, the fatigue level also increased, though their psychosocial stress decreased. In addition, it was found that both direct and indirect effects of emotional labor on fatigue were high, and the indirect effect of job stress through fatigue on musculoskeletal diseases was significant.

Dentists are known to be highly exposed to the musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). The present study investigated the prevalence of MSD among Korean dentists and association between their MSD and physical workload. In addition, detailed causes related to the physical workloads were identified in dental operation, and needs for improvement of dental instrument and environment were collected from Korean dentists. The standardized Nordic questionnaire was used to survey body troubles and three types of questionnaires were made to investigate the physical workloads, causes of the physical workloads and improvement priority of dental equipments, respectively. A total of 104 Korean dentists were participated in the survey. Neck trouble (82%) was the most prevalent in Korean dentists, and shoulder (68%) and low back trouble (56%) followed, while low back trouble was reported to be most frequent in previous studies. The body troubles were related to the physical workload of the corresponding body parts, although they were not associated with personal characteristics. Most Korean dentists selected ‘to keep direct view inside patient’s mouth’ and ‘no support of the hand with dental instruments’ as the causes of awkward and strenuous work postures. They wanted design improvement for some equipment in their operating room such as operating light and arrangement of workplace.

본 연구에서의 미용업 종사자의 감정노동, 직무 및 사회심리적 스트레스, 피로도가 근골격계질환에 미치는 직․간접적인 영향을 평가하기 위하여 시도되었다. 그 결과 미용업 종사자의 근골격계질환 자각증사자는 신체부위 중 어깨의 근골격계 질환 관련 자각증상자가 가장 많았으며, 목, 허리, 손목, 팔, 발, 무릎 순으로 나타났다. 미용업 종사자의 감정노동 각 문항별 평가 결과는 ‘나는 기분이 나쁠 때 고객들에게 표현하지 않도록 최선을 다한다’의 문항이 3.92점으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이와 반 대로 ‘표현되는 행동과 실제 감정의 차이 때문에 혼란스러울 때가 있다’ 2.61점으로 나 타났다. 미용업 종사자의 작업 관련 심리적인 요인이 근골격계질환에 미치는 영향에 대하여 근골격계질환자가 무증상자에 비하여 감정노동과 피로도에 영향을 더 많이 받 는다는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무 스트레스가 증가할수록 사회심리적 스트레스는 낮아 지지만 피로도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 감정노동이 피로도에 미치는 영향에서 직·간접적인 영향이 모두 높은 것으로 나타났으며 직무 스트레스가 피로도를 통해 근 골격계질환에 미치는 간접적인 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 미용 종사자의 작업 관련 물리적․심리적 개선 방안 마련이 요구 되면 산업안전보건 분야의 정책적 관리 방안 마련을 제안한다.