This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ultraviolet light (UV-B) on plant growth and petal antioxidants of edible flower pansy (Viola × wittrochiana ‘Rose’ and ‘Yellow’, V. cornuta ‘Purple’). The plants were grown under white LED of 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD and treated by UV-B of 10, 20 and 30 minutes per day: UVB-10, UVB-20, and UVB-30 respectively. The plant growth was significantly inhibited as longer UV-B radiation exposure, even ‘Rose’ could not f lower under UVB-30. NPQ increase was observed in all cultivars with longer UV-B irradiation exposure. Also, anthocyanin in ‘purple’ and ‘Rose’ or carotenoid in ‘Yellow’ increased in the petals as longer UV-B radiation exposure. Unexpectedly the contents of total phenol and DPPH did not show the significance in UV-B treatments. In conclusion, the applicable UVB exposure to edible pansy in order to more accumulate antioxidants in petals would be in 20 minutes per day.

That Yeats is the last Romantic whereas Pound a Romantic at first constitutes what this paper is about: what I mean is, Yeats as Romantic transforms himself and Pound overcomes romanticism inherent in him. To become a poet Ezra Pound first reached for William Butler Yeats; became a patron; then overcoming Romantic poetry, became an equal with Yeats. Yeats’s evaluation of Pound is ambiguous, reserving his last judgment. In his “Introduction” to The Oxford Book of Modern Verse, and in his “A Packet for Ezra Pound” in his A Vision (1937) Yeats conceals his judgment of Pound. But it is in fact his indirect yet highest praise for Ezra. I would like to see how so different poetic temperaments enrich each other. I enlist K.K. Ruthven, T.S. Eliot, John Berryman for unraveling the two poetries intermingled.

장미의 대표적인 화색인 적색 ‘Red Corvette’, 분홍 색 ‘Nobless’, 황색 ‘Golden Metal’ 및 백색 ‘Rose Yumi’ 꽃을 재료로 건조방법에 따른 화색의 변화를 조사하고, 4주 및 8주간의 광처리(2,000lux, 16시간, 형광조명) 뒤의 화색 변화를 조사하였다. 모든 종류에 서 실리카겔 매트로 압화 하는 처리구가 압화 당시와 광처리 후 화색변화가 가장 적었고, 전기압화기의 사용 으로 꽃잎은 갈변화가 촉진되었다. 장미 적색은 한국산 시트지, 분홍색과 황색은 한국산 전기압화기, 장미 백 색은 일본산 전기압화기 처리구가 화색의 변화가 가장 심하였다. 압화 당시 화색의 변화가 가장 컸던 것은 적색 장미였고, 그 다음이 분홍색, 황색, 백색 순이었 다. 광처리에 의한 화색 변화정도가 가장 심했던 것은 황색 품종이었고, 다른 3종류는 다소 안정적이었다.

Backgrounds : The action mechanisms of several chemopreventive agents derived from herbal medicine and edible plants have become attractive issues in cancer research. Tea is the most widely consumed beverage worldwide. It have been demonstrated that the active principles of tea sources such as flower extract Camellia sinensis (CSF) and Camellia japonica (CJF)were attributed to their tea polyphenols. We focused on investigating CSF, CJF, mixtures of CSF and CJF has been proven to suppress colonic tumorigenesis. Methods and Results : In this study, human colorectal carcinoma HT-29 cells were treated with CSF, CJF, mixture of CSF and CJF to examine the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of mixture of CSF and CJF (3 : 1), as well as the molecular mechanism underlying these effects. Cell viability assay, nuclear staining, DNA fragmentation, caspase assay, cytochrome c release, were utilized to dissect the signaling pathways. In mixture of CSF and CJF (3 : 1), CSF appeared most anticancer effect by both MTT assays and the cleavage analysis of apoptosis-related molecules and PARP. Interestingly, we found that CJF make it possible to express the apotosis inducing by CSF in a short time and apoptosis effect of CSF maintained sustainable. Conclusion : In summary, our results from this study suggest that in HT-29 human colon cancer cells (i) CSF treatment causes damage to mitochondria, and (ii) CJF contributed CSF induced apoptotic cell death mediates cytochrome C release, (ⅲ) mixture of CSF and CJF (3 : 1) the potential to function as a chemopreventive agent against colon cancer.

Backgrounds : Camellia sinensis is known to have a very high antioxidant activity, but its petals are small and it is difficult to use it because of its low yield. In comparison Camellia japonica has many petals and yield, however, the biological effects of C. japonica have been less frequently studied. In the present study, we focused on investigating the in vitro antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract from flower of C. sinensis (CSF), C. japonica (CJF) and mixture of CSF and CJF. Methods and Results : Content of total phenolics and total flavonid, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activities, reducing power, superoxide anion and hydroxy radical scavenging activity of CSF and CJF were compared in vitro experimetal models. Total phenolics was contained the higer in CJF (172.19±1.65 mgCAE/gEX) than 146.75±0.15 mgCAE/gEX in CSF. And effects of antioxidant measured by reducing power, superoxide anion generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase and hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction (FeSO4 + H2O2) in a cell-free system was shown higher in mixture of CSF and CJF than BHT, ascorbic acid as a chemical oxidant which was detected by electron spin resonance spectrometry coupled with DMPO spin trapping. These results suggest that Camellia flower extract such as CSF and CJF exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging ROS. Camellia extract contained quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercitrin and kaempferol, which are antioxidant compounds. Conclusion : As a result, the combination of CSF and CJF showed higher antioxidative effect than using CSF or CJF alone.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of artificial removal of corolla and calyx lobes from open flowers on fruit development and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Removing the corolla had no significant effect on fruit weight, hardness, length, and diameter, Hunter L, a, b values, sugar content and acidity. However, removing the calyx lobes significantly inhibited longitudinal and transverse growth of the fruits, resulting in diminished fruit size. In addition, merchantable fruit quality significantly decreased upon removing the calyx lobes, and this tendency was increased as more calyx lobes were removed. Nonetheless, removal of the calyx lobes had no effects on fruit color, sugar content, or acidity, similar to the effect of corolla removal.

Little attention has been paid to the functional aspect of the flower petal of Paeonia lactiflora, compared to that of its root. To determine the components of flower petal of Paeonia lactiflora, we conducted the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MASS spectrophotometric analysis. We detected the 24 different types of ingredients from the 70% ethanol extracts of flower petal of peonia lactiflora cv. ‘Red Charm’. The main compounds were quercetin glucopyranosides, methyl gallate, paonioflolol and kaemperol glucopyranosides. We further tested its functional activity. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the extracts was 87.9-90.4% at 0.1mg/ml. This result showed that these flower extracts have approximately 5-fold stronger antioxidant potential than a previous report with root extracts (Bang et al. 1999). The result of tyrosinase inhibition assay of Paeonia lactflora extract was almost similar to that of arbutin except significantly higher effect in the coral sunset extract at 0.1% concentration. Hyaluronidase inhibition assay showed 76.5% inhibition at 5% concentration of this flower extract, indicating that Peaonia lactiflora flower extracts have the major anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and brightening effects. Taken together, these results suggest these three Paeonia lactiflora species extracts might provide the basis to develop a new natural brightening agent.

스프레이 국화의 용도 다양화 측면에서 ‘금방울’, ‘매직볼’, ‘핑크팡팡’ 꽃잎을 수확하여 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 생리활성 효과를 조사하였다. 총 페놀함량은 chlrogenic acid를 표준물질로 했을 때 열수 추출물에서는 ‘금방울’(100.1mg·L-1), ‘핑크팡팡’(66.4mg·L-1), ‘매직볼’(52.9mg·L-1)순으로, 에탄올 추출물에서는 ‘매직볼’ (95.7mg·L-1), ‘핑크팡팡’(65.1mg·L-1), ‘금방울’(49.4mg·L-1) 순으로 많았다. 플라보노이드 함량은 열수 추출물은 ‘핑크팡팡’에서 45.7mg·L-1로, 에탄올 추출물에서는 ‘매직볼’이 54.0mg·L-1로 가장 많았다. 전자공여능에서 IC50값은 열수 추출물과 에탄올 추출물 모두 ‘매직볼’에서 각각 166.0 및 112.7mg·L-1로 가장 낮게 나타나 효과적이었다. 아질산염 소거능은 IC50값을 고려할 때 열수 추출물에서는 ‘핑크팡팡’(112.1mg·L-1)이, 에탄올 추출물에서는 ‘매직볼’(105.3mg·L-1)이 효과적이었다. 항균활성은 ‘매직볼’의 에탄올 추출물이 그람양성균인 Bacillus subtilis와 그람음성균인 Salmonella enteritidis에 대해 높은 활성을 나타냈다. 결론적으로 '매직볼'의 생리활성효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 스프레이 국화의 품종 간에 생리활성 차이가 있는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 금후 스프레이 국화의 용도 확대와 이용성 향상 측면에서 각각의 품종에 대한 생리활성 효과 구명이 필요하다.

적색장미의 변색방지 기술을 개발하고자 Al, AlK, Mg 및 CuSO4를 증류수에 0, 5, 10, 20 및 30%로 희석한 열탕(85∼90℃)에 장미 ‘카디날’ 꽃잎을 30초 동안 침지하여 건조한 후 자외선 조사에 따른 변색정도를 조사하였다. Al 용액 처리구는 a*값의 경우 5, 10% 처리구에서, b값은 20%처리구에서, △E*값은 30% 처리구에서 신선한 꽃과의 색차가 적었다. AlK 처리구는 5%와 30% 액에 처리시 신선한 꽃과의 헌트 a*, b* 및 △E*값의 차이가 적었다. Mg 처리구는 20% 및 30% 처리구에서 신선한 꽃과의 Hunter a*, b* 및 △E*값의 차이가 적었다. CuSO4 처리구는 5% 액에 처리시 신선한 꽃과의 Hunter a*, b*, △E*값 및 Munsell 표색계 H값의 차이가 적었다.

홍화 재배시 종실의 수량 감소가 적으면서 꽃잎 수량을 증가시키기 위해 밀식과 적심을 통하여 시험한 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 개화기는 관행이 6월 23일인데 비해 적심 처리구는 2일 늦은 6월 25일에 개화하였으며 밀식처리구는 같았다. 유효분지수는 2열 밀식재배와 3열 밀식재배가 적심이나 대조구에 비해 많았으며, 유효화두수는 3열밀식재배에서 270개/m2 로 가장 많았으나 적심은 186~223 개/로 적었다. 종실 수량은 대조구 10a당 220 kg에 비해 2열밀식재배는 231 kg으로 5% 증수 되었다. 채화 화두수는 3열밀식이 가장 많았으나 건조된 꽃잎 수량은 2열밀식과 3열밀식이 10a당 25.4 kg, 26.9 kg으로 대조구의 22.0 kg에 비해 각각 15%, 22% 증수되었다.

For the purposed of improving the utilization of natural chemical pigment, carthamin, of Carthamus tinctorius, the effective extraction methods on this compound were pursued in the present study. The best solvent for the extraction was found to be the 1 %(v/v) NaOH solution, at 25 hours. In addition, more carthamin was extracted flowers from main stem than fromb-ranches . The carthamin content of Korean local safflower was shown to be higher than that of Japanese variety used for medicinal uses.

The stability of carotenoid pigments extracted from Chrysanthemum petals against pH, sugar, and organic acid was investigated. The contents of total carotenoids in C. boreale and C. morifolium were 3.37mg% and 4.56mg% Per fresh weight, respectively. The elect of pH on the stability of extracted carotenoids showed that the periods reaching 50% of pigment retention were more than 5 to 6 days in pH 4, and the longer periods in pH 6 to 7 in both samples. The addition of sugars such as sucrose, sorbitol, glucose and fructose resulted in the reduction in pigment stability of C. boreale, but C. morifolium was contrast to C. boreale. However, citric acid and ascorbic acid were found to have a protective effect on both carotenoid samples extracted from C. boreale and C. morifolium.