본 연구는 인접하게 식재된 서어나무, 갈참나무, 졸참나무, 스트로브잣나무 조림지를 대상으로 2023년 3월부터 2024년 3월까지 낙엽·낙지 부위별 탄소 유입량을 1개월 단위로 조사하였다. 월별 낙엽·낙지에 의한 탄소 유입량의 경우 잎은 모든 수종에서 10월~11월 가장 높았으나 수종 간 최대 유입시기가 다르게 나타났다. 생식기관의 경우 스트로브잣나무는 6월 수꽃(웅화수, male flowers)에 의해, 졸참나무와 갈참나무는 4월과 5월 꽃뿐만 아니라 8월과 9월 도토리 등 종자에 의한 탄소 유입량이 높게 나타났다. 기타 물질에 의한 탄소 유입량은 11월 서어나무와 스트로브잣나무 조림지에서 높게 나타났으며 가지의 경우 불규칙한 월 변동을 보여 월별, 수종별 상호작용 모두 유의성이 없었다(P>0.05). 본 연구에 따르면 낙엽·낙지에 의한 부위별 탄소 유입량은 월별 또는 조림지 간 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)를 나타냈음에도 불구하고 연간 총 탄소 유입량은 조림지 간 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05).

본 연구는 낙지의 생식생태 이해에 필요한 수컷 생식기관과 정포의 미세해부학적 구조를 기재 하였다. 낙지는 교접완의 유무를 통하여 성을 구별할 수 있는 성적이형을 갖는 종이다. 수컷 생 식기관은 정소, 일차수정관, 저정낭, 이차수정관, 정포선, 정포낭으로 구성된다. 정소는 조직학 적으로 정세관형이었으며, 수컷 생식세포들은 층상배열상을 보였다. 일차수정관은 정소와 저정 낭을 연결하는 관으로 상피층과 결합조직으로 이루어져 있었다. 저정낭은 일차수정관과 이차 수정관의 사이에 위치하며, 상피층은 상피세포와 점액세포로 구성된다. 점액세포는 AB-PAS (pH 2.5) 반응에서 푸른색, AF-AB (pH 2.5) 반응에서 보라색으로 반응하였다. 이차수정관은 저정낭 과 정포선을 연결하는 짧은 관으로 내강에 주름이 발달하였다. 정포선은 다수의 관상선으로 이루어져 있었으며, 분비세포는 호산성 과립을 가지고 있었다. 정포낭은 주머니 모양으로 내강 에 주름이 발달하였으며, 상피층에 공포상의 분비세포가 존재하였다. 정포는 길이 약 83.5 mm 로 전방부의 당김사, 중간부의 발사체와 고정체, 후방부의 정자 저장부로 구성되어 있었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the octopus pot according to mesh sizes. Entering behavior of Octopus minor and bait (Macrophthalmus japonicus) escape rate on the mesh sizes of the pots were investigated for six times in indoor tank. The sea trials for evaluating the performance of Octopus minor pot to different mesh sizes (22, 20 and 18 mm) were conducted for six times from 2017 to 2018 in the coastal sea of Deukyang Bay, the Republic of Korea. Behavior patterns of contact pot to leaved pot were more frequent than contact pot to bait search. When the octopus contacted to the pot, there was no clear search behavior to distinguish the mesh sizes. Total catch of 46% was accounted for 18 mm pots, followed by 34% at 20 mm and 20% at 22 mm (P < 0.05). Catch per unit effort was calculated as 30 g/pot at 22 mm, 44 g/pot at 20 mm and 59 g/pot at 18 mm. As a result of evaluating 50% selection of mantle length and weight on the mesh sizes, mantle length (mm) and weight (g) were 84.6 and 147.8 in 22 mm, followed by 20 and 18 mm.

Allergic diseases have rapidly increased in recent years. Mast cells play a critical role in IgE-mediated allergy responses and, therefore, closely associated with rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. We studied antiallergic effect of Penthorum chinense extract (PCE) in vitro and in vivo. PCE inhibited the degranulation of mast cells by antigen stimulation and its effect was dose-dependent and reversible in mast cells. PCE also suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-4 by antigen in mast cells. Mechanistically, PCE inhibited the activation of Syk/LAT pathway which is a key signaling pathway for the activation of mast cells by antigen. Notably, PCE suppressed IgE-mediated allergic responses by antigen in mice. These results strongly suggest that PCE is a potential candidate for anti-allergic treatment.

This study examines whether or not the South Korean major fishery product import markets; Frozen Pollock, Frozen Long Arm Octopus, and Frozen Hairtail are integrated. We are utilizing the Multivariate and Bivariate Johansen Co-integration test to see if the law of one price(LOP) holds in each market or not. The empirical results show that even though import prices from different countries affect each other in each South Korean major fishery product import market, there is no evidence of LOP in any fishery product import market, which means that none of the markets are integrated. Based on these results, we could expect that the three major fishery product import markets show monopolistic competition among import countries. we would also see whether or not any country plays the role of a price leader in any of the markets. Based on weak exogeneity test results, we might expect that the United States and Malaysia are price leaders in the South Korean Frozen Pollock Import Market and Frozen Long Arm Octopus Import Market, respectively; however, we need to study more on this in the future.

This study is to find out the distribution characteristic of Octopus minor in the Tando Bay on the southwest coast of Korea with conducting surveys from May of 2006 to April of 2007. Surveys were carried out at 20 stations on 2 and 3 tide time in the low speed of high tide at night and conducted during 30minutes (4 times fishing) per station. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was estimated by total catch per 500hooks at each station. Monthly CPUE showed that they put highest in October, November, April and June at 10.4, 10.5, 9.4 and 7.7 individuals respectively. On the other hand, CPUE put lowest in January, the coldest month, and August, the hottest month, at 0.2 and 0.3 individuals respectively. As for geographical mantle length distribution, average mantle length ranged from 6.2cm to 7.3cm at stations near the tidal channels (St. 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19 and 20), and was smaller than 6.0cm at stations located inside of bay (St. 2, 3, 7, 11, 12 and 17). In terms of geographical distribution density, CPUE showed higher than 8.0 at St.4 in Changmaeri, St.8 in Taecheonri, St.13 near Seondo, St.18 in Naeri and St.14 in western part of Tando which are located near the main tidal channels. And distribution density showed low that CPUE was lower than 5.0 individuals at stations located inside of bay (St. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16 and 20). Through the results, the difference of distribution density reflects that distribution of Octopus minor is affected by direction of current and inflow of pollutant from land in direct. Therefore, it is considered that bottom composition of tidal flat and distribution of live food are the crucial cause of identifying the distribution characteristics of Octopus minor. For this reason, it is judged to need additional research on it.

This study is to contribute to income growth of fishermen by the common octopus fishery characterized in the Tando Bay on the southwest coast of Korea. This area is engaged in Longline fishing (301 persons), Shovel fishing (196 persons), Trap fishing (14 persons) and Torch light fishing (40 persons) in 2008. Population who is joined in the spring becomes main fishery target population of longline fishery in the fall because entering fishing ground in August, and is joined in the fall becomes main fishery target population of longline fishery in the spring because entering fishing ground in December. Average size of common octopus examined by longline 6.26cm, 5.82cm for Shovel fishing, 8.09cm for trap, and expressed big difference by fishery. It needs necessary various kinds of Octopus resource management actions and methods in continuous use. Specially, Fishing force increased by fishing automation system, so the reduction of fishing force is needed to increased by fishing force. Government support and fishermen's self-conscious of resource management is needed.

Estimating fishing capacity is one of current hot issues in the international fisheries. It is because that increased fishing capacity has caused not only fish stocks to be reduced, but also additional fishing costs to be incurred without additional incomes, which resulted in decrease of economically viability of fisheries. In order to solve this problem, FAO adopted 'the International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity' in 1999 and recommended that member countries to measure fishing capacity and to implement the domestic action plan to reduce excess fishing capacity. This study is aimed at assessing fishing capacity of the octopus coastal trap fishery(OCTF) using data envelopment analysis(DEA) which is a method recommended by FAO. The DEA results on 10 individual OCTF vessels showed that the capacity utilization(CU) was a 0.93 on average, indicating some differences in CU among vessels(0.79-1.0). In addition, results of the sensitivity analysis revealed that under the current level of catch, the gross tonnage, horse power, days fished, and traps per trip could be reduced by 35%, 33%, 16%, and 18% on average, respectively.

Fishing power, which means performance of fishing vessel or catchability of fishing gear, can explain using by fishing power index(FPI) to compare fishery efficiency among uniformity types of fishery that work during the fixed period in specific fishing ground. This research analyzed on their fishing power and catchability using comparing each sampled vessels of coastal trap fishery for common octopus. The results showed that they were no difference in amount of used trap and immersed time etc. in CPUE among sampled vessels, and had no correlation of catch production due to vessel's tonnage. Most vessel's FPI estimates but 3 vessels were higher than the averaged, and showed similar fishing power in general. And then, CPUE and FPI showed that 4 to 5 tonnage vessels would be superior to another, 4 tonnage vessels had also good catchability. Therefore, we estimated that 4 tonnage vessels had the most efficiency work for coastal trap fishery for common octopus.

The behavior patterns of common octopus, Octopus minor to a cylindric trap were examined in the water tank using a video camera in order to know entering mechanism to the trap and to improve it. Fishing efficiency by 2 kinds of traps(A: 3 entrances, B: 2 entrances) was investigated in the coastal area of Deugryang Bay from May to July, 2005. Common octopus tends to approach by swimming more than walking towards trap. When they approached to the trap, they showed much more behaviors that sate at the around than upper part of it. Approaching behaviors of common octopus was more vigorous at nighttime than daytime on the trap, they showed the most vigorous action between 2 am and 4 am of the day. The rate of staying 30 seconds over around the trap was 41.5% in the nighttime. CPUE(g/trap) of common octopus caught by A type trap was 21.4% higher than the B type trap but there was no difference on the significance level of 5% by the ANOVA. Catch rate of common octopus and by-catch species caught by the A type trap were 97.2%, three and 98.7%, two for B type trap, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to develop the standardized recipe and to analyze the nutrients of stir-fried whip-arm octopus as one of the kind of traditional local foods in Busan. The standardized recipe was developed by using cookbooks, home recipes, and the recipes by commercial food restaurants. The nutrient was analyzed by using an AOAC method. Sensory evaluations were made on nine sensory attributes by a 12-member panel. As the results, the whip-arm octopus was recorded as a food source for health, rejuvenation in Jasanobo. Since early 1900, the stir-fried method has been used for cooking with the ship-arm octopus. The main ingredients were whip-arm octopus, onion, large green onion as the local stir-fried whip-arm octopus in Busan. The ingredients of soup were shrimp, little neck clam, and water. Seasoning sauce was mixed with red pepper powder, soy sauce, sesame oil, chopped garlic, chopped onion, and sugar. The seasoning sauce was fermented for three days. The results of sensory scores were salty seasoning 3.66/5.00, taste 3.75/5.00, thickness 3.84/5.00, and smell 4.09. Nutrient retention per 100g of the stir-fried whip-arm octopus was 67.54kcal, protein 6.43g, fat 1.66g, Ca 28.06mg, Fe 2.56mg, cholesterol 68mg, and taurin 51mg. Fatty acid consists of various unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid(46.24%) and oleic acid(33.67%).

낙지주낙 어장의 환경요인이 어획량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1997년 1월부터 7월까지 여수연안에서 풍향, 풍속, 물때별 및 조업 시각대별로 어획량을 각각 사하고 이들을 서로 비교 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 풍향별 어획량은 남동풍일 때 가장 많았고 북서풍일 때 가장 적었으며, 풍속별 어획량은 2일 때 가장 많았고 그보다 커질 경우는 감소하였다. 2) 물때별 단위 노력당 어획량은 15물에서 가장 많고 4물에서 가장 적으며, 조류가 차차 약해지는 11∼14물 사이의 어획량이 조류가 차차 강해지는 1∼4물 사이의 어획량보다 많았다. 3) 썰물과 밀물 때의 어획량은 간조에서 만조로 바뀐 후 1시간 동안의 구간, 즉 간조에서 물이 들기 시작한지 1시간 동안에 어획량이 가장 많았고, 썰물 시각대 보다는 밀물 시각대에 어획량이 비교적 많은 경향이었다.

낙지주낙 어장의 환경요인이 어획량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1997년 1월부터 7월까지 여수연안의 가막만 어장에서 수온, 염분 및 밀도등과 어획량을 각각 조사하고 이들을 서로 비교 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 낙지 주낙 어장에서 1~7월에 걸친 수온과 염분 및 현장밀도의 분포범위는 각각 4.1~23.6℃23.6, 31.7~34.5‰및 Σt, 21.30~27.81였고, 어획량은 이들 세 요인의 값이 각각 17~20℃, 33.0~33.5‰및 Σt 22.5~24.0 범위일 때 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 2) 낙지의 조업당 어척량은 10~16마리로서 비교적 낮은 편이며, 월별로는 1~2월에 적고, 3월부터 상승하기 시작하여 5~6월에 가장 높았다.

낙지 주낙 어장의 환경요인이 어획량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1997년 1월부터 7월까지 여수연안에서 수온, 염분, 밀도, 풍향, 풍속등과 어획량을 각각 조사하고 이들을 서로 비교 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 풍향별 어획량은 남동풍일 때 가장 많았고 북서풍일 때 가장 적었으며, 풍속별 어획량은 2일 때 가장 많았고 그보다 커질 경우는 감소하였다. 2) 물때별 단위 노력당 어획량은 15물에서 가장 많고 4물에서 가장 적으며. 조류가 차차 약해지는 11∼14물 사이의 어획량이 조류가 차차 강해지는 1∼4물 사이의 어획량보다 많았다. 3) 썰물과 밀물 때의 어획량은 간조에서 만조로 바뀐 후 1시간 동안의 구간, 즉 간조에서 물이 들기 시작한지 1시간 동안에 어획량이 가장 많았고. 썰물 시각대 보다는 밀물 시각대에 어획량이 비교적 많은 경향이었다

낙지 주낙 어장의 환경요인이 어획량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1997년 1월부터 7월까지 여수연안의 가막만 어장에서 수온, 염분 및 밀도 등과 어획량을 각각 조사하고 이들을 서로 비교 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 낙지 주낙 어장에서 I~7월에 걸친 수온과 염분 및 현장밀도의 분포범위는 각각 401~23. 6℃, 31.7~34.5‰ 및 Σt 21.30~27.81였고, 어획량은 이들 세 요인의 값이 각각 17~20℃, 33.0~33.5‰ 및 Σt 22.5~24.0 범위일 때 높아지는 경향이었다. 2) 낙지의 조업당 어획량은 10~16마리로서 비교적 낮은 편이며, 월별로는 1~2월에 적고, 3월부터 상승하기 시작하여 5~6월에 가장 높았다.

본 연구는 낙지다리(Penthorum chinense Pursh) 추출물을 기능성 화장품소재로 개발하기 위해 (−)‑epicatechin gallate를 지표성분으로 선정하고, 품질관리를 위해 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)를 이용하여 분석법을 개발하였다. 분석에 사용된 칼럼은 Unison US-C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm, Imtakt, USA)을 사용하여 0.05% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)와 메탄올을 이동상 조건으로 컬럼 온도는 30 ℃ 에서 유속은 1.0 mL/min 로 검출파장은 280 nm에서 검출하였다. International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) 가이드라인(version 4, 2005)을 근거로 하여 특이성, 직선성, 정밀성, 정확성, 검출한계 및 정량한계를 분석하여 분석방법을 검증하였다. 검출한계 및 정량한계는 각각 0.11 mg/mL 및 0.33 mg/mL로 나타났으며, 검량곡선은 상관계수값이 0.9999로 양호한 직선성을 보였고, 정밀성 분석결과 도 0.6% 이하로 확인하였다. 또한, 회수율은 99.51 ~ 101.92% 범위로 정확성이 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 본 분석법은 낙지다리 추출물의 지표성분의 분석법은 적합한 시험법임이 검증되었다.

소형 두족류의 일종인 낙지(Octopus minor)는 근연종인 문어나 주꾸미에 비하여 산란수가 적고 갯벌 속 깊은 은신처에서 어미 낙지의 독특한 포란 행동으로 부화하기 때문에 배의 발달 과정을 관찰하기가 매우 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 인공 산란관을 설치하여 낙지의 산란과 부화를 유도하고 배 발달과정을 관찰하였다. 낙지의 배아에서는 산란 후 4일째에 배반엽이 형성되었으며 28일이 경과하면 여러 기관의 원기들이 난황낭의 중앙부에 출현하였다. 이 발생 원기는